Decreased Protein C Pathway Activity in COVID-19 Compared to Non-COVID Sepsis: An Observational and Comparative Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participant Enrollment and Eligibility Criteria
2.2. Study Procedures
2.3. Laboratory Analysis of Blood Samples
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population Characteristics
3.2. Routine Hemostasis Parameters
3.3. Thrombin Markers and APC
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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COVID-19 (n = 30) | Non-COVID | Stimulated Healthy Controls (n = 40) | p * | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age in years | 63 (59–66) | 63 (52–71) | 29 (27–48) | 0.54 (3 × 10−12) |
Male sex | 26 (87%) | 38 (81%) | 20 (50%) | 0.553 (0.007) |
Deceased | 20 (67%) | 18 (38%) | - | 0.015 |
Diabetes | 11 (37%) | 14 (30%) | - | 0.527 |
Immunosuppression | 3 (10%) | 7 (15%) | - | 0.732 |
Malignant disease | 2 (7%) | 12 (26%) | - | 0.066 |
End-stage renal failure | 1 (3%) | 5 (11%) | - | 0.395 |
Mechanical ventilation | 28 (93%) † | 33 (70%) | - | 0.020 |
Therapeutic heparin | 15 (50%) | 0 | - | 4 × 10−8 |
SOFA score | 13 (11–13) | 12 (11–14) | - | 0.932 |
Procalcitonin | 0.5 (0.4–1.1) | 28.5 (1.6–50.0) ‡ | - | 1 × 10−7 |
CRP (mg/L) | 186 (114–240) § | 207 (125–298) | - | 0.376 |
WBCs (109/L) | 9.9 (8.0–16.0) | 11.6 (5.6–20.5) | 6.1 (4.9–6.8) | 0.534 (3 × 10−6) |
Platelets (109/L) | 133 (91–184) | 181 (115–269) | 251 (215–287) | 0.204 (3 × 10−5) |
COVID-19 (n = 30) | Non-COVID (n = 47) | Stimulated Healthy Controls (n = 40) | |
---|---|---|---|
APC/Thrombin | 5.5 (2.7–18.7) | 11.3 (3.9–25.4) | data |
APC/F1+2 | 0.005 (0.003–0.014) | 0.024 (0.012–0.068) | 0.018 (0.012–0.023) |
APC/TAT | 0.04 (0.02–0.07) | 0.06 (0.03–0.14) | 0.11 (0.07–0.14) |
APC/PC (pmol/L) | 6.7 (2.4–23.0) * | 15.3 (5.9–39.1) † | 3.0 (2.2–4.0) |
(APC/PC)/Thrombin | 9.0 (3.4–24.0) | 19.4 (5.9–59.0) | 5.1 (4.4–7.2) |
(APC/PC)/F1+2 | 0.007 (0.003–0.018) | 0.041 (0.017–0.151) | 0.016 (0.012–0.024) |
(APC/PC)/TAT | 0.04 (0.02–0.09) | 0.12 (0.05–0.28) | 0.11 (0.07–0.14) |
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Rühl, H.; Bode, C.; Becher, T.; Eckert, S.; Mohsen, G.; McRae, H.L.; Müller, J.; Reda, S.; Loßnitzer, D.; Oldenburg, J.; et al. Decreased Protein C Pathway Activity in COVID-19 Compared to Non-COVID Sepsis: An Observational and Comparative Cohort Study. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1982. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12091982
Rühl H, Bode C, Becher T, Eckert S, Mohsen G, McRae HL, Müller J, Reda S, Loßnitzer D, Oldenburg J, et al. Decreased Protein C Pathway Activity in COVID-19 Compared to Non-COVID Sepsis: An Observational and Comparative Cohort Study. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(9):1982. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12091982
Chicago/Turabian StyleRühl, Heiko, Christian Bode, Tobias Becher, Sebastian Eckert, Ghaith Mohsen, Hannah L. McRae, Jens Müller, Sara Reda, Dirk Loßnitzer, Johannes Oldenburg, and et al. 2024. "Decreased Protein C Pathway Activity in COVID-19 Compared to Non-COVID Sepsis: An Observational and Comparative Cohort Study" Biomedicines 12, no. 9: 1982. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12091982