A Preliminary Longitudinal Study on Infant-Directed Speech (IDS) Components in the First Year of Life
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure and Materials
- (1)
- Null describes a move of alignment between the participants that serves to open the dialogical exchange.
- (2)
- Influencing provides participatory feedback to the action of the interlocutor in order to complete the task. This includes moves such as the Action Directive (in which the proposer instructs their interlocutor), the Open Options (in which one of the two participants in the communication exchange gives directions to continue the conversation), and the Explains (an explanation and direct description of what the subject of the exchange is).
- (3)
- Question requires communicative feedback relative to the interlocutor compared to the previous move. These include polar and non-polar questions (Query Y/N and Query Wh), requests for information (Info Request), confirmation requests (Check), and an alignment by the subjects who are interacting (Align).
- (4)
- Understanding underlines the reception of the message by the interlocutor via acknowledgment signals, anticipatory completion (Continue), a time take-up using repetition (Repeat_Rephrase), a phatic expression (Phatic), a manifestation of understanding and solution of the game (Over), and its misunderstanding (Not_Ready).
- (5)
- Answer realizes a communicative contribution from the requested interlocutor both explicitly and implicitly. As a result, there will be explicit answers to the questions previously asked (Reply Y/N; Reply Wh), clarifying answers to what has been said (Clarify), objections (Objects) or corrections (Correct), and answers that indicate doubts and uncertainties (Hold).
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Speech Analysis
3.2. Behavior in the Communication Exchange (Code of the Evaluation of Shift Alternation)
3.3. Dialogical Moves (Pra.Ti.D.)
3.4. Correlation Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variabile | Months | M. | D.S. | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal Smile (occurrences) | 3 | 15.82 | 5.74 | 7–14 |
6 | 13.24 | 3.19 | 7–18 | |
9 | 17.06 | 3.67 | 10–23 | |
Child Smile (occurrences) | 3 | 13.12 | 5.48 | 5–24 |
6 | 11.65 | 3.90 | 7–18 | |
9 | 14.65 | 4.72 | 6–23 | |
Maternal smile (durations) | 3 | 6.68 | 0.93 | 5.50–8.40 |
6 | 5.15 | 0.67 | 4.60–6.78 | |
9 | 4.60 | 0.79 | 3.70–5.90 | |
Child Smile (durations) | 3 | 2.93 | 0.59 | 2.30–4.30 |
6 | 3.45 | 0.30 | 3.00–3.87 | |
9 | 4.51 | 1.38 | 2.87–6.65 | |
Contact (occurrences) | 3 | 7.59 | 5.05 | 1–19 |
6 | 6.77 | 2.28 | 3–10 | |
9 | 9.18 | 2.77 | 4–14 | |
Look at the object (occurrences) | 3 | 5.53 | 2.70 | 1–11 |
6 | 4.88 | 2.62 | 1–9 | |
9 | 5.94 | 2.88 | 2–11 | |
Unrequited smile (occurrences) | 3 | 2.24 | 2.49 | 0–8 |
6 | 1.59 | 2.50 | 0–8 | |
9 | 6.82 | 2.74 | 0–9 | |
Overlaps (occurrences) | 3 | 6.82 | 3.56 | 1–14 |
6 | 7.00 | 2.03 | 4–10 | |
9 | 9.24 | 2.76 | 2–14 |
Variable | Month | Mean | SD | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|
Influencing | ||||
Action Directive | 3 | 13.23 | 3.44 | 4–19 |
6 | 14.29 | 5.37 | 5–21 | |
9 | 16.94 | 5.87 | 7–25 | |
Open Option | 3 | 11.76 | 7.13 | 1–22 |
6 | 10.47 | 6.62 | 0–23 | |
9 | 12.41 | 6.17 | 2–25 | |
Explain | 3 | 9.24 | 6.48 | 0–21 |
6 | 9.12 | 4.73 | 1–20 | |
9 | 8.53 | 5.93 | 0–23 | |
Question | ||||
Query Y/N | 3 | 5.53 | 2.90 | 0–11 |
6 | 3.88 | 2.52 | 1–9 | |
9 | 3.24 | 4.01 | 0–13 | |
Query Wh | 3 | 9.12 | 3.20 | 5–15 |
6 | 6.06 | 3.07 | 1–13 | |
9 | 6.00 | 5.09 | 1–15 | |
Info Request | 3 | 11.94 | 6.00 | 1–19 |
6 | 12.47 | 7.84 | 0–24 | |
9 | 14.29 | 7.29 | 1–25 | |
Check | 3 | 13.65 | 6.04 | 3–22 |
6 | 11.06 | 4.72 | 4–18 | |
9 | 12.35 | 6.86 | 2–25 | |
Align | 3 | 14.12 | 6.88 | 4–25 |
6 | 9.24 | 5.61 | 0–19 | |
9 | 4.41 | 2.50 | 0–9 | |
Understanding | ||||
Acknowledgment | 3 | 0.35 | 1.06 | 0–4 |
6 | 0.71 | 0.85 | 0–2 | |
9 | 0.83 | 1.13 | 0–3 | |
Phatic | 3 | 1.65 | 0.86 | 0–3 |
6 | 1.24 | 1.56 | 0–5 | |
9 | 0.24 | 0.44 | 0–1 | |
Over | 3 | 2.71 | 2.23 | 0–8 |
6 | 3.35 | 3.10 | 0–9 | |
9 | 2.65 | 3.35 | 0–13 | |
Not Ready | 3 | 0.76 | 0.90 | 0–3 |
6 | 0.35 | 0.61 | 0–2 | |
9 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0–1 | |
Answer | ||||
Reply Y/N | 3 | 2.29 | 1.93 | 0–6 |
6 | 1.24 | 1.44 | 0–5 | |
9 | 1.18 | 1.85 | 0–7 | |
Reply Wh | 3 | 4.35 | 1.84 | 1–8 |
6 | 2.29 | 1.10 | 0–5 | |
9 | 2.06 | 2.14 | 0–5 | |
Clarify | 3 | 4.00 | 2.24 | 0–7 |
6 | 2.82 | 1.42 | 0–5 | |
9 | 1.76 | 1.44 | 0–5 | |
Autonomous Moves | ||||
Comments | 3 | 9.47 | 4.12 | 3–15 |
6 | 6.35 | 4.20 | 0–17 | |
9 | 7.18 | 5.79 | 0–21 | |
Self Talk | 3 | 0.47 | 1.12 | 0–4 |
6 | 0.76 | 1.39 | 0–5 | |
9 | 0.29 | 0.47 | 0–1 | |
Null | 3 | 0.71 | 0.99 | 0–3 |
6 | 0.41 | 0.51 | 0–1 | |
9 | 0.24 | 0.44 | 0–1 |
(3 M) [6 M] {9 M} | OO | Ex | Ch | Q Wh | Q Y/N | IR | Al | Ov | Ac | Fa | Cl | R Y/N | R Wh | Co | Ho | Null |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AD | (0.50 *) | (0.49 *) | (−0.48 *) | |||||||||||||
[0.52 *] | [0.51 *] | |||||||||||||||
{0.65 **} | {0.66 **} | {0.65 **} | ||||||||||||||
OO | (0.72 ***) | (0.74 ***) | (0.61 **) | (0.73 ***) | (0.61 **) | |||||||||||
[0.62 **] | ||||||||||||||||
{0.67 **} | {0.55 *} | |||||||||||||||
Ex | (0.60 *) | (0.69 **) | (0.55 *) | (0.53 *) | (0.60 *) | |||||||||||
[−0.57 *] | ||||||||||||||||
Ch | (0.63 **) | (0.53 *) | (0.87 ***) | (0.45 *) | ||||||||||||
[0.63 **] | [0.51 *] | |||||||||||||||
{0.70 **} | ||||||||||||||||
QWh | (0.78 ***) | (0.65 **) | (0.76 ***) | (0.62 **) | (0.62 **) | |||||||||||
[0.73 ***] | ||||||||||||||||
{0.56 *} | {−0.60 *} | {0.60 *} | {0.64 **} | |||||||||||||
QY/N | (0.51 *) | (0.63 **) | (0.78 ***) | |||||||||||||
[0.59 *] | ||||||||||||||||
{0.68 **} | ||||||||||||||||
IR | (0.76 ***) | (0.51 *) | (0.65 **) | |||||||||||||
[0.63 **] | [−0.54 *] | [0.68 **] | [0.50 *] | |||||||||||||
{0.49 *} | ||||||||||||||||
Al | (0.52 *) | (−0.53 *) | (0.71 **) | |||||||||||||
{0.59 *} | ||||||||||||||||
Ov | ||||||||||||||||
{0.63 **} | ||||||||||||||||
Ac | (0.56 *) | (0.62 **) | ||||||||||||||
[−0.51 *] | ||||||||||||||||
Ph | (0.52 *) | |||||||||||||||
RY/N | ||||||||||||||||
{0.52 *} |
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Tenuta, F.; Marcone, R.; Graziano, E.; Craig, F.; Romito, L.; Costabile, A. A Preliminary Longitudinal Study on Infant-Directed Speech (IDS) Components in the First Year of Life. Children 2023, 10, 413. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030413
Tenuta F, Marcone R, Graziano E, Craig F, Romito L, Costabile A. A Preliminary Longitudinal Study on Infant-Directed Speech (IDS) Components in the First Year of Life. Children. 2023; 10(3):413. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030413
Chicago/Turabian StyleTenuta, Flaviana, Roberto Marcone, Elvira Graziano, Francesco Craig, Luciano Romito, and Angela Costabile. 2023. "A Preliminary Longitudinal Study on Infant-Directed Speech (IDS) Components in the First Year of Life" Children 10, no. 3: 413. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030413