Development of CO₂-Sensitive Viscoelastic Fracturing Fluid for Low Permeability Reservoirs: A Review

There are economic and technical challenges to overcome when increasing resource recovery from low permeability reservoirs. For such reservoirs, the hydraulic fracturing plan with the development of clean and less expensive fracturing fluid plays a vital aspect in meeting the energy supply chain. Numerous recent published studies have indicated that research on worm-like micelles (WLMs) based on viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fluid has progressed substantially. This study looks at the development of CO₂-sensitive viscoelastic fracturing fluid (CO₂-SVFF), its applications, benefits, limitations, and drawbacks of conventional fracturing fluids. The switchable viscoelasticity of CO₂-SVFF system signifies how reusing of this fluid is attained. Compared to conventional surfactants, the CO₂-SVFF system can be switched to high viscosity (to fracture formation and transporting proppants) and low viscosity (easy removal after causing fracture). The effect of pH, conductivity, temperature, and rheological behaviors of CO₂-SVFFs are also highlighted. Further, the aid of Gemini surfactants and nanoparticles (NPs) with low concentrations in CO₂-SVFF can improve viscoelasticity and extended stability to withstand high shear rates and temperatures during the fracturing process. These studies provide insight into future knowledge that might lead to a more environmentally friendly and successful CO₂-SVFFs in low-permeability reservoirs. Despite the increased application of CO₂-SVFFs, there are still several challenges (i.e., formation with high-temperature range, pressure, and salinity).