Overview of Salt Cavern Oil Storage Development and Site Suitability Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Current Status of Oil Storage Development in Salt Caverns at Home and Abroad
2.1. Current Situation of Salt Cavern Oil Storage Development in Foreign Countries
2.2. Development Status of Domestic Salt Cavern Oil Storage
3. Overview of the Development of Salt Cavern Oil Storage in China
3.1. Advantages of China’s Salt Cavern Storage for Strategic Petroleum Reserves
3.1.1. Technical Advantages
3.1.2. Resource Advantages
3.1.3. Transportation Advantages
3.2. Key Issues and Development Trends in China’s Strategic Petroleum Reserves
- ①
- Establishing methods and standards for screening existing cavities: Currently, China has a large number of existing cavern resources. Utilizing these existing cavities for oil storage conversion is more economical than creating new ones. However, these cavities vary greatly in shape. Determining the safe pillar distance and the appropriate shape for oil storage requires screening methods and standards [42,43,44].
- ②
- Engineering technology for converting oil storage caverns: Crude oil contains corrosive impurities that can corrode injection and production tubing, such as inorganic salts, sulfides, sulfur dioxide, and water. Additionally, the high concentration of chloride ions in brine accelerates corrosion. The stability of mudstone interlayers or cap rocks may also change when exposed to storage media. Determining the appropriate well structure to meet the functional requirements of oil storage caverns is crucial for construction quality and ensuring the storage facility can function effectively when needed.
- ③
- Injection and production operation technology for salt cavern storage: To maximize the functionality of constructed oil storage caverns, it is essential to manage the relationship between injection/production rates and cavity stability, maintain cavity stability at low pressures, and prevent crystallization blockages in the tubing due to contact with brine [45].
4. Construction of Salt Cavern Oil Storage and Principles and Factors for Site Selection
4.1. Construction of Salt Cavern Oil Storage
4.2. Basic Principles for the Site Selection of Salt Cavern Oil Storage
- ①
- Safety Principle
- ②
- Economic Principle
- ③
- Proximity Principle
- ④
- Strategic Principle
4.3. Influencing Factors for the Site Selection of Salt Cavern Oil Storage
- ①
- Structural Characteristics of the Mining Area
- ②
- Hydrological Characteristics of the Mining Area
- ③
- Sedimentary Characteristics of the Strata
- ④
- Characteristics of the Target Salt Layer and Interlayers
- ⑤
- Characteristics of the Roof and Floor Plates of the Salt Rock Layer
- ⑥
- Surface Factors
- ⑦
- Environmental Factors
5. Site Selection and Macro Suitability Assessment Method for Salt Cavern Storage
5.1. Theory of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Model Construction
- ①
- Structuring the Decision Elements
- ②
- Constructing the Judgment (Pairwise Comparison) Matrix
- ③
- Hierarchical Single Sorting and Consistency Test
- ④
- Overall Hierarchical Ranking and Its Consistency Check
5.2. Macro Suitability Assessment Method for Oil Storage
5.2.1. Establishment of the Evaluation System
5.2.2. Weight Calculation
5.2.3. Suitability Assessment
5.3. Engineering Application
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Oil Storage Bases | Total Storage Capacity () | Remarks |
---|---|---|
Zhoushan | Surface storage bases | |
Zhoushan Expansion | Surface storage bases | |
Zhenhai | Surface storage bases | |
Dalian | Surface storage bases | |
Huangdao | Surface storage bases | |
Dushanzi | Surface storage bases | |
Lanzhou | Surface storage bases | |
Tianjin | Surface storage bases | |
Huangdao national oil reserve cavern | Underground storage bases |
Scale | Meaning of Importance Comparison |
---|---|
1 | and are equally important |
3 | is slightly more important than |
5 | is moderately more important than |
7 | is strongly more important than |
9 | is extremely more important than |
2, 4, 6, 8 | Intermediate values between the adjacent judgments |
1, 1/2, …, 1/9 | compared to in the reverse order of the above comparisons |
n | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
RI | 0 | 0 | 0.58 | 0.90 | 1.12 | 1.24 | 1.32 | 1.41 | 1.45 | 1.49 |
Level A | A1 | A2 | …… | Am | Total Ranking of Level B | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Level B | a1 | a2 | …… | am | ||
B1 | b11 | b12 | …… | b1m | ||
B2 | b21 | b22 | …… | b2m | ||
…… | …… | …… | …… | …… | …… | |
Bn | bn1 | bn2 | …… | bnm |
Indicator | Relation to | Indicator | Relation to | Indicator | Relation to | Indicator | Relation to | Indicator | Relation to |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Same 1 | Same-slightly more 2 | Slightly more 3 | Slightly more 3 | More 5 | |||||
Same-slightly less 1/2 | Same 1 | Same-slightly more 2 | Same-slightly more 2 | Slightly more-more 4 | |||||
Slightly less 1/3 | Same-slightly less 1/2 | Same 1 | Same 1 | Slightly more 3 | |||||
Slightly less 1/3 | Same-slightly less 1/2 | Same 1 | Same 1 | Slightly more 3 | |||||
Less 1/5 | Slightly less-less 1/4 | Slightly less 1/3 | Slightly less 1/3 | Same 1 |
Goal Layer | Criterion Layer | Criterion Layer Weight | Evaluation Layer | Evaluation Layer Weight | Weight Relative to Goal Layer (Criterion Layer Weight Evaluation Layer Weight) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
The suitability assessment for the site selection and construction of salt cavern storage | Macro-regional geological characteristics | 0.3918 | Regional tectonic characteristics Regional sedimentary characteristics Regional hydrological characteristics | 0.3333 0.3333 0.3333 | 0.1306 0.1306 0.1306 |
Basic Geological Characteristics of the Mining Area | 0.2439 | Characteristics of rock layer distribution Interbedded distribution characteristics Average grade of ore body | 0.4000 0.4000 0.2000 | 0.0976 0.0976 0.0488 | |
Basic characteristics of the salt layer for cavern construction | 0.1425 | Insoluble matter content of salt layer and interlayer Depth of the salt roof Interbedded salt layer thickness ratio | 0.5396 0.2969 0.1635 | 0.0769 0.0423 0.0233 | |
Roof and floor characteristics of the salt layer | 0.1425 | Mechanical properties of roof and floor Pore and seepage characteristics of roof and floor Characteristics of fracture development of roof and floor | 0.3333 0.3333 0.3333 | 0.0475 0.0475 0.0475 | |
surface factors | 0.0793 | Distance to the pier and oil pipelines Population and building density | 0.7500 0.2500 | 0.0595 0.0198 |
Suitability | Best | Suitable | Average | Poor | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Evaluation Index | 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 | |
Macro-regional geological characteristics | Regional tectonic characteristics | Seismic activity is very weak, no active faults within 1 km of the storage area | Seismic activity is weak, no active faults within 300–1000 m of the storage area | No major historical earthquakes recently, no active faults within 300–1000 m of the storage area | Recent major historical earthquakes, or recent major historical earthquakes present |
Regional sedimentary characteristics | Marine sedimentation, thick salt dome, thickness ≥ 400 m | Marine sedimentation, thick salt dome, thickness 150~400 m | Marine sedimentation, thick salt dome, thickness 100~150 m | Marine sedimentation, thick salt dome, thickness < 100 m | |
Regional hydrological characteristics | Ample surface fresh water close to the site, salt mine layer isolated from groundwater system | Ample surface fresh water close to the site, salt mine layer isolated from groundwater system | Ample surface fresh water at a distance, salt mine layer isolated from groundwater system | Lack of surface fresh water, or salt mine layer connected to groundwater system | |
Basic Geological Characteristics of the Mining Area | Characteristics of rock layer distribution | Salt mine distribution area ≥ 100 km2 | Salt mine distribution area 50~100 km2 | Salt mine distribution area 20~50 km2 | Salt mine distribution area < 20 km2 |
Interbedded distribution characteristics | Small thickness and very few interlayers within and between layers | More interlayers but small thickness | Numerous thin interlayers, occasionally thick interlayers > 10 m | Numerous thick interlayers | |
Average grade of ore body | ≥85% | 70~85% | 50~70% | <50% | |
Basic characteristics of the salt layer for cavern construction | Insoluble matter content of salt layer and interlayer | Insoluble content < 5%, overall solubility > 90% | Insoluble content 5~10%, overall solubility 75~90% | Insoluble content 10~15%, overall solubility 60~75% | Insoluble content > 15%, overall solubility < 60% |
Depth of the salt roof | 800~1500 m | 1500~2500 m | 600~800 m or >2500 m | <600 m | |
Interbedded salt layer thickness ratio | <5% | 5~20% | 20~40% | >40% | |
Roof and floor characteristics of the salt layer | Mechanical properties of roof and floor | Hard rock, thickness ≥ 100 m, uniaxial strength ≥ 60 MPa | Hard rock, thickness 50~100 m, uniaxial strength 40~60 Mpa | Medium hard rock, thickness 30~50 m, uniaxial strength 20~40 Mpa | Soft rock or thickness <30 m, uniaxial strength < 20 Mpa |
Pore and seepage characteristics of roof and floor | Porosity < 5%, permeability < 10−3 mD | Porosity 5~10%, permeability 10−3~10−1 mD | Porosity 10~20%, permeability 10−1~10 mD | Porosity > 20%, permeability > 10 mD | |
Characteristics of fracture development of roof and floor | Good integrity, no fracture development | Good integrity, few fractures | Fractures developed but not through-going | Numerous through-going fractures | |
surface factors | Distance to the pier and oil pipelines | ≤30 km | 30~65 km | 65~100 km | >100 km |
Population and building density | Population density < 10 persons/km2, buildings < 5% | Population density 10~50 persons/km2, buildings < 5~15% | Population density50~100 persons/km2, buildings < 15~30% | Population density ≥ 100 persons/km2, buildings ≥ 30% |
Suitability Rating | Best Site | Suitable Site | Generally Suitable Site | Unsuitable Site |
---|---|---|---|---|
Indicator Score | 9 < P ≤ 10 | 7 < P ≤ 9 | 5 < P ≤ 7 | P ≤ 5 |
Suitability | Best | Suitable | Average | Poor | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Evaluation Index | 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 | |
Macro-regional geological characteristics | Regional tectonic characteristics | Seismic activity is very weak, no active faults within 1 km of the storage area | — | — | — |
Regional sedimentary characteristics | — | Marine sedimentation, thick salt dome, thickness 150~400 m | — | — | |
Regional hydrological characteristics | Ample surface fresh water close to the site, salt mine layer isolated from groundwater system | — | — | — | |
Basic Geological Characteristics of the Mining Area | Characteristics of rock layer distribution | — | Salt mine distribution area 50~100 km2 | — | — |
Interbedded distribution characteristics | — | More interlayers but small thickness | — | — | |
Average grade of ore body | ≥85% | — | — | — | |
Basic characteristics of the salt layer for cavern construction | Insoluble matter content of salt layer and interlayer | — | Insoluble content 5~10%, overall solubility 75~90% | — | — |
Depth of the salt roof | 800~1500 m | — | — | — | |
Interbedded salt layer thickness ratio | — | 5~20% | — | — | |
Roof and floor characteristics of the salt layer | Mechanical properties of roof and floor | — | Hard rock, thickness 50~100 m, uniaxial strength 40~60 Mpa | — | — |
Pore and seepage characteristics of roof and floor | — | — | Porosity 10~20%, permeability 10−1~10 mD | — | |
Characteristics of fracture development of roof and floor | — | Good integrity, few fractures | — | — | |
surface factors | Distance to the pier and oil pipelines | ≤30,000 m | — | — | — |
Population and building density | — | — | — | Population density ≥ 100/km2, buildings ≥ 30% |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Zhang, N.; Gao, X.; Yan, B.; Zhang, Y.; Ji, S.; Shi, X. Overview of Salt Cavern Oil Storage Development and Site Suitability Analysis. Processes 2024, 12, 1709. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12081709
Zhang N, Gao X, Yan B, Zhang Y, Ji S, Shi X. Overview of Salt Cavern Oil Storage Development and Site Suitability Analysis. Processes. 2024; 12(8):1709. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12081709
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Nan, Xinrong Gao, Baoxu Yan, Yun Zhang, Songtao Ji, and Xilin Shi. 2024. "Overview of Salt Cavern Oil Storage Development and Site Suitability Analysis" Processes 12, no. 8: 1709. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12081709