Deep Learning Prediction of Moisture and Color Kinetics of Apple Slices by Long Short-Term Memory as Affected by Blanching and Hot-Air Drying Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Experimental Equipment and Design for Drying
2.3. Drying Kinetics
2.4. Determination of Color
2.5. Neural Networks
2.5.1. Construction of Dataset
2.5.2. Deep Learning Model
2.5.3. Training of the Model
2.6. Stability Analysis
3. Results and Analyses
3.1. Effect of Different Temperatures on Drying Characteristics and Color of Apple Slices
3.1.1. Effect of Temperature on Drying Characteristics of Apple Slices
3.1.2. Effect of Different Temperatures on Color Parameters of Apple Slices
3.2. Effect of Steam Blanching Time on Drying Characteristics and Color of Apple Slices
3.2.1. Effect of Blanching Time on Drying Characteristics of Apple Slices
3.2.2. Effect of Blanching Time on the Color of Apple Slices
4. Construction of the Apple Slice Prediction Model
4.1. Results of Moisture Content by Predicted Models
4.2. Results of ΔE by Predicted Models
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NO. | Blanching Time (s) | Temperature (°C) | Humidity |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 0 | 50 | 0 |
2 | 0 | 55 | 0 |
3 | 0 | 60 | 0 |
4 | 0 | 65 | 0 |
5 | 0 | 70 | 0 |
6 | 30 | 60 | 0 |
7 | 60 | 60 | 0 |
8 | 90 | 60 | 0 |
9 | 120 | 60 | 0 |
10 | 0 | 60 | 30 ± 4% for 30 min—15 ± 4% |
11 | 120 | 60 | 30 ± 4% for 30 min—15 ± 4% |
Configuration | Parameter |
---|---|
CPU | Intel Core i7-13700K |
GPU | Nvidia GeForce RTX 4060Ti 16 GB |
Operating system | Windows 11 |
Accelerated environment | CUDA 12.2 |
Temperature (°C) | L* | a* | b* | ΔE | BI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
50 | 81.45 ± 1.29 a | −1.70 ± 0.58 a | 14.91 ± 0.02 b | 6.98 ± 0.19 c | 18.16 ± 0.90 d |
55 | 79.01 ± 2.08 a | −2.18 ± 0.29 a | 21.04 ± 0.29 b | 10.40 ± 1.07 a | 28.06 ± 0.67 a |
60 | 82.37 ± 1.32 a | −2.46 ± 1.07 a | 15.07 ± 0.29 b | 5.16 ± 0.02 d | 17.46 ± 1.73 d |
65 | 80.76 ± 1.73 a | −2.02 ± 1.41 a | 19.28 ± 1.68 a | 8.11 ± 0.42 bc | 24.71 ± 0.72 b |
70 | 80.10 ± 0.70 a | −1.30 ± 1.42 a | 16.19 ± 0.70 a | 8.93 ± 0.18 b | 20.81 ± 0.50 c |
Time | L* | a* | b* | ΔE | BI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
30 s | 81.565 ± 3.71 a | −3.445 ± 2.38 a | 14.63 ± 1.43 a | 2.4637 ± 0.63 b | 16.08 |
60 s | 81.08 ± 0.99 a | −2.755 ± 0.06 a | 14.905 ± 1.25 a | 4.4437 ± 0.15 ab | 17.24 |
90 s | 81.38 ± 0.17 a | −4.62 ± 0.48 a | 17.27 ± 0.69 a | 4.0828 ± 0.00 a | 18.90 |
120 s | 80.985 ± 0.71 a | −2.7 ± 1.65 a | 16.425 ± 1.24 a | 3.3513 ± 0.88 a | 19.58 |
Models | 60 °C | 90 s | THC | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MAE | RMSE | R2 | R | MAE | RMSE | R2 | R | MAE | RMSE | R2 | R | |
XGB | 0.1240 | 0.1543 | 0.9900 | 0.9900 | 0.1258 | 0.1759 | 0.9893 | 0.9946 | 0.0875 | 0.1050 | 0.9960 | 0.9980 |
TCN | 0.0262 | 0.0404 | 0.9990 | 0.9995 | 0.0277 | 0.0381 | 0.9992 | 0.9996 | 0.0409 | 0.0539 | 0.9984 | 0.9996 |
LSTM | 0.0069 | 0.0091 | 0.9999 | 0.9999 | 0.0217 | 0.0991 | 0.9963 | 0.9981 | 0.0080 | 0.0101 | 0.9999 | 0.9999 |
Models | 65 °C | 120 s | THC | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MAE | RMSE | R2 | R | MAE | RMSE | R2 | R | MAE | RMSE | R2 | R | |
XGB | 0.4035 | 0.6209 | 0.7144 | 0.8267 | 0.3228 | 0.4272 | 0.9038 | 0.9502 | 0.2867 | 0.4178 | 0.9299 | 0.9624 |
TCN | 0.0160 | 0.0220 | 0.9992 | 0.9996 | 0.0803 | 0.1153 | 0.9987 | 0.9993 | 0.1083 | 0.2155 | 0.8876 | 0.9839 |
LSTM | 0.0102 | 0.0134 | 0.9998 | 0.9999 | 0.0163 | 0.0218 | 0.9995 | 0.9997 | 0.0106 | 0.0138 | 0.9997 | 0.9998 |
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Jia, Z.; Liu, Y.; Xiao, H. Deep Learning Prediction of Moisture and Color Kinetics of Apple Slices by Long Short-Term Memory as Affected by Blanching and Hot-Air Drying Conditions. Processes 2024, 12, 1724. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12081724
Jia Z, Liu Y, Xiao H. Deep Learning Prediction of Moisture and Color Kinetics of Apple Slices by Long Short-Term Memory as Affected by Blanching and Hot-Air Drying Conditions. Processes. 2024; 12(8):1724. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12081724
Chicago/Turabian StyleJia, Zehui, Yanhong Liu, and Hongwei Xiao. 2024. "Deep Learning Prediction of Moisture and Color Kinetics of Apple Slices by Long Short-Term Memory as Affected by Blanching and Hot-Air Drying Conditions" Processes 12, no. 8: 1724. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12081724