Reconstruction of the Municipal Wastewater-Treatment Plant According to the Principles of Aerobic Granular Sludge Cultivation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Technology of the Reconstructed WWTP
- Phase I—aeration;
- Phase II—intermittent aeration (the period of aeration interruption and aeration alternates several times);
- Phase III—sedimentation;
- Phase IV—filling wastewater into the lower part of the sludge bed while simultaneously discharging purified water (upper overflow into the drain)—fill-and-draw running;
- Phase V—sludge removal from the upper part of the sludge bed into the storage tanks.
2.2. Analyses
2.3. Tests for Nitrification and Denitrification Activity
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Status of the WWTP before Reconstruction
p | m | |
COD | ≤120 mg/L | 150 mg/L |
BOD5 | ≤25 mg/L | 45 mg/L |
SS | ≤25 mg/L | 50 mg/L |
N-NH4 | ≤20 mg/L | 40 mg/L |
N-NH4 | ≤30 mg/LZ1 | 40 mg/LZ1 |
Year | BOD5 (mg/L) | COD (mg/L) | SS (mg/L) | N-NH4 (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Influent | ||||
2016 | 664 | 1246 | 643 | 100 |
2017 | 665 | 1246 | 1073 | 157 |
2018 | 629 | 1152 | 882 | 98 |
Average | 653 | 1214 | 866 | 118 |
Effluent | ||||
2016 | 43 | 219 | 52 | 90 |
2017 | 274 | 608 | 229 | 94 |
2018 | 57 | 247 | 69 | 77 |
Average | 125 | 358 | 116 | 87 |
3.2. Operational Measurements at the WWTP after Reconstruction
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Aerobic Sludge | |
---|---|---|
Activated/Suspended | Granulated | |
Shape | Irregular | Regular and spherical |
Average size | <0.2 mm | 0.2–5.0 mm |
Sedimentation rate | Lower settling rates <10 m/h | Higher settling rates >10 m/h |
SVI 1 | SVI5 2 > SVI30 3 | SVI5 ≈ SVI30 |
Degree of compactness and density | Low | High |
Layered structure or coexistence of aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic microenvironment | Minimum options for anaerobic zones | Aerobic, anaerobic and anoxic zones predominate |
EPS 4 | Lower content of EPS | High content of EPS |
Tolerance to toxic compounds | Lower tolerance to toxic pollutants | Higher tolerance to toxic pollutants |
Ability to withstand impact pollution | Weak | Good |
BOD5 (mg/L) | COD (mg/L) | SS (mg/L) | N-NH4 (mg/L) | P-PO4 (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Higher load | ||||
760 ± 55.6 | 1 390 ± 102.2 | 880 ± 143.4 | 140 ± 18.2 | 16 ± 1.9 |
Lower load | ||||
530 ± 53.4 | 1 050 ± 82.3 | 640 ± 94.1 | 95 ± 11.4 | 10 ± 1.2 |
vN (mg/g·h) | Conditions | Reference |
---|---|---|
Aerobic suspended sludge | ||
1.5 | at 2 mg O2/L | [19] |
1.2–1.4 | at Xb 8.6–14.4 g/L | [20] |
1.506 | at 1 mg O2/L | [21] |
3.57 | at 4.5 mg O2/L | |
1.802 | at C/N = 20 | [22] |
Aerobic granulated sludge | ||
31.25 | Pure nitrifying culture | [23] |
5.83 | Nitri. and denitri. sludge with biol. remov. of P | |
29.8 | Pure nitrifying culture | [24] |
40.36 | Pure nitrifying culture | [15] |
6.86 | Nitri. and denitri. sludge with biol. remov. of P | |
2.22 | Nitri. and denitri. sludge with biol. remov. of P | In this study |
vD (mg/g·h) | Conditions | Reference |
---|---|---|
Aerobic suspended sludge | ||
0.80–0.90 | 7 °C | [25] |
0.97–2.50 | Membrane reactor | [26] |
1.00–2.20 | Pure volatile fatty acids | [27] |
Aerobic granulated sludge | ||
0.697–0.775 | At C/N = 20–10 | [22] |
0.51 | Small AGS diameter < 200 µm | [28] |
2.24 | Medium AGS diameter 200–400 µm | |
5.48 | Large AGS diameter > 400 µm | |
2.93 | Xb 4 g/L | [29] |
0.93 | SBR | In this study |
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Hutňan, M.; Jankovičová, B.; Jajcaiová, L.; Sammarah, M.; Kratochvíl, K.; Šoltýsová, N. Reconstruction of the Municipal Wastewater-Treatment Plant According to the Principles of Aerobic Granular Sludge Cultivation. Processes 2024, 12, 1782. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091782
Hutňan M, Jankovičová B, Jajcaiová L, Sammarah M, Kratochvíl K, Šoltýsová N. Reconstruction of the Municipal Wastewater-Treatment Plant According to the Principles of Aerobic Granular Sludge Cultivation. Processes. 2024; 12(9):1782. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091782
Chicago/Turabian StyleHutňan, Miroslav, Barbora Jankovičová, Lenka Jajcaiová, Mikhael Sammarah, Karol Kratochvíl, and Nikola Šoltýsová. 2024. "Reconstruction of the Municipal Wastewater-Treatment Plant According to the Principles of Aerobic Granular Sludge Cultivation" Processes 12, no. 9: 1782. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091782