Use of the Solid By-Product of Anaerobic Digestion of Biomass to Remove Anthropogenic Organic Pollutants with Endocrine Disruptive Activity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Digestate
2.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis
2.3. Fourier-Transform Infrared Analysis
2.4. Preliminary Adsorption Experiments
2.5. Adsorption and Desorption Experiments
2.6. Chromatographic Analysis
2.7. Sorption and Desorption Models
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. SEM Analysis
3.2. FTIR Analysis
3.3. Preliminary Adsorption Experiments
3.4. Adsorption Kinetics
3.5. Adsorption and Desorption Isotherms
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Singh, L.; Kalia, V.C. Waste Biomass Management—A Holistic Approach; Springer International Publishing AG: Cham, Switzerland, 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fabbri, D.; Torri, C. Linking pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion (Py-AD) for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2016, 38, 167–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, W.; Lee, D.-J. Valorization of anaerobic digestion digestate: A prospect review. Bioresour. Technol. 2021, 323, 124626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Z.; Zhu, Z.; Shen, B.; Liu, L. Insights into biochar and hydrochar production and applications: A review. Energy 2019, 171, 581–598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parlavecchia, M.; Carnimeo, C.; Loffredo, E. Soil amendment with biochar, hydrochar and compost mitigates the accumulation of emerging pollutants in rocket salad plants. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2020, 231, 554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Braguglia, C.M.; Gallipoli, A.; Gianico, A.; Pagliaccia, P. Anaerobic bioconversion of food waste into energy: A critical review. Bioresour. Technol. 2018, 248, 37–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, W.; Pivato, A. Sustainable management of digestate from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste and food waste under the concepts of back to earth alternatives and circular economy. Waste Biomass Valor. 2019, 10, 465–481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mukherjee, S.; Weihermüller, L.; Tappe, W.; Hofmann, D.; Köppchen, S.; Laabs, V.; Vereecken, H.; Burauel, P. Sorption-desorption behaviour of bentazone, boscalid and pyrimenthanil in biochar and digestate based soil mixtures for biopurification systems. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 559, 63–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- López-Pacheco, I.Y.; Silva-Núñez, A.; Salinas-Salazar, C.; Arevalo-Gallegos, A.; Lizarazo-Holguin, L.A.; Barcelo, D.; Iqbal, H.M.N.; Parra-Saldívar, R. Anthropogenic contaminants of high concern: Existence in water resources and their adverse effects. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 690, 1068–1088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- European Commission (EC) 2016. Defining Criteria for Identifying Endocrine Disruptors in the Context of the Implementation of the Plant Protection Products Regulation and Biocidal Products Regulation. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/10102/2016/EN/SWD-2016-211-F1-EN-MAIN-PART-6.PDF (accessed on 13 July 2021).
- European Commission (EC) 2020. Endocrine Disruptors. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/endocrine/index_en.htm (accessed on 13 July 2021).
- Calafat, A.M.; Ye, X.; Wong, L.Y.; Reidy, J.A.; Needham, L.L. Exposure of the U.S. population to bisphenol A and 4-tertiary-octylphenol: 2003–2004. Environ. Health Perspect. 2008, 116, 39–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Diamanti-Kandarakis, E.; Bourguignon, J.-P.; Giudice, L.C.; Hauser, R.; Prins, G.S.; Soto, A.M.; Zoeller, R.T.; Gore, A.C. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: An Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr. Rev. 2009, 30, 293–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silva, V.; Mol, H.G.J.; Zomer, P.; Tienstra, M.; Ritsema, C.J.; Geissena, V. Pesticide residues in European agricultural soils—A hidden reality unfolded. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 653, 1532–1545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- USEPA Office of Water Report 2003. Candidate Contaminant List Regulatory Determination Support Document for Metribuzin. Available online: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-09/documents/support_cc1_metribuzin_ccl_regdet.pdf (accessed on 13 July 2021).
- USEPA Office of Pesticide Programs 2010. Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment for Boscalid New Use on Rapeseed, Including Canola (Seed Treatment). Available online: https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/cleared_reviews/csr_PC-128008_23-Dec-10_a.pdf (accessed on 20 July 2021).
- Geens, T.; Aerts, D.; Berthod, C.; Bourguignon, J.-P.; Goeyens, L.; Lecomte, P.; Maghuin-Rogister, G.; Pironnet, A.-M.; Pussemier, L.; Scippo, M.-L.; et al. A review of dietary and non-dietary exposure to bisphenol-A. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2012, 50, 3725–3740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Olaniyan, L.W.B.; Okoh, O.O.; Mkwetshana, N.T.; Akoh, A.I. Environmental water pollution, endocrine interference and ecotoxicity of 4-tert-octylphenol: A review. Rev. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2018, 248, 81–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Campbell, C.G.; Borglin, S.E.; Green, F.B.; Grayson, A.; Wozei, E.; Stringfellow, W.T. Biologically directed environmental monitoring, fate, and transport of estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds in water: A review. Chemosphere 2006, 65, 1265–1280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Linhart, C.; Panzacchi, S.; Belpoggi, F.; Clausing, P.; Zaller, J.G.; Hertoge, K. Year-round pesticide contamination of public sites near intensively managed agricultural areas in South Tyrol. Environ. Sci. Eur. 2021, 33, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fernandes, M.C.; Cox, L.; Hermosín, M.C.; Cornejo, J. Organic amendments affecting sorption, leaching and dissipation of fungicides in soils. Pest. Manag. Sci. 2006, 62, 1207–1215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mojiri, A.; Zhou, J.L.; Robinson, B.; Ohashi, A.; Ozaki, N.; Kindaichi, T.; Farraji, H.; Vakili, M. Pesticides in aquatic environments and their removal by adsorption methods. Chemosphere 2020, 253, 126646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Senesi, N.; Loffredo, E.; D’Orazio, V.; Brunetti, G.; Miano, T.M.; La Cava, P. Adsorption of pesticides by humic acids from organic amendments and soils. In Humic Substances and Chemical Contaminants; Clapp, C.E., Hayes, M.H.B., Senesi, N., Bloom, P.R., Jardine, P.M., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Madison, WI, USA, 2015; pp. 129–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loffredo, E.; Taskin, E. Adsorptive removal of ascertained and suspected endocrine disruptors from aqueous solution using plant-derived materials. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2017, 24, 19159–19166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohan, D.; Sarswat, A.; Ok, Y.S.; Pittman, C.U., Jr. Organic and inorganic contaminants removal from water with biochar, a renewable, low cost and sustainable adsorbent—A critical review. Bioresour. Technol. 2014, 160, 191–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferreira Mendes, K.; Nogueira de Sousa, R.; Takeshita, V.; Gimenes Alonso, F.; Justiniano Régo, A.P.; Tornisielo, V.L. Cow bone char as a sorbent to increase sorption and decrease mobility of hexazinone, metribuzin, and quinclorac in soil. Geoderma 2019, 343, 40–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loffredo, E.; Parlavecchia, M.; Perri, G.; Gattullo, R. Comparative assessment of metribuzin sorption efficiency of biochar, hydrochar and vermicompost. J. Environ. Sci. Health B 2019, 54, 728–735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yu, J.; Zhu, Z.; Zhang, H.; Guanglan, D.; Qiu, Y.; Yin, D.; Wang, S. Hydrochars from pinewood for adsorption and nonradical catalysis of bisphenols. J. Hazard. Mat. 2020, 385, 121548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Altenburger, R.; Scholze, M.; Busch, W.; Escher, B.I.; Jakobs, G.; Krauss, M.; Krüger, J.; Neale, P.; Ait-Aissa, S.; Almeida, A.; et al. Mixture effects in samples of multiple contaminants—An inter-laboratory study with manifold bioassays. Environ. Int. 2018, 114, 95–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- PubChem Open Chemistry Database at the National Institutes of Health (NIH); U.S. National Library of Medicine. Available online: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/8814 (accessed on 20 July 2021).
- Lagergren, S. Zur theorie der sogenannten adsorption gelöster stoffe, Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens. Handlingar 1898, 24, 1–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, K.V. Linear and non-linear regression analysis for the sorption kinetics of methylene blue onto activated carbon. J. Hazard. Mater. 2006, B137, 1538–1544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ho, Y.S. Second-order kinetic model for the sorption of cadmium onto tree fern: A comparison of linear and non-linear methods. Water Res. 2006, 40, 119–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barriuso, E.; Laird, D.A.; Koskinen, W.C.; Dowdy, R.H. Atrazine desorption from smectites. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1994, 58, 1632–1638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sicong Yao, S.; Fabbricino, M.; Race, M.; Ferraro, A.; Pontoni, L.; Aimone, O.; Chen, Y. Study of the digestate as an innovative and low-cost adsorbent for the removal of dyes in wastewater. Processes 2020, 8, 852. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Essandoh, M.; Wolgemuth, D.; Pittman, C.U., Jr.; Mohan, D.; Mlsna, T. Adsorption of metribuzin from aqueous solution using magnetic and nonmagnetic sustainable low-cost biochar adsorbents. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2017, 24, 4577–4590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, J.; Zhou, D.; Zhang, J.; Li, F.; Chu, G.; Wu, M.; Pan, B.; Steinberg, C.E.W. The contrasting role of minerals in biochars in bisphenol A and sulfamethoxazole sorption. Chemosphere 2021, 264, 128490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aly, Z.; Graulet, A.; Scales, N.; Hanley, T. Removal of aluminium from aqueous solutions using PAN-based adsorbents: Characterisation, kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2014, 21, 3972–3986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ho, Y.S.; Mckay, G. Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes. Process. Biochem. 1999, 34, 451–465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giles, C.H.; MacEwan, T.H.; Nakhwa, S.N.; Smith, D. Studies in adsorption. Part XI. A system of classification of solution adsorption isotherms, and its use in diagnosis of adsorption mechanisms and in measurement of specific surface areas of solids. J. Chem. Soc. 1960, 111, 3973–3993. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prasannamedha, G.; Senthil Kumar, P.; Mehala, R.; Sharumitha, T.J.; Surendhar, D. Enhanced adsorptive removal of sulfamethoxazole from water using biochar derived from hydrothermal carbonization of sugarcane bagasse. J. Hazard. Mat. 2021, 407, 124825. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loffredo, E.; Senesi, N. The role of humic substances in the fate of anthropogenic organic pollutants in soil with emphasis on endocrine disruptor compounds. In Soil and Water Pollution Monitoring, Protection and Remediation; NATO Science Series IV-Earth and Environmental Sciences; Springer International Publishing AG: Cham, Switzerland, 2006; Volume 69, pp. 69–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gaullier, C.; Dousset, S.; Billet, D.; Baran, N. Is pesticide sorption by constructed wetland sediments governed by water level and water dynamics? Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2018, 25, 14324–14335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ying, G.-G.; Kookana, R.S.; Dillon, P. Sorption and degradation of selected five endocrine disrupting chemicals in aquifer material. Water Res. 2003, 37, 3785–3791. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Compound | Chemical Structure | Molecular Weight (g/mol) | Water Solubility (mg L−1) | Log Kow |
---|---|---|---|---|
Metribuzin | | 214.29 | 1200 | 1.70 |
Boscalid | | 343.21 | 4.6 | 2.96 |
Bisphenol A | | 228.29 | 300 | 3.32 |
4-tert-octylphenol | | 206.32 | 3.1 | 5.50 |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
pH a | 8.73 ± 0.08 b |
EC (dS m−1) a | 1.36 ± 0.04 |
Dry matter (%) | 87.41 ± 0.63 |
Volatile solids (% d.m.) | 87.15 ± 0.47 |
Total organic carbon (% d.m.) | 50.55 ± 0.27 |
Ash (% d.m) | 12.85 ± 0.54 |
Compound | 100 | 200 | 400 | 500 |
---|---|---|---|---|
MET | 53.11 ± 2.65 B | 51.56 ± 11.88 B | 69.83 ± 8.42 B | 107.78 ± 16.42 A |
BOS | 165.99 ± 2.23 D | 278.19 ± 4.19 C | 412.97 ± 8.72 B | 448.74 ± 24.12 A |
BPA | 128.88 ± 2.48 D | 184.99 ± 1.25 C | 203.08 ± 24.04 B | 238.20 ± 25.04 A |
OP | 200.00 ± 0.12 D | 301.11 ± 3.65 C | 563.65 ± 8.15 B | 664.51 ± 36.52 A |
Compound | Pseudo-First-Order | Pseudo-Second-Order | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
qe,experimental (mg kg−1) | r | SSR | qe,1 (mg kg−1) | k1 (h−1) | r | SSR | qe,2 (mg kg−1) | k2 (kg mg−1 h−1) | |
MET | 106.20 D | 0.985 | 339 | 107.17 | 0.372 | 0.965 | 793 | 124.78 | 0.003 |
BOS | 591.61 C | 0.958 | 16,199 | 561.81 | 1.217 | 0.983 | 5525 | 601.64 | 0.003 |
BPA | 208.87 B | 0.991 | 485 | 207.53 | 1.125 | 0.990 | 472 | 221.21 | 0.007 |
OP | 712.80 A | 0.996 | 513 | 706.35 | 3.801 | 0.971 | 3450 | 728.61 | 0.010 |
Compound | Henry Model | Freundlich Model | Langmuir Model | Temkin Model | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | SSR | Kd (L kg−1) | KOC (L kg−1) | r | SSR | KF ads (L kg−1) | 1/n ads | r | SSR | b (mg kg−1) | KL (L mg−1) | r | SSR | AT (L kg−1) | B (J mol−1) | bT | |
MET | 0.930 | 4588 | 86.19 | 170.50 | 0.983 | 147 | 99.88 | 0.40 | 0.954 | 445 | 145 | 2.587 | 0.962 | 322 | 29.46 | 30.12 | 80.87 |
BOS | 0.980 | 15,049 | 538.73 | 1065.74 | 0.968 | 11872 | 593.88 | 1.32 | 0.948 | 15,130 | 126,113 | 0.004 | 0.815 | 51,869 | 14.57 | 153.57 | 15.86 |
BPA | 0.997 | 354 | 129.20 | 255.59 | 0.996 | 205 | 126.31 | 1.11 | 0.992 | 361 | 47,424 | 0.003 | 0.925 | 3459 | 5.44 | 83.15 | 29.30 |
OP | 0.980 | 26,465 | 1102.09 | 2180.20 | 0.951 | 26,322 | 1067.82 | 0.96 | 0.953 | 26,528 | 117,129 | 0.009 | 0.903 | 46,769 | 20.54 | 229.41 | 10.62 |
Compound | Henry Model | Freundlich Model | H | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | SSR | Kd des (L kg−1) | KOC des (L kg−1) | r | SSR | KF des (L kg−1) | 1/n des | ||
MET | 0.947 | 2369 | 78.80 | 155.88 | 0.982 | 287 | 96.35 | 0.47 | 1.175 |
BOS | 0.673 | 651,881 | 769.65 | 1522.55 | 0.874 | 1287 | 531.02 | 0.04 | 0.030 |
BPA | 0.904 | 14,170 | 151.70 | 300.10 | 0.994 | 170 | 175.59 | 0.39 | 0.351 |
OP | 0.753 | 889,423 | 1709.20 | 3381.21 | 0.963 | 507 | 749.07 | 0.08 | 0.083 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Loffredo, E.; Carnimeo, C.; Silletti, R.; Summo, C. Use of the Solid By-Product of Anaerobic Digestion of Biomass to Remove Anthropogenic Organic Pollutants with Endocrine Disruptive Activity. Processes 2021, 9, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9112018
Loffredo E, Carnimeo C, Silletti R, Summo C. Use of the Solid By-Product of Anaerobic Digestion of Biomass to Remove Anthropogenic Organic Pollutants with Endocrine Disruptive Activity. Processes. 2021; 9(11):2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9112018
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoffredo, Elisabetta, Claudia Carnimeo, Roccangelo Silletti, and Carmine Summo. 2021. "Use of the Solid By-Product of Anaerobic Digestion of Biomass to Remove Anthropogenic Organic Pollutants with Endocrine Disruptive Activity" Processes 9, no. 11: 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9112018