Development of Rubber Seed Shell–Activated Carbon Using Impregnated Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquid for Enhanced CO2 Adsorption
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Reagents
2.2. Preparation and Carbonization of RSS
2.3. Sample Characterization
Activated Carbon Characterization
2.4. CO2 Adsorption and Isotherm Study
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of Materials
3.1.1. Proximate and Ultimate Analysis of Raw RSS
3.1.2. TGA Analysis
3.1.3. Surface Area and Pore Size Analysis
3.1.4. Surface Morphology
3.1.5. Chemical Properties of Activated Carbon
3.2. CO2 Adsorption and Isotherm Study
3.3. Comparison Studies with Other Adsorbent Materials
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Analysis | Raw RSS (%) |
---|---|
Proximate | |
Moisture | 13.9 |
Volatile Matter | 72.3 |
Fixed Carbon | 13.6 |
Ash | 0.2 |
Ultimate | |
Carbon | 49.5 |
Hydrogen | 6.4 |
Nitrogen | 0.4 |
Sulfur | 0.3 |
Oxygen a | 43.4 |
Samples | SBET (m2/g) | Smicro (m2/g) | Smeso (m2/g) | Vtotal (cm3/g) | Vmicro (cm3/g) | Vmeso (cm3/g) | Micropore Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raw RSS | 19.66 | 17.76 | 1.90 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 90.3 |
RSS-IL 500 | 107.55 | 88.81 | 18.74 | 0.049 | 0.045 | 0.003 | 82.6 |
RSS-IL 600 | 355.93 | 261.98 | 93.95 | 0.187 | 0.134 | 0.053 | 73.6 |
RSS-IL 700 | 357.85 | 301.87 | 55.98 | 0.189 | 0.156 | 0.033 | 84.4 |
RSS-IL 800 | 393.99 | 337.09 | 56.90 | 0.206 | 0.172 | 0.034 | 85.6 |
Sample Name | C | H | N | S | O a | C/H |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raw RSS | 49.55 | 6.40 | 0.41 | 0.30 | 43.4 | 7.74 |
RSS-IL 500 | 77.37 | 3.32 | 0.85 | 0.23 | 18.24 | 23.27 |
RSS-IL 600 | 81.70 | 2.94 | 0.88 | 0.17 | 14.31 | 27.77 |
RSS-IL 700 | 84.47 | 2.30 | 0.90 | 0.13 | 12.20 | 36.70 |
RSS-IL 800 | 85.47 | 1.86 | 1.14 | 0.11 | 11.42 | 45.86 |
Model | Parameters | Temperature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
25 °C | 50 °C | 100 °C | ||
Langmuir Isotherm | qmax (mmol/g) | 2.9542 | 2.2356 | 1.6812 |
KL (1/bar) | 3.0773 | 1.7466 | 0.5874 | |
R2 | 0.9904 | 0.9886 | 0.9945 | |
Freundlich Isotherm | n | 1.8484 | 1.5778 | 1.2309 |
KF (mmol/g.bar) | 2.3933 | 1.5028 | 1.5517 | |
R2 | 0.9867 | 0.9920 | 0.9971 | |
Temkin Isotherm | B | 0.5864 | 0.4347 | 0.5818 |
KT (mmol/g.bar) | 40.8995 | 23.1806 | 12.9017 | |
R2 | 0.9784 | 0.9651 | 0.9293 |
Adsorbent | Treatment Method | CO2 Adsorption Capacity (mmol/g) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Banana peel AC | Chemical/KOH | 1.10 | [60] |
RSS AC | Chemical/KOH | 1.24 | [34] |
Grass biomass AC | Physical/hydrothermal | 1.45 | [61] |
Coconut shell AC | Chemical/H3PO4 | 1.70 | [62] |
Norit® SX2 (commercial AC) | Physical/steam | 1.88 | [33] |
Norit ROX (commercial AC) | Chemical/Na2CO3 (air oxidation) | 2.02 | [63] |
Palm Kernel Shell AC | Physical/CO2 | 2.13 | [33] |
RSS AC | Chemical/malic acid | 2.26 | [17] |
Zeolite 13X | Physical/hydrothermal | 2.42 | [64] |
MOF-5 | Chemical/DMF | 2.43 | [65] |
RSS AC (RSS-IL 800) | Chemical/[C4Py][Tf2N] IL | 2.44 | This study |
Rice husk AC | Physical/CO2 | 3.10 | [3] |
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Mokti, N.; Borhan, A.; Zaine, S.N.A.; Mohd Zaid, H.F. Development of Rubber Seed Shell–Activated Carbon Using Impregnated Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquid for Enhanced CO2 Adsorption. Processes 2021, 9, 1161. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9071161
Mokti N, Borhan A, Zaine SNA, Mohd Zaid HF. Development of Rubber Seed Shell–Activated Carbon Using Impregnated Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquid for Enhanced CO2 Adsorption. Processes. 2021; 9(7):1161. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9071161
Chicago/Turabian StyleMokti, Nawwarah, Azry Borhan, Siti Nur Azella Zaine, and Hayyiratul Fatimah Mohd Zaid. 2021. "Development of Rubber Seed Shell–Activated Carbon Using Impregnated Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquid for Enhanced CO2 Adsorption" Processes 9, no. 7: 1161. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9071161
APA StyleMokti, N., Borhan, A., Zaine, S. N. A., & Mohd Zaid, H. F. (2021). Development of Rubber Seed Shell–Activated Carbon Using Impregnated Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquid for Enhanced CO2 Adsorption. Processes, 9(7), 1161. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9071161