Placebo Effects on the Enjoyment of Physical Activity and Performance among Kindergarten Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Design
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Rating Scales
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Deceptive Placebo Group n = 51 | Nondeceptive Placebo Group n = 50 | |
---|---|---|
Sex (male/female) | 22/29 | 21/29 |
Age (months) | 60.4 ± 9.11 | 61.1 ± 10.1 |
Weight (kg) | 19.9 ± 3.45 | 19.2 ± 2.87 |
Height (cm) | 112 ± 7.05 | 111 ± 6.86 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 15.8 ± 1.58 | 15.6 ± 1.50 |
Deceptive Placebo Group | Nondeceptive Placebo Group | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
with | without | with | without | |
n = 49 | n = 48 | |||
Speed (s) | 3.12 ± 0.48 | 3.22 ± 0.43 | 3.07 ± 0.40 | 3.20 ± 0.56 |
n = 49 | n = 48 | |||
Balance (score *) | 3.40 ± 1.01 | 3.68 ± 0.98 | 3.32 ± 0.95 | 3.24 ± 0.85 |
n = 51 | n = 50 | |||
Strength (kg) | 7.64 ± 2.06 | 7.77 ± 2.12 | 7.74 ± 2.58 | 7.53 ± 2.61 |
95% C-Interval | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Names | Effect | Estimate | SE | Lower | Upper | Df | t | P |
(Intercept) | (Intercept) | 3.13 | 0.12 | 2.88 | 3.37 | 4.72 | 25.36 | <0.001 |
Intake | without–with | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 93.00 | 2.50 | 0.014 |
Placebo_Type | DP–NDP | 0.06 | 0.07 | −0.08 | 0.20 | 86.98 | 0.88 | 0.382 |
Sex | girls–boys | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 87.64 | 2.19 | 0.031 |
BMI | BMI | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.06 | 0.04 | 88.82 | −0.35 | 0.730 |
Intake xPlacebo_Type | without–with x DP–NDP | −0.02 | 0.09 | −0.20 | 0.16 | 93.00 | −0.23 | 0.818 |
Intake x Sex | without–with x girls–boys | 0.14 | 0.09 | −0.04 | 0.31 | 93.00 | 1.53 | 0.128 |
Placebo_Type x Sex | DP–NDP x girls–boys | 0.21 | 0.15 | −0.07 | 0.49 | 87.85 | 1.45 | 0.150 |
Intake x Placebo_Type x Sex | without–with x DP–NDP x girls–boys | −0.10 | 0.18 | −0.45 | 0.26 | 93.00 | −0.53 | 0.598 |
95% C-Interval | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Names | Effect | Estimate | SE | Lower | Upper | Df | t | P |
(Intercept) | (Intercept) | 3.43 | 0.16 | 3.13 | 3.74 | 5.48 | 21.83 | <0.001 |
Intake | without–with | 0.08 | 0.09 | −0.09 | 0.26 | 93.00 | 0.95 | 0.343 |
Placebo_Type | DP–NDP | 0.27 | 0.16 | −0.04 | 0.57 | 88.02 | 1.72 | 0.088 |
Sex | girls–boys | −0.23 | 0.16 | −0.54 | 0.08 | 89.54 | −1.48 | 0.142 |
BMI | BMI | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.21 | 91.5 | 2.07 | 0.042 |
Intake x Placebo_Type | without–with x DP–NDP | 0.36 | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.71 | 93.00 | 2.07 | 0.041 |
Intake x Sex | without–with x girls–boys | 0.26 | 0.18 | −0.09 | 0.60 | 93.00 | 1.47 | 0.146 |
Placebo_Type x Sex | DP–NDP x girls–boys | −0.47 | 0.32 | −1.09 | 0.15 | 90.07 | −1.48 | 0.143 |
Intake x Placebo_Type x Sex | without–with x DP–NDP x girls–boys | 0.05 | 0.35 | −0.64 | 0.74 | 93.00 | 0.14 | 0.892 |
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Stopper, M.; Wabnegger, A.; Schienle, A. Placebo Effects on the Enjoyment of Physical Activity and Performance among Kindergarten Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2024, 14, 2435-2444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14080161
Stopper M, Wabnegger A, Schienle A. Placebo Effects on the Enjoyment of Physical Activity and Performance among Kindergarten Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. 2024; 14(8):2435-2444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14080161
Chicago/Turabian StyleStopper, Marlies, Albert Wabnegger, and Anne Schienle. 2024. "Placebo Effects on the Enjoyment of Physical Activity and Performance among Kindergarten Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial" European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 14, no. 8: 2435-2444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14080161