Next Article in Journal
Peroxidative Oxidation of Cyclohexane Using 3d Metal Complexes with Hydrazone-Derived Ligands as Catalysts: Exploring (Un)Conventional Conditions
Previous Article in Journal
Low-Dimensional Compounds Containing Bioactive Ligands. Part XX: Crystal Structures, Cytotoxic, Antimicrobial Activities and DNA/BSA Binding of Oligonuclear Zinc Complexes with Halogen Derivatives of 8-Hydroxyquinoline
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Inorganics
Volume 11
Issue 2
10.3390/inorganics11020061
inorganics-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Exploring the Interdependence between Electronically Unfavorable Situations and Pressure in a Chalcogenide Superconductor

by
Kai S. Fries
and
Simon Steinberg
*
Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Inorganics 2023, 11(2), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11020061
Submission received: 29 December 2022 / Revised: 21 January 2023 / Accepted: 24 January 2023 / Published: 27 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Topic Theoretical, Quantum and Computational Chemistry)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The development of solids with the requested chemical and physical properties requires a thorough understanding of their electronic structures, as proper knowledge of the electronic structure of a given solid provides invaluable information regarding its properties. In this context, recent research on two competing sorts of electronic instabilities in chalcogenide superconductors stimulated us to explore the interdependence between these instabilities and another aspect, pressure, which was previously shown to influence the presence of a superconducting state in diverse solids. To accomplish our goal, we carried out pressure-dependent examinations of the electronic structures of two tellurides, YTe and YTe0.97, which were inspected as prototypes in our explorations based on quantum-chemical means. In addition to our pressure-dependent explorations of the electronic structures, we also performed chemical bonding analyses to reveal the subtle interplay between pressure and two sorts of electronically unfavorable situations.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

In the quest for technologies capable of solving future challenges, there is a critical need to develop solid-state materials that can serve as components in such technologies [1]. In this regard, chalcogenides are of particular interest among chemists, physicists, and engineers, as several representatives of this remarkable family of solids are located at the forefront of diverse fields of research [2]. These areas of research include explorative efforts concerning phase-change data storage devices [3,4], thermoelectrics [5,6], topological insulators [7], and superconductors [8,9], to name just a few. The design of solids considered for a particular task also requires a proper understanding of their electronic structures, as knowledge of the electronic structure of a given solid provides invaluable information regarding its chemical and physical properties [10].
In the case of tellurides, the relationships between the crystal and electronic structures have typically been [11,12] interpreted using the Zintl–Klemm–Busmann concept, which was originally developed for intermetallics, which exclusively consist of main-group elements [13,14,15,16,17,18]. In the framework of this approach, the valence electrons are considered to be transferred from the more electropositive to the more electronegative elements, which form clusters and frameworks that are isostructural to the structural fragments of the elements, which are isoelectronic to the aforementioned anions. Indeed, this approach works well in recognizing the interdependence between the structural and electronic features of tellurides solely containing alkali and alkaline-earth metals [19]; however, the applicability of this approach to tellurides containing p- or d-block elements faces some hurdles. For instance, recent research on tellurides comprising p-block elements revealed a remarkable electronic state dubbed metavalency [20,21,22,23]. In this state, the valence electrons are expected to be delocalized across multiple centers, while a metallic state is not achieved [24,25].
While the aforementioned explorations focused on the nature of the electronic structures in tellurides only containing s- and p-block elements, additional research concentrated on the electronic structures of tellurides comprising early and/or late transition metals [24,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36]. The outcomes of such research showed that the factors controlling the formation of a given structure model are rather subtle, meaning that applications of the Zintl–Klemm–Busmann concept hardly help to recognize the relationships between the crystal and electronic structures. In this regard, recent research [37] on a series of chalcogenide superconductors also demonstrated that two competing types of electronically unfavorable situations influence the presence or absence of defects in the crystal structures of these materials.
In fact, controlling these types of instabilities is highly relevant, as the occurrence of defects in the crystal structure of a given solid also affects its electronic structure and, ultimately, its properties. In the case of chalcogenide superconductors, such defects in the crystal structure were shown [38,39] to influence the transitions from the metallic to superconducting states, as the occurrence of a superconducting state is also strongly related to the nature of the electronic structure of a given material [40,41,42]. In this context, there is also a need to explore the impacts of further aspects influencing the presence of a superconducting state with regard to the aforementioned competition. Another aspect that has been found to influence the accomplishment of a superconducting state is the application of external pressure to a superconducting material [43]. In light of this, our impetus was stimulated to explore the role of pressure in the competition between the two different types of electronic instabilities using the example of a chalcogenide superconductor, i.e., YTe. In the following contribution, we present the results of our explorations based on quantum-chemical means.

2. Results and Discussion

To explore the interdependence between the two types of electronic instabilities and pressure with regard to the materials’ properties, we selected the rock-salt-type chalcogenide superconductor [38] YTe as the prototype for our explorations. This telluride was selected because recent research on YTe [9,24] suggested that the two sorts of competing electronically favorable situations that will be inspected in the present explorations could also be present in this binary telluride. While the examinations of the electronic band structures will reveal if flat bands cross the Fermi levels and lead to one sort of electronic instability [43,44], the chemical bonding analyses will show the feasible presence of occupied antibonding states, which are expected to be the other type of electronically unfavorable situation [37]. As the competition between these two sorts of electronic instabilities is expected to be related to the presence or absence of defects in the crystal structure, a structure model containing vacancies, i.e., Y32Te31, was also constructed following the approach employed in the aforementioned research (Figure 1) [9,37]. Furthermore, the inspected pressure range was chosen after consideration of a previously reported pressure-dependent phase transition of this telluride. More specifically, prior explorations [45] concerning the binary YTe revealed a pressure-dependent phase transition from the NaCl-type to the CsCl-type of structure at 14 GPa. Moreover, structural optimizations and pressure-dependent computations of the total energies were performed for both tellurides prior to the examinations of the electronic band structures and chemical bonding analyses (see Materials and Methods). In this regard, it should be noted that the lattice parameters of the optimized YTe structure model (Figure 1) are quite close to the parameters (a = 6.114 Å) that were experimentally [46] determined for that telluride at p = 1 atm. An additional comparison of the computed total energies of the YTe and Y32Te31 (Table 1) reveals that the total energies of both tellurides increase as the pressure increases. Furthermore, increasing the pressure also leads to reductions in the lattice parameters, and considering the cubic lattice settings of both tellurides, the unit cell volumes (Figure 1). These trends follow a tendency typically [47] expected for the total energy and unit cell volume as functions of the pressure, meaning that we can proceed with the analyses of the electronic band structures.
To gain an initial insight into the interdependence between the two competing sorts of electronic instabilities and the pressure, we followed up with an inspection of the electronic band structures (Figure 2 and Figure 3) and the respective density-of-states (DOS) curves (Figure 4 and Figure 5). An examination of the DOS curves for the YTe and Y32Te31 indicates that the states close to the Fermi levels, EF, originate to a large extent from the Y-4d and Te-5p atomic orbitals. As the states located close to the Fermi level of a given solid usually largely contribute to its bonding, it can be concluded that the bonds in the YTe and Y32Te31 originate from the aforementioned atomic orbitals to a large extent. An additional inspection of the electronic band structures shows that the dispersions of the bands are enlarged as the pressure is increased. This outcome is in good agreement with the trend that is usually [47,48] expected for the dispersion of a given band with regard to pressure. While these pressure-induced changes in the electronic structure do not provoke any substantial alterations in the electronic band structure of the YTe, remarkable changes are evident in the electronic band structure of the Y32Te31 as the pressure is increased. In particular, a flat band that crosses the EF at the M-point at 0.00 GPa is moved to a position close to the Fermi level as the pressure is increased. This change in the electronic band structures also translates into a modification of the Fermi level characteristics of the Y32Te31. At 0.00 GPa, the EF in the Y32Te31 is located at a maximum of the DOS, whereas the Fermi levels are located at the minima of the DOS for p > 0.00 GPa. In connection with the changes in the Fermi level characteristics in the Y32Te31, it is remarkable that the Fermi levels are positioned at the minima of the DOS for p > 0.00 GPa, as such a situation is often [49,50,51,52] considered to suggest an electronically favorable situation; however, a comparison of the pressure-dependent total energies of the Y32Te31 (Table 1) clearly demonstrates that the structure model at 0.00 GPa corresponds to the lowest total energy and, hence, is the most preferred structure model to be formed among all the inspected Y32Te31 models. As no flat band crosses the Fermi level of the YTe for p ≥ 0 GPa, the examination of the electronic band structures suggests that there is also a certain tendency to form YTe rather than the tellurium-deficient Y32Te31.
In summary, the examinations of the electronic band structures and DOS curves of the YTe revealed that there are no substantial changes in the features at the EF as the pressure is increased. On the other hand, increasing the pressure influences the Fermi level characteristics of the Y32Te31. Accordingly, the aforementioned explorations provided an insight into the interplay between the pressure and one sort of electronically unfavorable situation, i.e., the presence of flat bands at the EF; however, these examinations did not provide any information about the relationship between the pressure and the other sort of electronically unfavorable situation that was mentioned in the Introduction (see above). As the other sort of electronically unfavorable situation was related to the bonding situations in the inspected chalcogenide superconductors, we followed up with a chemical bonding analysis based on the Mulliken charges (Figure 1), projected crystal orbital Hamilton populations (–pCOHPs; Figure 4 and Figure 5), and the electron localization functions (ELFs; Figure 6) of YTe and Y32Te31.
An inspection of the Mulliken charges of the YTe and Y32Te31 (Figure 1) indicates that the computed charges evidently differ from the charges that, for instance, are expected based on a Zintl–Klemm treatment suggesting a full valence electron transfer, i.e., YTe ≡ (Y3+)(Te2−)(e−). Accordingly, the Y–Te interactions cannot be described as ionic, as ionic bonds are supposed [53] to be located between closed-shell species carrying opposite electronic charges. In order to identify the nature of the bonding in the YTe and Y32Te31, we examined the projected crystal orbital Hamilton populations and the respective integrated values (–IpCOHP; Figure 4 and Figure 5). In this regard, it should be noted that a direct comparison between the –IpCOHP values determined for the compounds with dissimilar compositions cannot be made, as the electrostatic potential of each density-functional-theory-based computation is set to an arbitrary “zero” energy, whose relative position may vary from system to system [47]. Therefore, we used a well-established approach [54,55] to overcome this issue and, ultimately, reveal similarities as well as differences in the bonding situations of the YTe and Y32Te31. Within the framework of this method, the cumulative –IpCOHP/cell values (Figure 4 and Figure 5), i.e., the sums of all the –IpCOHP/bond values for the respective sorts of interatomic contacts within one unit cell, were projected as percentages of the net bonding capabilities (Table 1).
An examination of the –pCOHP diagrams for the YTe and Y32Te31 reveals that the heteroatomic Y–Te interactions change from the bonding to antibonding states below the Fermi levels, EF (Figure 4 and Figure 5). Although the antibonding Y–Te states are occupied below the EF, the cumulative –IpCOHP/cell values clearly point to a net bonding character for these heteroatomic interactions. Furthermore, the antibonding heteroatomic Y–Te states are counterbalanced by the bonding homoatomic Y–Y states, which show less bonding character relative to the heteroatomic Y–Te interactions. The Y–Y bonds are constructed based on the Y-4d atomic orbitals so that the crystal structures of the tellurides can also be viewed as yttrium networks that are oxidized by the tellurium atoms. This outcome is also in good agreement with previous research [56,57] showing analogies between the electronic structures of compounds containing transition-metal clusters and those of rock-salt-type transition-metal chalcogenides. As the electrons are rather delocalized within the Y–Y bonds, it is clear that the homoatomic interactions exhibit less bonding character. As the heteroatomic Y–Te interactions show more bonding character than the Y–Y interactions, it can be inferred that the electrons must be localized within the Y–Te contacts. Under consideration of the valence electron transfers from the yttrium to the tellurium atoms (Figure 1), the Y–Te bonds should be depicted as polar covalent.
As the Y–Te interactions show more bonding character and, accordingly, higher cumulative –IpCOHP/cell values than the Y–Y interactions, the former contacts also correspond to higher percentages of net bonding capacities than the latter bonds (Table 1). A comparison between the percentage contributions of the diverse interactions and the net bonding capacities also indicates that the percentage contributions of the Y–Te contacts are higher in the YTe than in the tellurium-deficient Y32Te31, while, in turn, the Y–Y bonds make higher percentage contributions to the bonding capacities in the Y32Te31 than in the YTe. This difference in the bonding situations is caused by the reduction in the numbers of Y–Te contacts per formula units from the YTe to the Y32Te31 (≡YTe0.97). As a consequence, the amounts of antibonding states are also reduced from the YTe to the Y32Te31 (≡YTe0.97), while Y–Y bonding is a more evident factor in the Y32Te31 than in the YTe. As the overall bonding is optimized for the tellurium-deficient Y32Te31, the outcome of the chemical bonding analysis clearly implies that there is a tendency to form Y32Te31 rather than YTe.
Accordingly, the results of the bonding analysis and the examinations of the electronic band structures evidently show that there is a competition between the two sorts of electronically favorable situations, which are related to the presence or absence of vacancies in the crystal structure of the tellurides. In the tellurium-deficient Y32Te31 (≡YTe0.97), the chemical bonding is optimized, meaning that this model should be preferred based on the bonding analyses. On the other hand, the inspections of the Fermi level characteristics, especially the search for (electronically unfavorable) flat bands at the Fermi levels, suggest that YTe should be preferred rather than Y32Te31. Yet, how does the increase in the pressure affect the nature of the chemical bonding in YTe and Y32Te31 and, hence, this sort of electronically unfavorable situation?
An inspection of the pressure-dependent –pCOHP diagrams for both the YTe and the tellurium-deficient Y32Te31 (Figure 4 and Figure 5) shows that increasing the pressure results in certain magnifications of the cumulative Y–Te and Y–Y –IpCOHP/cell values. This outcome can be explained based on the decrease in the distances between the yttrium and tellurium atoms due to the enlargement of the pressure: as the pressure increases, the interatomic distances decrease so that there is a more effective overlap of the atomic orbitals involved in the diverse bonds. Finally, this more effective overlap of the atomic orbitals translates into an enlargement of the diverse –IpCOHP values, as determined based on the pressure-dependent –pCOHP diagrams. In addition to this aspect, there is also another point that can account for the pressure-dependent trend of the –IpCOHP values: increasing the pressure also leads to a decrease in the Mulliken charges (Figure 1), meaning that there is less valence electron transfer within the Y–Te separations, whose nature becomes more covalent as the pressure increases, while the yttrium network is less oxidized. Notably, the increase in the –IpCOHP values is slightly more pronounced for the homoatomic Y–Y contacts than for the heteroatomic Y–Te interactions because the percentage contributions of the Y–Y interactions increase (Table 1) as the pressure is enlarged. In summary, one could guess that increasing the pressure results in minor optimizations of the overall bonding for both tellurides; however, the pressure-dependent total energies (Table 1) clearly indicate that the structure models existing at p = 0 GPa are the most preferred among the inspected models. This outcome can also be explained based on the decrease in the interatomic distances due to the enlargement of the external pressure: as the pressure is augmented, the distances between the cores of the atoms also decrease, meaning that the repulsion between the atoms is magnified. Yet, an inspection of the electron localization functions (ELFs) of the YTe and the tellurium-deficient Y32Te31 reveals that the changes in the electronic distributions in the domains within the inspected pressure ranges are rather hard to identify (Figure 6). An additional examination of the ELFs reveals that the domains are evident for the Y–Te separations, as a value of 0.12 is reached for the localization parameter η. Given recent research on the ELFs of solids containing rare-earth–chalcogenide contacts [35,58], this result also points to a certain polar-covalent character for the Y–Te bonds.

3. Materials and Methods

All the electronic structure computations were accomplished by means of the projector augmented wave (PAW) method [59], as implemented in the Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package (VASP) [60,61,62,63,64] by Kresse and Joubert. Prior to the electronic band structure computations, structural optimizations, including the lattice parameters and atomic positions, were completed for both inspected tellurides using the aforementioned PAW technique. After the structural optimizations leading to the fully relaxed structure models had been completed, the structure models occurring at p > 0 GPa were constructed based on the models at 0 GPa. These steps were performed using a previously developed [65] routine that has already been largely [66] employed elsewhere. The correlation and exchange in all the computations were described by the generalized gradient approximation of Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof [67] (GGA–PBE), while the cutoff energy was set to 500 eV in all the computations. Sets of 16 × 16 × 16 and 8 × 8 × 8 k-points were employed to sample the first Brillouin zones in the YTe and “Y32Te31” for the reciprocal space integrations, while all the computations were expected to be converged as the energy differences between the two iterative steps fell at 10−8 eV and (10−6 eV) for the electronic (and ionic) relaxations. In the case of the electronic band structures, the paths in the reciprocal space were generated with the aid of the Automatic Flow (AFLOW) code [68], while the computed data were further processed using the Python Materials Genomics code (pymatgen) [69].
To explore the nature of the bonding in the two tellurides, the Mulliken charges, projected crystal orbital Hamilton populations (–pCOHPs) [55], and electron localization functions (ELFs) [70,71] were inspected. The ELFs were computed using the aforementioned PAW method and visualized with the aid of the Visualization for Electronic and Structural Analysis (VESTA) program [72]. In the case of the –pCOHPs, the entries of the density-of-states (DOS) matrices were weighted with the respective Hamilton matrix elements to reveal the bonding, nonbonding, and antibonding interactions in the two tellurides. As the crystal orbitals utilized in the constructions of the –pCOHPs required the use of local basis sets, whose nature is in stark contrast to the delocalized one of the plane-waves, the results of the plane-wave-based computations had to be transferred to Slater-type orbitals by means of transfer matrices. These projective transformations were accomplished by employing the Local Orbital Basis Suite Towards Electronic-Structure Reconstruction (LOBSTER) code [73,74,75,76], while the diverse –pCOHPs were visualized with the aid of the wxDragon code [77], which was also used to plot the electronic density-of-states (DOS) curves. In the framework of the aforementioned projective transformations [19], the gross populations were also computed and subtracted from the respective valence electron counts in order to obtain the Mulliken charges for every atom.

4. Conclusions

Understanding the electronic structures of materials is vital, as knowledge of the electronic structure of a given solid-state compound provides invaluable information regarding its chemical and physical properties. In the present contribution, we explored the interdependence between two sorts of electronic instabilities and pressure using the example of the rock-salt-type chalcogenide superconductor YTe. The outcome of our explorations based on quantum-chemical means indicates that the aforementioned competition between two electronically unfavorable situations, i.e., the presence of flat bands at the Fermi level and the optimization of the overall bonding, is indeed evident for this telluride. The competition between these two electronically unfavorable situations appears to influence the presence or absence of vacancies in the crystal structures when p = 0 GPa, while the impact of the pressure on the aforementioned competition is rather subtle.
While increasing the pressure does not provoke any significant changes in the electronic structure of the YTe, there are slight modifications, including the electronically unfavorable situation, in the band structure of the Y32Te31, for which the overall bonding is optimized regardless of the external pressure. Therefore, it might be assumed that increasing the pressure could support the formation of the tellurium-deficient Y32Te31; however, this effect appears to be rather small. At this point, one may also wonder why the pressure range inspected in this research was quite small when compared with the pressure ranges typically [78] explored in high-pressure experiments. Indeed, it was also intended to probe how increasing the pressure might alter the results of computations that are usually [79,80] accomplished based on fully relaxed structure models instead of the experimentally determined non-relaxed structure model. In the present case, the outcome of our explorations indicates that the role of pressure is rather subtle, thereby confirming our expectations within previous explorations in this particular field of research. Furthermore, the outcome of this study also indicates that a full picture of the electronic peculiarities of such telluride superconductors may be obtained from the fully relaxed structure models, which will be inspected in the framework of our ongoing research in the field of chalcogenides.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, K.S.F. and S.S.; investigation, K.S.F. and S.S.; data curation, S.S.; writing—original draft preparation, S.S.; writing—review and editing, K.S.F. and S.S.; supervision, S.S.; funding acquisition, S.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; Bonn; project ID 511503255).

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Richard Dronskowski for the allocation of the computer cluster and research facilities at RWTH Aachen University. Furthermore, we wish to thank Peter Müller for the useful hints regarding the electron localization functions and Sebastian Hasenstab-Riedel for the fruitful discussion regarding the role of pressure in electronic structure computations.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Schmitt, D.C.; Drake, B.L.; McCandless, G.T.; Chan, J.Y. Targeted Crystal Growth of Rare Earth Intermetallics with Synergistic Magnetic and Electrical Properties: Structural Complexity to Simplicity. Acc. Chem. Res. 2015, 48, 612–618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Kanatzides, M.G. Discovery-Synthesis, Design, and Prediction of Chalcogenide Phases. Inorg. Chem. 2017, 56, 3158–3173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Wuttig, M.; Yamada, N. Phase-change materials for rewriteable data storage. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 824–832. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Raoux, S.; Welnic, W.; Ielmini, D. Phase Change Materials and Their Application to Nonvolatile Memories. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 240–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Snyder, G.J.; Toberer, E.S. Complex thermoelectric materials. Nat. Mater. 2008, 7, 105–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  6. Sootsman, J.R.; Chung, D.Y.; Kanatzidis, M.G. New and Old Concepts in Thermoelectric Materials. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 8616–8639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Hazan, M.Z.; Kane, C.L. Colloquium: Topological Insulators. Rev. Mod. Phys. 2010, 82, 3045–3067. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  8. Nagata, S.; Atake, T. Survey of chalcogenide superconductors. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 1999, 57, 807–821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Fries, K.S.; Steinberg, S. Fermi-Level Characteristics of Potential Chalcogenide Superconductors. Chem. Mater. 2018, 30, 2251–2261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Miller, G.J. The “Coloring Problem” in Solids: How It Affects Structure, Composition and Properties. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 1998, 1998, 523–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Böttcher, P. Tellurium-Rich Tellurides. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1988, 27, 759–772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Papoian, G.A.; Hoffmann, R. Hypervalent Bonding in One, Two, and Three Dimensions: Extending the Zintl-Klemm Concept to Nonclassical Electron-Rich Networks. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 2408–2448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Zintl, E. Intermetallische Phasen. Angew. Chem. 1939, 52, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Schäfer, H.; Eisenmann, B.; Müller, W. Zintl Phases: Transitions between Metallic and Ionic Bonding. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1973, 12, 694–712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Janka, O.; Kauzlarich, S. Zintl Compounds. In Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry; Scott, R.A., Ed.; WILEY-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2022. [Google Scholar]
  16. Miller, G.J.; Schmidt, M.W.; Wang, F.; You, T.-S. Quantitative Advances in the Zintl-Klemm Formalism. Struct. Bond. 2011, 139, 1–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Nesper, R. The Zintl-Klemm Concept—A Historical Survey. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 2014, 640, 2639–2648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Gärtner, S.; Korber, N. Polyanions of Group 14 and Group 15 Elements in Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Solid State Compounds and Solvate Structures. Struct. Bond. 2011, 140, 25–57. [Google Scholar]
  19. Ertural, C.; Steinberg, S.; Dronskowski, R. Development of a robust tool to extract Mulliken and Löwdin charges from plane waves and its applications to solid-state materials. RSC Adv. 2019, 9, 29821–29830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  20. Wuttig, M.; Deringer, V.L.; Gonze, X.; Bichara, C.; Raty, J.-Y. Incipient Metals: Functional Materials with a Unique Bonding Mechanism. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1803777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  21. Raty, J.-Y.; Schumacher, M.; Golub, P.; Deringer, V.L.; Gatti, C.; Wuttig, M. A Quantum-Mechanical Map for Bonding and Properties in Solids. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1806280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Cheng, Y.; Cojocaru-Mirédin, O.; Keutgen, J.; Yu, Y.; Küpers, M.; Schumacher, M.; Golub, P.; Raty, J.-Y.; Dronskowski, R.; Wuttig, M. Understanding the Structure and Properties of Sesqui-Chalcogenides (i.e., V2VI3 of Pn2Ch3 (Pn = Pnictogen, Ch = Chalcogen) Compounds) from a Bonding Perspective. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1904316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Maier, S.; Steinberg, S.; Cheng, Y.; Schön, C.-F.; Schumacher, M.; Mazzarello, R.; Golub, P.; Nelson, R.; Cojocaru-Mirédin, O.; Raty, J.-Y.; et al. Discovering Electron-Transfer Driven Changes in Chemical Bonding in Lead Chalcogenides (PbX, where X = Te, Se, S, O). Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2005533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Simons, J.; Hempelmann, J.; Fries, K.S.; Müller, P.C.; Dronskowski, R.; Steinberg, S. Bonding diversity in rock salt-type tellurides: Examining the interdependence between chemical bonding and materials properties. RSC Adv. 2021, 11, 20679–20686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Hempelmann, J.; Müller, P.C.; Konze, P.M.; Stoffel, R.P.; Steinberg, S.; Dronskowski, R. Longe-Range Forces in Rock-Salt-Type Tellurides and How they Mirror the Underlying Chemical Bonding. Adv. Mater. 2021, 33, 2100163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Gladisch, F.C.; Steinberg, S. Revealing the Nature of Bonding in Rare-Earth Transition-Metal Tellurides by Means of Methods Based on First Principles. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2017, 2017, 3395–3400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Göbgen, K.C.; Gladisch, F.C.; Steinberg, S. The Mineral Stützite: A Zintl-Phase or Polar Intermetallic? A Case Study Using Experimental and Quantum-Chemical Techniques. Inorg. Chem. 2018, 57, 412–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Göbgen, K.C.; Fries, K.S.; Gladisch, F.C.; Dronskowski, R.; Steinberg, S. Revealing the Nature of Chemical Bonding in an ALn2Ag3Te5-Type Alkaline-Metal (A) Lanthanide (Ln) Silver Telluride. Inorganics 2019, 7, 70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  29. Eickmeier, K.; Fries, K.S.; Gladisch, F.C.; Dronskowski, R.; Steinberg, S. Revisiting the Zintl-Klemm Concept for ALn2Ag3Te5-Type Alkaline-Metal (A) Lanthanide (Ln) Silver Tellurides. Crystals 2020, 10, 184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  30. Eickmeier, K.; Steinberg, S. Revealing the Bonding Nature in an ALnZnTe3-Type Alkaline-Metal (A) Lanthanide (Ln) Zinc Telluride by Means of Experimental and Quantum-Chemical Techniques. Crystals 2020, 10, 916. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Smid, S.; Steinberg, S. Probing the Validity of the Zintl-Klemm Concept for Alkaline-Metal Copper Tellurides by Means of Quantum-Chemical Techniques. Materials 2020, 13, 2178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Eickmeier, K.; Steinberg, S. Exploring the frontier between polar intermetallics and Zintl phases for the examples of the prolific ALnTnTe3-type alkali metal (A) lanthanide (Ln) late transition metal (Tn) tellurides. Z. Naturforsch. B 2021, 76, 635–642. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Gladisch, F.C.; van Leusen, J.; Passia, M.T.; Kögerler, P.; Steinberg, S. Rb3Er4Cu5Te10: Exploring the Frontier between Polar Intermetallics and Zintl-Phases via Experimental and Quantumchemical Approaches. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2021, 2021, 4946–4953. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Gladisch, F.C.; Pippinger, T.; Meyer, J.; Pries, J.; Richter, J.; Steinberg, S. Examination of a Structural Preference in Quaternary Alkali-Metal (A) Rare-Earth (R) Copper Tellurides by Combining Experimental and Quantum-chemical Means. Inorg. Chem. 2022, 61, 9269–9282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Eickmeier, K.; Poschkamp, R.; Dronskowski, R.; Steinberg, S. Exploring the Impact of Lone Pairs on the Structural Features of Alkaline-Earth (A) Transition-Metal (M,M’) Chalcogenides (Q) AMM’Q3. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2022, 2022, e202200360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Koch, P.; Steinberg, S. Exploring the subtle factors that control the structural preferences in Cu7Te4. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 2023, 35, 064003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Simons, J.; Steinberg, S. Identifying the Origins of Vacancies in the Crystal Structures of Rock Salt-type Chalcogenide Superconductors. ACS Omega 2019, 4, 15721–15728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  38. Hulliger, F.; Hull, G.W. Superconductivity in rocksalt-type compounds. Solid State Sci. 1970, 8, 1379–1382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Moodenbaugh, A.R.; Johnston, D.C.; Viswanathan, R.; Shelton, R.N.; DeLong, L.E.; Fertig, W.A. Superconductivity of Transition Metal Sulfides, Selenides, and Phosphides with the NaCI Structure. J. Low Temp. Phys. 1978, 33, 175–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Zaanen, J.; Chakravarty, S.; Senthil, T.; Anderson, P.; Lee, P.; Schmalian, J.; Imada, M.; Pines, D.; Randeria, M.; Varma, C.; et al. Towards a complete theory of high Tc. Nat. Phys. 2006, 2, 138–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Bardeen, J.; Cooper, L.N.; Schrieffer, J.R. Theory of Superconductivity. Phys. Rev. 1957, 108, 1175–1204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  42. Gabovich, A.M.; Voitenko, A.I.; Ausloss, M. Charge- and spin-density waves in existing superconductors: Competition between Cooper pairing and Peierls or excitonic instabilities. Phys. Rep. 2002, 367, 583–709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Simon, A. Superconductivity and Chemistry. Angew. Chem. Int Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 1788–1806. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Simon, A. Superconductivity—A source of surprises. Solid State Sci. 2005, 7, 1451–1455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Vaitheeswaran, G.; Kanchana, V.; Svane, A.; Christensen, N.E.; Olsen, J.S.; Jorgensen, J.-E.; Gerward, L. High-pressure stuctural study of yttrium monochalcogenides from experiment and theory. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2011, 83, 184108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  46. Flahaut, J.; Domange, L.; Guittard, M.; Pardo, M.-P.; Partie, M. Nouveaux résultats relatifs à l’etude cristallographique des sulfures, séléniures et tellurures L2 × 3 des éléments des terres rares, de l’yttrium et du scandium. CR Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 1963, 257, 1530–1533. [Google Scholar]
  47. Dronskowski, R. Computational Chemistry of Solid State Materials; WILEY-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2005. [Google Scholar]
  48. Hoffmann, R. How Chemistry and Physics Meet in the Solid State. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1987, 26, 846–878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Rustige, C.; Brühmann, M.; Steinberg, S.; Meyer, E.; Daub, K.; Zimmermann, S.; Wolberg, M.; Mudring, A.-V.; Meyer, G. The Prolific {ZR6}X12R and {ZR6}X10 Structure Types with Isolated Endohedrally Stabilized (Z) Rare-Earth Metal (R) Cluster Halide (X) Complexes. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 2012, 638, 1922–1931. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Steinberg, S.; Brgoch, J.; Miller, G.J.; Meyer, G. Identifying a Structural Preference in Reduced Rare-Earth Metal Halides by Combining Experimental and Computational Techniques. Inorg. Chem. 2012, 51, 11356–11364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  51. Steinberg, S.; Bell, T.; Meyer, G. Electron Counting Rules and Electronic Structure in Tetrameric Transition-Metal (T)-Centered Rare-Earth (R) Cluster Complex Halides (X). Inorg. Chem. 2015, 54, 1026–1037. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  52. Deringer, V.L.; Lumeij, M.-W.; Stoffel, R.P.; Dronskowski, R. Mechanisms of Atomic Motion Through Crystalline GeTe. Chem. Mater. 2013, 25, 2220–2226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Pyykkö, P. Strong Closed-Shell Interactions in Inorganic Chemistry. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 597–636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  54. Gladisch, F.C.; Steinberg, S. Revealing Tendencies in the Electronic Structures of Polar Intermetallic Compounds. Crystals 2018, 8, 80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Steinberg, S.; Dronskowski, R. The Crystal Orbital Hamilton Population (COHP) Method as a Tool to Visualize and Analyze Chemical Bonding in Intermetallic Compounds. Crystals 2018, 8, 225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  56. Burdett, J.K.; Hughbanks, T. Niobium oxide (NbO) and titanium oxide (TiO): A study of the structural and electronic stability of structures derived from rock salt. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 3101–3113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Burdett, J.K.; Mitchell, J.F. Electronic Origin of Nonstoichiometry in Early-Transition-Metal Chalcogenides. Chem. Mater. 1993, 5, 1465–1473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Gladisch, F.C.; Maier, S.; Steinberg, S. Eu2CuSe3 Revisited by Means of Experimental and Quantum-Chemical Techniques. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2021, 2021, 1510–1517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Blöchl, P.E. Projector augmented wave-method. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 1994, 50, 17953–17979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  60. Kresse, G.; Marsman, M.; Furthmüller, J. Vienna Ab Initio Simulation Package (VASP), The User Guide; Department of Computational Materials Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna: Vienna, Austria, 2010. [Google Scholar]
  61. Kresse, G.; Furthmüller, J. Efficiency of ab-initio total energy calculations for metals and semiconductors using a plane-wave basis set. J. Comput. Mater. Sci. 1996, 6, 15–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Kresse, G.; Furthmüller, J. Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 1996, 54, 11169–11186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Kresse, G.; Hafner, J. Ab initio molecular dynamics for liquid metals. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 1993, 47, 558–561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  64. Kresse, G.; Joubert, D. From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 1999, 59, 1758–1775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  65. von Appen, J. Quantenchemische Untersuchungen an Nitriden der Platingruppenmetalle. PhD Thesis, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, 2006. [Google Scholar]
  66. Stoffel, R.P.; Wessel, C.; Lumey, M. Ab Initio Thermochemistry of Solid-State Materials. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 5242–5266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  67. Perdew, J.P.; Burke, K.; Ernzerhof, M. Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1996, 77, 3865–3868. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  68. Curtarolo, S.; Setyawan, W.; Hart, G.L.; Jahnatek, M.; Chepulskii, R.V.; Taylor, R.H.; Wang, S.; Xue, J.; Yang, K.; Levy, O.; et al. AFLOW: An automatic framework for high-throughput materials discovery. Comput. Mater. Sci. 2012, 58, 218–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  69. Ong, S.P.; Richards, W.D.; Jain, A.; Hautier, G.; Kocher, M.; Cholia, S.; Gunter, D.; Chevrier, V.L.; Persson, K.; Ceder, G. Python Materials Genomics (pymatgen): A Robust, Open-Source Python Library for Materials Analysis. Comput. Mater. Sci. 2013, 68, 314–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  70. Silvi, B.; Savin, A. Classification of chemical bonds based on topological analysis of electron localization functions. Nature 1994, 371, 683–686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  71. Savin, A.; Nesper, R.; Wengert, S.; Fässler, T.F. ELF: The Electron Localization Function. Angew. Chem. Int Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 1808–1832. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  72. Momma, K.; Izumi, F. VESTA 3 for three-dimensional visualization of crystal, volumetric and morphology data. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 2011, 44, 1272–1276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  73. Maintz, S.; Deringer, V.L.; Tchougréeff, A.L.; Dronskowski, R. LOBSTER: A Tool to Extract Chemical Bonding from Plane-Wave Based DFT. J. Comput. Chem. 2016, 37, 1030–1035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  74. Maintz, S.; Deringer, V.L.; Tchougréeff, A.L.; Dronskowski, R. Analytic Projection from Plane-Wave and PAW Wavefunctions and Application to Chemical-Bonding Analysis in Solids. J. Comput. Chem. 2013, 34, 2557–2567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  75. Deringer, V.L.; Tchougréeff, A.L.; Dronskowski, R. Crystal Orbital Hamilton Population (COHP) Analysis as Projected from Plane-Wave Basis Sets. J. Phys. Chem. A 2011, 115, 5461–5466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  76. Dronskowski, R.; Blöchl, P.E. Crystal Orbital Hamilton Populations (COHP). Energy-Resolved Visualization of Chemical Bonding in Solids Based on Density-Functional Calculations. J. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 8617–8624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  77. Eck, B. wxDragon 2.2.3; RWTH Aachen University: Aachen, Germany, 2020. [Google Scholar]
  78. Huppertz, H.; Heymann, G.; Schwarz, U.; Schwarz, M.R. High-Pressure Methods in Solid-State Chemistry. In Handbook of Solid State Chemistry; Dronskowski, R., Kikkawa, S., Stein, A., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2017. [Google Scholar]
  79. Schwarz, K.; Blaha, P. DFT Calculations for Real Solids. In Handbook of Solid State Chemistry; Dronskowski, R., Kikkawa, S., Stein, A., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2017. [Google Scholar]
  80. Hafner, J. Ab-Initio Simulations of Materials Using VASP: Density-Functional Theory and Beyond. J. Comput. Chem. 2008, 29, 2044–2078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Inorganics 11 00061 g001 550
Figure 1. Representations of the crystal structures of YTe and Y32Te31: the structure model of the latter telluride was constructed based on the crystal structure of YTe, an approach that has also been utilized in previous studies (see main text). Furthermore, the respective averaged Mulliken charges have been included (in units of the elementary charge e).
Figure 1. Representations of the crystal structures of YTe and Y32Te31: the structure model of the latter telluride was constructed based on the crystal structure of YTe, an approach that has also been utilized in previous studies (see main text). Furthermore, the respective averaged Mulliken charges have been included (in units of the elementary charge e).
Inorganics 11 00061 g001
Inorganics 11 00061 g002 550
Figure 2. Pressure-dependent electronic band structures of the rock-salt-type YTe: energy regions that comprise flat bands positioned close to the Fermi levels, EF, are shown in the insets, while the dotted horizontal lines represent the Fermi levels.
Figure 2. Pressure-dependent electronic band structures of the rock-salt-type YTe: energy regions that comprise flat bands positioned close to the Fermi levels, EF, are shown in the insets, while the dotted horizontal lines represent the Fermi levels.
Inorganics 11 00061 g002
Inorganics 11 00061 g003 550
Figure 3. Pressure-dependent electronic band structures of the tellurium-deficient Y32Te31: energy regions that contain flat bands located close to the Fermi levels, EF, are shown in the insets. The Fermi levels are indicated by the red horizontal lines in the diagrams showing the electronic band structures in the wider energy ranges, and by the dotted horizontal lines in the corresponding insets. Bands exhibiting maxima, minima, and saddle points at the Fermi levels are highlighted in red in the insets. Note that the dispersion of the bands increases (e.g., at the Γ-point), as the pressure increases.
Figure 3. Pressure-dependent electronic band structures of the tellurium-deficient Y32Te31: energy regions that contain flat bands located close to the Fermi levels, EF, are shown in the insets. The Fermi levels are indicated by the red horizontal lines in the diagrams showing the electronic band structures in the wider energy ranges, and by the dotted horizontal lines in the corresponding insets. Bands exhibiting maxima, minima, and saddle points at the Fermi levels are highlighted in red in the insets. Note that the dispersion of the bands increases (e.g., at the Γ-point), as the pressure increases.
Inorganics 11 00061 g003
Inorganics 11 00061 g004 550
Figure 4. Pressure-dependent density-of-states (DOS) curves and projected crystal orbital Hamilton populations (–pCOHP) of the rock-salt-type YTe. The Fermi levels, EF, are indicated by the black horizontal lines, while the cumulative –IpCOHP/cell values (see main text) are shown below the corresponding –pCOHP diagrams. Please note that the respective labels were located at the same relative positions within all the DOS diagrams so that the pressure-induced changes in the DOS curves could be recognized by inspecting the environments of the corresponding labels.
Figure 4. Pressure-dependent density-of-states (DOS) curves and projected crystal orbital Hamilton populations (–pCOHP) of the rock-salt-type YTe. The Fermi levels, EF, are indicated by the black horizontal lines, while the cumulative –IpCOHP/cell values (see main text) are shown below the corresponding –pCOHP diagrams. Please note that the respective labels were located at the same relative positions within all the DOS diagrams so that the pressure-induced changes in the DOS curves could be recognized by inspecting the environments of the corresponding labels.
Inorganics 11 00061 g004
Inorganics 11 00061 g005 550
Figure 5. Pressure-dependent density-of-states (DOS) curves and projected crystal orbital Hamilton populations (–pCOHP) of the tellurium-deficient Y32Te31. The Fermi levels, EF, are denoted by the black horizontal lines, while the cumulative –IpCOHP/cell values (see main text) are included below the respective –pCOHP diagrams.
Figure 5. Pressure-dependent density-of-states (DOS) curves and projected crystal orbital Hamilton populations (–pCOHP) of the tellurium-deficient Y32Te31. The Fermi levels, EF, are denoted by the black horizontal lines, while the cumulative –IpCOHP/cell values (see main text) are included below the respective –pCOHP diagrams.
Inorganics 11 00061 g005
Inorganics 11 00061 g006 550
Figure 6. Representations of the electronic localization functions (ELFs) of the YTe (top) and the tellurium-deficient Y32Te31 (bottom) with regard to the pressure. Magnified representations of sections of the respective ELFs are shown in the insets: the arrows have been included in order to highlight extremely small changes in the distances between certain domains.
Figure 6. Representations of the electronic localization functions (ELFs) of the YTe (top) and the tellurium-deficient Y32Te31 (bottom) with regard to the pressure. Magnified representations of sections of the respective ELFs are shown in the insets: the arrows have been included in order to highlight extremely small changes in the distances between certain domains.
Inorganics 11 00061 g006
Table
Table 1. Pressure ranges (p), total energies (Etot) per formula units (f.u.), and percentage contributions of the different bonding interactions to the net bonding capacities in YTe and Y32Te31. The percentages of the different bonding interactions were calculated using the approach described below.
Table 1. Pressure ranges (p), total energies (Etot) per formula units (f.u.), and percentage contributions of the different bonding interactions to the net bonding capacities in YTe and Y32Te31. The percentages of the different bonding interactions were calculated using the approach described below.
YTeY32Te31 ≡ YTe0.97
p [GPa]Etot [eV/f.u.]% (Y–Te)% (Y–Y)p [GPa]Etot [eV/f.u.]% (Y–Te)% (Y–Y)
0.00−12.29089.4010.600.00−12.01388.0911.91
1.99−12.19889.2710.731.89−12.00388.0012.00
4.28−12.16589.1510.854.09−11.97287.9112.09
6.89−12.10789.0510.956.61−11.91787.8112.19
9.87−12.02288.9411.069.51−11.83587.7112.29
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Fries, K.S.; Steinberg, S. Exploring the Interdependence between Electronically Unfavorable Situations and Pressure in a Chalcogenide Superconductor. Inorganics 2023, 11, 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11020061

AMA Style

Fries KS, Steinberg S. Exploring the Interdependence between Electronically Unfavorable Situations and Pressure in a Chalcogenide Superconductor. Inorganics. 2023; 11(2):61. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11020061

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fries, Kai S., and Simon Steinberg. 2023. "Exploring the Interdependence between Electronically Unfavorable Situations and Pressure in a Chalcogenide Superconductor" Inorganics 11, no. 2: 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11020061

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop