Effect of High-Voltage Electrostatic Field Heating on the Oxidative Stability of Duck Oils Containing Diacylglycerol
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. DAG Preparation
2.3. Hybrid Duck Oils Preparation
2.4. HVEF Heating
2.5. POV
2.6. Color
2.7. Gas Chromatography
2.8. Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (LF-NMR)
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. POV
3.2. Color
3.3. Gas Chromatography
3.4. LF-NMR
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Oils | DAG Content |
---|---|
0%DDAG | 0 |
20%DDAG | 17% |
100%DDAG | 86% |
Oils | Time (h) | L* | a* | b* | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ordinary | HVEF | Ordinary | HVEF | Ordinary | HVEF | ||
0%DDAG | 0 | 81.40 ± 1.34 ax | 81.40±1.34 ax | −5.12±1.04 ex | −5.12±1.04 ax | 21.54±1.05 ex | 21.54±1.05 ex |
2 | 79.26 ± 0.54 ay | 81.37 ± 0.15 ax | −4.04 ± 0.27 dx | −4.42 ± 0.52 ax | 28.44 ± 0.32 dx | 26.51 ± 0.77 dy | |
4 | 77.38 ± 0.43 by | 81.20 ± 0.32 abx | −1.07 ± 0.44 cx | −2.36 ± 0.32 by | 50.65 ± 5.84 cx | 36.01 ± 0.02 cy | |
6 | 75.53 ± 0.72 cy | 79.51 ± 0.18 bx | 2.06 ± 0.12 bx | 1.05 ± 0.51 cy | 65.02 ± 2.66 bx | 44.86 ± 2.16 dy | |
8 | 70.89 ± 0.44 dy | 78.24 ± 0.32 cx | 5.78 ± 0.66 ax | 3.93 ± 0.17 dy | 73.62 ± 0.66 ax | 57.65 ± 1.45 ey | |
20%DDAG | 0 | 79.29 ± 1.61 ax | 79.29 ± 1.61 ax | −5.11 ± 0.37 ex | −5.11 ± 0.37 ex | 22.60 ± 0.86 ex | 22.60 ± 0.86 ex |
2 | 73.34 ± 1.10 bx | 73.51 ± 1.02 bx | −3.63 ± 0.21 dx | −4.12 ± 0.13 dy | 37.27 ± 1.03 dx | 33.43 ± 1.21 dy | |
4 | 66.47 ± 0.12 cy | 68.99 ± 0.83 cx | 1.35 ± 0.58 cx | −0.13 ± 1.35 cy | 57.35 ± 1.20 cx | 49.51 ± 0.84 cy | |
6 | 62.28 ± 0.49 dy | 64.63 ± 0.72 dx | 4.39 ± 0.14 bx | 3.70 ± 0.65 by | 61.75 ± 1.63 bx | 55.64 ± 1.19 by | |
8 | 57.06 ± 0.26 ey | 60.65 ± 0.79 ex | 10.58 ± 0.71 ax | 8.59 ± 0.59 ay | 77.11 ± 0.12 ax | 63.42 ± 0.52 ay | |
100%DDAG | 0 | 78.27 ± 0.46 ax | 78.27 ± 0.46 ax | −2.91 ± 0.69 ex | −2.91 ± 0.69 ex | 29.06 ± 1.40 ex | 29.06 ± 1.40 ex |
2 | 71.58 ± 1.10 by | 73.40 ± 0.60 bx | −1.11 ± 1.80 dx | −3.54 ± 1.14 dy | 49.13 ± 0.88 dx | 50.58 ± 1.11 dy | |
4 | 62.17 ± 0.95 cy | 66.98 ± 0.39 cx | 5.97 ± 1.03 cx | 2.56 ± 0.44 cy | 62.17 ± 2.51 cx | 64.93 ± 0.25 cy | |
6 | 51.57 ± 0.81 dy | 59.08 ± 1.89 dx | 15.34 ± 0.73 bx | 9.30 ± 0.82 by | 76.47 ± 1.62 bx | 72.46 ± 0.59 by | |
8 | 44.61 ± 1.42 ey | 48.46 ± 1.55 ex | 18.54 ± 0.49 ax | 14.68 ± 0.96 ay | 85.08 ± 0.23 ax | 76.90 ± 0.12 ay |
Oils | FA | Ordinary Heating | HVEF Heating | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 h | 2 h | 4 h | 6 h | 8 h | 0 h | 2 h | 4 h | 6 h | 8 h | ||
0%DDAG | ∑MUFA | 44.28 ± 0.05 ax | 43.87 ± 0.02 by | 43.80 ± 0.03 cy | 43.51 ± 0.06 dy | 42.58 ± 0.01 ey | 44.28 ± 0.05 ax | 43.93 ± 0.01 bx | 43.84 ± 0.04 cx | 43.74 ± 0.03 dx | 42.70 ± 0.03 ex |
∑PUFA | 21.27 ± 0.09 ax | 19.78 ± 0.07 by | 18.49 ± 0.12 cy | 15.97 ± 0.04 dy | 14.66 ± 0.13 ey | 21.27 ± 0.09 ax | 20.21 ± 0.07 bx | 18.75 ± 0.05 cx | 16.70 ± 0.03 dx | 15.56 ± 0.05 ex | |
∑TFA | 0.45 ± 0.01 ex | 0.66 ± 0.01 dx | 0.73 ± 0.03 cx | 0.82 ± 0.02 bx | 0.98 ± 0.05 ax | 0.45 ± 0.01 ex | 0.52 ± 0.01 dy | 0.63 ± 0.03 cy | 0.78 ± 0.05 by | 0.85 ± 0.02 ay | |
∑SFA | 31.26 ± 0.19 ex | 32.69 ± 0.23 dx | 33.62 ± 0.24 cx | 34.05 ± 0.45 bx | 35.46 ± 0.11 ax | 31.26 ± 0.19 ex | 32.32 ± 0.69 dy | 33.32 ± 0.25 cy | 33.47 ± 0.36 by | 34.86 ± 0.13 ay | |
20%DDAG | ∑MUFA | 44.90 ± 0.02 ax | 44.41 ± 0.03 by | 43.93 ± 0.01 cy | 43.84 ± 0.04 dx | 42.74 ± 0.03 ey | 44.90 ± 0.02 ax | 44.75 ± 0.01 bx | 44.12 ± 0.02 cx | 43.88 ± 0.12 cx | 43.15 ± 0.02 dx |
∑PUFA | 21.58 ± 0.14 ax | 19.46 ± 0.07 by | 17.77 ± 0.11 cy | 15.84 ± 0.06 dy | 14.23 ± 0.07 ey | 21.58 ± 0.14 ax | 19.90 ± 0.05 bx | 17.98 ± 0.03 cx | 16.31 ± 0.11 dx | 14.77 ± 0.09 ex | |
∑TFA | 0.41 ± 0.01 ex | 0.54 ± 0.03 dx | 0.65 ± 0.04 cx | 0.77 ± 0.03 bx | 0.78 ± 0.05 ax | 0.41 ± 0.01 ex | 0.57 ± 0.04 dy | 0.59 ± 0.03 cy | 0.61 ± 0.01 by | 0.72 ± 0.02 ay | |
∑SFA | 31.15 ± 0.02 ex | 32.07 ± 0.06 dx | 33.01 ± 0.11 cx | 34.08 ± 0.05 bx | 35.14 ± 0.56 ax | 31.15 ± 0.02 ex | 32.18 ± 0.25 dy | 32.80 ± 0.50 cy | 33.35 ± 0.16 by | 34.13 ± 0.27 ay | |
100%DDAG | ∑MUFA | 45.36 ± 0.07 ax | 44.92 ± 0.03 by | 44.31 ± 0.09 cy | 43.96 ± 0.05 dy | 43.07 ± 0.12 ey | 45.36 ± 0.07 ax | 45.21 ± 0.03 bx | 44.76 ± 0.06 cx | 44.35 ± 0.05 dx | 43.68 ± 0.06 ex |
∑PUFA | 22.60 ± 0.11 ax | 18.77 ± 0.16 by | 16.79 ± 0.07 cy | 15.57 ± 0.15 dy | 13.09 ± 0.09 ey | 22.60 ± 0.11 ax | 19.82 ± 0.14 bx | 16.43 ± 0.26 cx | 15.98 ± 0.15 dx | 13.91 ± 0.19 ex | |
∑TFA | 0.35 ± 0.02 ex | 0.39 ± 0.03 dx | 0.49 ± 0.01 dx | 0.55 ± 0.02 cx | 0.58 ± 0.03 ax | 0.50 ± 0.02 ex | 0.58 ± 0.01 dy | 0.52 ± 0.02 cy | 0.64 ± 0.03 by | 0.68 ± 0.03 ay | |
∑SFA | 29.24 ± 0.38 ex | 32.45 ± 0.25 dx | 33.34 ± 0.11 cx | 35.09 ± 0.12 bx | 36.45 ± 0.15 ax | 29.24 ± 0.38 ex | 31.72 ± 0.33 dy | 34.00 ± 0.19 cy | 34.02 ± 1.01 by | 36.33 ± 0.58 ay |
Time (h) | 0%DDAG | 20%DDAG | 100%DDAG | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ordinary | HVEF | Ordinary | HVEF | Ordinary | HVEF | ||
T21 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
2 | 8.92 ± 0.45 ay | 9.33 ± 0.00 ax | 8.52 ± 0.51 ay | 8.92 ± 0.41 ax | 7.76 ± 0.45 ay | 8.11 ± 0.45 ax | |
4 | 7.76 ± 0.00 by | 8.92 ± 0.70 ax | 7.40 ± 0.31 by | 7.84 ± 0.42 bx | 6.75 ± 0.46 by | 7.26 ± 0.55 bx | |
6 | 6.75 ± 0.53 cy | 7.76 ± 0.61 bx | 6.44 ± 0.44 cy | 6.75 ± 0.40 cx | 5.87 ± 0.41 cy | 6.75 ± 0.00 cx | |
8 | 6.44 ± 0.00 cy | 7.40 ± 0.41 bx | 6.14 ± 0.35 cy | 6.53 ± 0.52 cx | 5.61 ± 0.51 cy | 5.87 ± 0.41 dx | |
S21 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
2 | 2.54 ± 0.15 dx | 1.91 ± 0.16 dy | 1.74 ± 0.12 dx | 0.60 ± 0.15 dy | 1.87 ± 0.18 dx | 1.57 ± 0.11 dy | |
4 | 3.02 ± 0.16 cx | 2.63 ± 0.18 cy | 2.49 ± 0.15 cx | 1.57 ± 0.12 cy | 2.59 ± 0.12 cx | 2.23 ± 0.15 cy | |
6 | 4.07 ± 0.21 bx | 3.12 ± 0.15 by | 3.19 ± 0.16 bx | 2.18 ± 0.17 by | 3.21 ± 0.15 bx | 2.66 ± 0.14 by | |
8 | 4.14 ± 0.15 ax | 3.31 ± 0.20 ay | 4.15 ± 0.18 ax | 3.23 ± 0.15 ay | 3.48 ± 0.16 ax | 3.01 ± 0.18 ay |
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Sun, H.; Li, F.; Li, Y.; Guo, L.; Wang, B.; Huang, M.; Huang, H.; Liu, J.; Zhang, C.; Feng, Z.; et al. Effect of High-Voltage Electrostatic Field Heating on the Oxidative Stability of Duck Oils Containing Diacylglycerol. Foods 2022, 11, 1322. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091322
Sun H, Li F, Li Y, Guo L, Wang B, Huang M, Huang H, Liu J, Zhang C, Feng Z, et al. Effect of High-Voltage Electrostatic Field Heating on the Oxidative Stability of Duck Oils Containing Diacylglycerol. Foods. 2022; 11(9):1322. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091322
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Hailei, Fangfang Li, Yan Li, Liping Guo, Baowei Wang, Ming Huang, He Huang, Jiqing Liu, Congxiang Zhang, Zhansheng Feng, and et al. 2022. "Effect of High-Voltage Electrostatic Field Heating on the Oxidative Stability of Duck Oils Containing Diacylglycerol" Foods 11, no. 9: 1322. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091322