Nutritional Quality Analysis and Classification Detection of Buckwheat in Different Harvest Periods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Test Materials
2.2. NIR Spectral Imaging Acquisition Equipment
2.3. Determination of Nutritional Quality of Buckwheat during Different Harvest Periods
2.4. Extraction and Processing of Near-Infrared Spectral Data for Buckwheat in Different Harvest Periods
2.4.1. Data Extraction
2.4.2. Preprocessing of Near-Infrared Spectral Data for Buckwheat in Different Harvest Periods
2.4.3. Extraction of Characteristic Wavelengths from Near-Infrared Spectral Data of Buckwheat in Different Harvest Periods
2.4.4. Classification Models and Assessment Indicators
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Analysis of Nutritional Quality Results for Buckwheat in Different Harvest Periods
3.2. Analysis of Near-Infrared Spectral Results of Buckwheat in Different Harvest Periods
3.2.1. Spectral Characterization
3.2.2. Analysis of Data Preprocessing Results
3.2.3. Analysis of Feature Wavelength Extraction Results
3.2.4. Analysis of Classification Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- In this study, six buckwheat harvests (with 83-day, 90-day, 93-day, 96-day, 99-day and 102-day growth cycles) were investigated. The six different harvests of buckwheat kernels were analyzed using physicochemical tests to determine the buckwheat grain nutrient quality over the different harvest periods and the changes in buckwheat grain protein, fat, and starch contents. The total flavonoid and total phenol contents were higher in the 90-day cycle; thus, this was determined as the optimal buckwheat harvest period.
- (2)
- In this study, near-infrared spectroscopy nondestructive testing technology was utilized to detect buckwheat content in six harvesting periods: 83 days, 90 days, 93 days, 96 days, 99 days, and 102 days. Through the comparison of six classification models, it was shown that the IVSO-RF model showed the best classification of different buckwheat harvests as the evaluation indexes were higher. When applying the IVSO-RF classification model to classify and validate a single buckwheat harvest period, the correctness rate of the training set for each harvest period reached 96%, and the correctness rate of the prediction set reached 100%.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Harvest Period | Starch/% | Fat/% | Protein/% | Total Flavonoids (mg/g) | Total Phenols (mg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
83 days | 47.12 ± 3.22 b | 3.04 ± 0.46 ab | 14.46 ± 0.46 a | 4.23 ± 0.04 d | 4.33 ± 0.04 b |
90 days | 55.66 ± 0.97 a | 3.64 ± 0.23 a | 14.76 ± 0.15 a | 5.80 ± 0.06 ab | 4.56 ± 0.02 a |
93 days | 52.49 ± 5.01 ab | 3.29 ± 0.20 ab | 14.60 ± 0.06 a | 5.41 ± 0.11 c | 4.32 ± 0.03 b |
96 days | 54.32 ± 1.90 a | 3.04 ± 0.07 ab | 14.73 ± 0.15 a | 5.49 ± 0.04 c | 4.33 ± 0.03 b |
99 days | 55.63 ± 0.17 a | 2.78 ± 0.36 b | 13.43 ± 0.06 b | 5.39 ± 0.07 bc | 4.11 ± 0.03 c |
102 days | 56.28 ± 3.17 a | 2.65 ± 0.03 b | 14.09 ± 0.20 ab | 5.92 ± 0.06 a | 4.23 ± 0.04 a |
SD | 3.44 | 0.36 | 0.51 | 0.60 | 0.15 |
Mean | 53.58 | 3.07 | 14.35 | 5.37 | 4.31 |
CV | 6.43% | 11.60% | 3.56% | 11.18% | 3.43% |
Model | Preprocessing Method | Training Set Correctness (%) | Prediction Set Correctness (%) |
---|---|---|---|
RF | S-G | 85.11 | 69.33 |
SNV | 94 | 92 | |
DWT | 92.67 | 89 | |
normaliz | 90.44 | 87.33 | |
LS-SVM | S-G | 40.67 | 36 |
SNV | 55.78 | 64.67 | |
DWT | 42.89 | 44 | |
normaliz | 44.22 | 42.67 |
Model | Number | Total | NFP | Accuracy/% | Error Rate/% | Precision/% | Recall/% | F1 Score/% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IVSO-RF | 106 | 150 | 5 | 96.67 | 3.33 | 96.62 | 89.16 | 92.58 |
VCPA-RF | 14 | 150 | 25 | 83.33 | 16.67 | 83.94 | 81.23 | 82.99 |
VISSA-RF | 77 | 150 | 7 | 95.33 | 4.67 | 95.54 | 89.03 | 92.43 |
IVSO-LS-SVM | 106 | 150 | 79 | 47.33 | 52.67 | 54.94 | 66.95 | 44.31 |
VCPA-LS-SVM | 14 | 150 | 103 | 31.33 | 68.67 | 37.58 | 29.18 | 27.60 |
VISSA-LS-SVM | 77 | 150 | 81 | 46 | 54 | 53.99 | 50.25 | 41.87 |
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Xin, P.; Liu, Y.; Yang, L.; Yan, H.; Feng, S.; Zheng, D. Nutritional Quality Analysis and Classification Detection of Buckwheat in Different Harvest Periods. Foods 2024, 13, 2576. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162576
Xin P, Liu Y, Yang L, Yan H, Feng S, Zheng D. Nutritional Quality Analysis and Classification Detection of Buckwheat in Different Harvest Periods. Foods. 2024; 13(16):2576. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162576
Chicago/Turabian StyleXin, Peichen, Yun Liu, Lufei Yang, Haoran Yan, Shuai Feng, and Decong Zheng. 2024. "Nutritional Quality Analysis and Classification Detection of Buckwheat in Different Harvest Periods" Foods 13, no. 16: 2576. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162576