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Development and Application of Nondestructive Testing Technologies in Food Quality...
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Development and Application of Nondestructive Testing Technologies in Food Quality and Safety

A special issue of Foods (ISSN 2304-8158). This special issue belongs to the section "Food Engineering and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 October 2024) | Viewed by 3981

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Long Ma

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Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
Interests: food safety; bioanalysis; molecular detection; foodborne pathogenics detection; food hazard detection; genetically modified crops testing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Mingfei Pan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
Interests: nanomaterial-based immunosensors; electrochemical biosensors; optical biosensors; molecular imprinting-based bionic biosensors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nondestructive testing (NDT) technologies have revolutionized the fields of food quality and safety inspection. These advanced techniques allow for the evaluation of food products without causing any damage, ensuring the integrity of food and safety for its consumption. NDT techniques include a wide range of methods such as visual inspection, sensory evaluation, physical measurements, chemical analysis, and microbiological testing. These methods are designed to detect defects, contaminants, and other quality issues in food products (such as spoilage, foreign objects, and pathogenic microorganisms). Technologies such as spectroscopy (near-infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and terahertz spectroscopy), ultrasonic testing, nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray-computed tomography, laser scattering, electronic nose, and optical methods have been developed to analyze food products for various purposes. Novel biosensing, machine vision, and image processing also play a key role in food quality and safety inspection for detecting surface defects, foreign objects, and other contaminants. These nondestructive technologies are essential for ensuring public health and maintaining consumer confidence in the food industry.

Prof. Dr. Long Ma
Prof. Dr. Mingfei Pan
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Foods is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • food quality
  • food safety
  • nondestructive testing
  • safety inspection
  • food hazard detection

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 10441 KiB  
Article
Proto-DS: A Self-Supervised Learning-Based Nondestructive Testing Approach for Food Adulteration with Imbalanced Hyperspectral Data
by Kunkun Pang, Yisen Liu, Songbin Zhou, Yixiao Liao, Zexuan Yin, Lulu Zhao and Hong Chen
Foods 2024, 13(22), 3598; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13223598 - 11 Nov 2024
Viewed by 868
Abstract
Conventional food fraud detection using hyperspectral imaging (HSI) relies on the discriminative power of machine learning. However, these approaches often assume a balanced class distribution in an ideal laboratory environment, which is impractical in real-world scenarios with diverse label distributions. This results in [...] Read more.
Conventional food fraud detection using hyperspectral imaging (HSI) relies on the discriminative power of machine learning. However, these approaches often assume a balanced class distribution in an ideal laboratory environment, which is impractical in real-world scenarios with diverse label distributions. This results in suboptimal performance when less frequent classes are overshadowed by the majority class during training. Thus, the critical research challenge emerges of how to develop an effective classifier on a small-scale imbalanced dataset without significant bias from the dominant class. In this paper, we propose a novel nondestructive detection approach, which we call the Dice Loss Improved Self-Supervised Learning-Based Prototypical Network (Proto-DS), designed to address this imbalanced learning challenge. The proposed amalgamation mitigates the label bias on the most frequent class, further improving robustness. We validate our proposed method on three collected hyperspectral food image datasets with varying degrees of data imbalance: Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (Chenpi), Chinese herbs, and coffee beans. Comparisons with state-of-the-art imbalanced learning techniques, including the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) and class-importance reweighting, reveal our method’s superiority. Notably, our experiments demonstrate that Proto-DS consistently outperforms conventional approaches, achieving the best average balanced accuracy of 88.18% across various training sample sizes, whereas the Logistic Model Tree (LMT), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) approaches attain only 59.42%, 60.38%, and 66.34%, respectively. Overall, self-supervised learning is key to improving imbalanced learning performance and outperforms related approaches, while both prototypical networks and the Dice loss can further enhance classification performance. Intriguingly, self-supervised learning can provide complementary information to existing imbalanced learning approaches. Combining these approaches may serve as a potential solution for building effective models with limited training data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Nondestructive Testing Technologies in Food Quality and Safety)
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14 pages, 3409 KiB  
Article
Detection of Apple Sucrose Concentration Based on Fluorescence Hyperspectral Image System and Machine Learning
by Chunyi Zhan, Hongyi Mao, Rongsheng Fan, Tanggui He, Rui Qing, Wenliang Zhang, Yi Lin, Kunyu Li, Lei Wang, Tie’en Xia, Youli Wu and Zhiliang Kang
Foods 2024, 13(22), 3547; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13223547 - 6 Nov 2024
Viewed by 686
Abstract
China ranks first in apple production worldwide, making the assessment of apple quality a critical factor in agriculture. Sucrose concentration (SC) is a key factor influencing the flavor and ripeness of apples, serving as an important quality indicator. Nondestructive SC detection has significant [...] Read more.
China ranks first in apple production worldwide, making the assessment of apple quality a critical factor in agriculture. Sucrose concentration (SC) is a key factor influencing the flavor and ripeness of apples, serving as an important quality indicator. Nondestructive SC detection has significant practical value. Currently, SC is mainly measured using handheld refractometers, hydrometers, electronic tongues, and saccharimeter analyses, which are not only time-consuming and labor-intensive but also destructive to the sample. Therefore, a rapid nondestructive method is essential. The fluorescence hyperspectral imaging system (FHIS) is a tool for nondestructive detection. Upon excitation by the fluorescent light source, apples displayed distinct fluorescence characteristics within the 440–530 nm and 680–780 nm wavelength ranges, enabling the FHIS to detect SC. This study used FHIS combined with machine learning (ML) to predict SC at the apple’s equatorial position. Primary features were extracted using variable importance projection (VIP), the successive projection algorithm (SPA), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). Secondary feature extraction was also conducted. Models like gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT), random forest (RF), and LightGBM were used to predict SC. VN-SPA + VIP-LightGBM achieved the highest accuracy, with Rp2, RMSEp, and RPD reaching 0.9074, 0.4656, and 3.2877, respectively. These results underscore the efficacy of FHIS in predicting apple SC, highlighting its potential for application in nondestructive quality assessment within the agricultural sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Nondestructive Testing Technologies in Food Quality and Safety)
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21 pages, 8175 KiB  
Article
Multiscale Modeling and Simulation of Falling Collision Damage Sensitivity of Kiwifruit
by Yue Zhu, Licheng Zhu, Wenbei Wang, Bo Zhao, Zhenhao Han, Ruixue Wang, Yanwei Yuan, Kunlei Lu, Xuguang Feng and Xiaoxi Hu
Foods 2024, 13(21), 3523; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13213523 - 4 Nov 2024
Viewed by 625
Abstract
Falling damage is the most common form of damage sustained by kiwifruit during the process of picking and post-processing, and it is difficult to conduct a quantitative analysis of this phenomenon through traditional experimental methods. In order to deeply understand the sensitivity of [...] Read more.
Falling damage is the most common form of damage sustained by kiwifruit during the process of picking and post-processing, and it is difficult to conduct a quantitative analysis of this phenomenon through traditional experimental methods. In order to deeply understand the sensitivity of kiwifruit to falling collision damage, the finite element numerical simulation method was used to evaluate and predict the sensitivity of kiwifruit to falling collision damage during harvesting. First, we obtained the appearance characteristics of kiwifruit through reverse engineering technology and determined the geometric and mechanical property parameters of kiwifruit through physical mechanics experiments. Then, according to the characteristics of fruit tissue structure, a multiscale finite element model, including the skin, pulp, and core, was constructed to simulate the effects of different falling heights, collision angles, and contact surface materials on fruit damage, and the accuracy of the model was verified through falling experiments. Finally, based on the simulation results, the Box–Behnken design was employed within the response surface methodology to establish a sensitivity prediction model for the drop damage sensitivity of kiwifruit across different contact materials. The results showed that the maximum relative error between the speed change obtained using finite element simulation and the speed obtained by the high-speed camera was 5.19%. The model showed high rationality in energy distribution, with the maximum value of hourglass energy not exceeding 0.08% of the internal energy. On the contact surface material with a large elastic modulus, a higher falling height and larger collision angle will significantly increase the risk of fruit bruise. When the contact surface material was a steel plate, the falling height was 1 m, and the collision angle was 90°; the maximum bruise sensitivity of kiwifruit reached 6716.07 mm3 J−1. However, when the contact surface material was neoprene, the falling height was 0.25 m, and the collision angle was 0°, the damage sensitivity was the lowest, at 1570.59 mm3 J−1. The multiscale finite element model of kiwifruit falling collision constructed in this study can accurately predict the damage of kiwifruit during falling collision and provide an effective tool for the quantitative analysis of kiwifruit falling collision damage. At the same time, this study can also provide guidance for the design and optimization of the loss reduction method of the harvesting mechanism, which has important theoretical significance and practical value. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Nondestructive Testing Technologies in Food Quality and Safety)
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15 pages, 3969 KiB  
Article
Nutritional Quality Analysis and Classification Detection of Buckwheat in Different Harvest Periods
by Peichen Xin, Yun Liu, Lufei Yang, Haoran Yan, Shuai Feng and Decong Zheng
Foods 2024, 13(16), 2576; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162576 - 17 Aug 2024
Viewed by 953
Abstract
For buckwheat, the optimal harvest period is difficult to determine—too early or too late a harvest affects the nutritional quality of buckwheat. In this paper, physical and chemical tests are combined with a method using near-infrared spectroscopy nondestructive testing technology to study buckwheat [...] Read more.
For buckwheat, the optimal harvest period is difficult to determine—too early or too late a harvest affects the nutritional quality of buckwheat. In this paper, physical and chemical tests are combined with a method using near-infrared spectroscopy nondestructive testing technology to study buckwheat harvest and determine the optimal harvest period. Physical and chemical tests to determine the growth cycle were performed at 83 days, 90 days, 93 days, 96 days, 99 days, and 102 days, in which the buckwheat grain starch, fat, protein, total flavonoid, and total phenol contents were assessed. Spectral images of buckwheat in six different harvest periods were collected using a near-infrared spectral imaging system. Four preprocessing methods (SNV, S-G, DWT, and the normaliz function) and three dimensionality reduction algorithms (IVSO, VCPA, VISSA) were used to process the raw buckwheat spectral data, and the full and eigen spectra were established as a random forest (RF). Random forest (RF) and Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) classification models were used to determine the full and eigen spectra, respectively, and the optimal model for the buckwheat single harvest period was determined and validated. Through physical and chemical tests, it was concluded that the 90-day harvest buckwheat grain protein, fat, and starch contents were the highest, and that the total flavonoid and total phenolic contents were also high. The SNV preprocessing method was the most effective, and the feature bands extracted using the IVSO algorithm were more representative. The IVSO-RF model was the best discriminative model for the classification of buckwheat in different harvest periods, with the correct rates of the training and prediction sets reaching 100% and 96.67%, respectively. When applying the IVSO-RF model to the buckwheat single harvest period to verify the classification, the correct rate of the training set for each harvest period reached 96%, and that of the prediction set reached 100%. Near-infrared spectroscopy combined with the IVSO-RF modeling method for buckwheat harvest period detection is a rapid, nondestructive classification method. When this was combined with physical and chemical analyses, it was determined that a growth cycle of 90 days is the best harvest period for buckwheat. The results of this study can not only improve the quality of buckwheat crops but also be applied to other crops to determine their optimal harvest period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Nondestructive Testing Technologies in Food Quality and Safety)
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