Optimizing Encapsulation of Active Compounds of Carrot By-Product in TPP-Chitosomes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Extraction and Quantification of Phytochemical Compounds
2.3. Optimization of the Encapsulation of Phytochemical Compounds from Carrot Pomace in TPP-Chitosomes
2.4. Characterization of TPP-Chitosome Nanoparticles Encapsulating Phytochemical Compounds from Carrot Pomace
2.4.1. Particle Morphology, Size, and Zeta Potential
2.4.2. Encapsulation Efficiency of Phenolics and β- and α-Carotene
2.5. Statistical Analysis to Optimize Encapsulation of Phytochemical Compounds from Carrot Pomace
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Active Contents of Extracts, the Visual Aspect of TPP-Chitosomes Containing Encapsulated Phenolics and Carotenoids
3.2. Encapsulation Efficiency of Phenolics
3.3. Encapsulation Efficiency of α- and β-Carotene
3.4. Zeta Potential of TPP-Chitosomes Containing Encapsulated Phenolics and Carotenoids
3.5. Particle Morphology and Size Distribution
3.6. Optimization of the Encapsulation Efficiency of α- and β-Carotene and Zeta Potential of TPP-Chitosomes Containing Encapsulated Phenolics and Carotenoids
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | P90G, mg/mL (X1) * | Chitosan, mg/mL (X2) * | By-Product, g/100 mL of Ethanol (X3) * |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.5 (−1) | 4.0 (−1) | 6.0 (−1) |
2 | 3.5 (+1) | 4.0 (−1) | 6.0 (−1) |
3 | 1.5 (−1) | 8.0 (+1) | 6.0 (−1) |
4 | 3.5 (+1) | 8.0 (+1) | 6.0 (−1) |
5 | 1.5 (−1) | 4.0 (−1) | 12 (+1) |
6 | 3.5 (+1) | 4.0 (−1) | 12 (+1) |
7 | 1.5 (−1) | 8.0 (+1) | 12 (+1) |
8 | 3.5 (+1) | 8.0 (+1) | 12 (+1) |
9 | 0.8 (−1.68) | 6.0 (0) | 9.0 (0) |
10 | 4.2 (+1.68) | 6.0 (0) | 9.0 (0) |
11 | 2.5 (0) | 2.6 (−1.68) | 9.0 (0) |
12 | 2.5 (0) | 9.4 (+1.68) | 9.0 (0) |
13 | 2.5 (0) | 6.0 (0) | 4.0 (−1.68) |
14 | 2.5 (0) | 6.0 (0) | 14.0 (+1.68) |
15 | 2.5 (0) | 6.0 (0) | 9.0 (0) |
16 | 2.5 (0) | 6.0 (0) | 9.0 (0) |
17 | 2.5 (0) | 6.0 (0) | 9.0 (0) |
By-Product, g/100 mL of Ethanol (x3) | TPC μg GAE/g | TPC μg GAE/mL | β-Carotene μg/g | β-Carotene μg/mL | α-Carotene μg/g | α-Carotene μg/mL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 168 ± 1 | 6.7 ± 0.1 | 129 ± 5 | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 51 ± 1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 |
6 | 200 ± 3 | 12.1 ± 0.2 | 116 ± 11 | 7.1 ± 0.1 | 47 ± 3 | 2.9 ± 0.1 |
9 | 164 ± 20 | 14.9 ± 1.8 | 96 ± 8 | 8.9 ± 0.7 | 38 ± 2 | 3.5 ± 0.1 |
12 | 175 ± 20 | 21.1 ± 2.3 | 57 ± 4 | 7.0 ± 0.3 | 23 ± 1 | 2.8 ± 0.1 |
14 | 143 ± 5 | 20.0 ± 0.1 | 49 ± 1 | 8.2 ± 1.3 | 22 ± 1 | 3.5 ± 0.4 |
Sample | Phenolics EE (%) | β-Carotene EE (%) | α-Carotene EE (%) | D1 (nm) | % Area—D1 | D2 (nm) | % Area—D2 | D3 (nm) | % Area—D3 | ζ (mV) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 88 | 98 | 97 | 53 | 13 | 339 | 87 | - | - | +35 ± 4 |
2 | 97 | 87 | 85 | 111 | 41 | 442 | 58 | - | - | +17 ± 4 |
3 | 100 | 98 | 97 | 64 | 14 | 547 | 86 | - | - | +24 ± 1 |
4 | 85 | 90 | 89 | 164 | 53 | 719 | 31 | 3740 | 16 | +24 ± 3 |
5 | 88 | 99 | 98 | 332 | 30 | 565 | 22 | - | - | +36 ± 3 |
6 | 90 | 99 | 99 | 250 | 90 | 4940 | 10 | +30 ± 3 | ||
7 | 92 | 100 | 98 | 156 | 31 | 748 | 69 | 5560 | 0,5 | +25 ± 1 |
8 | 94 | 98 | 97 | 385 | 30 | 631 | 70 | - | - | +36 ± 4 |
9 | 80 | 99 | 98 | 76 | 12 | 534 | 88 | - | - | +37 ± 3 |
10 | 97 | 96 | 93 | 118 | 46 | 415 | 33 | 1064 | 17 | +26 ± 2 |
11 | 97 | 100 | 100 | 54 | 9 | 292 | 91 | - | - | +28 ± 1 |
12 | 96 | 100 | 100 | 176 | 46 | 723 | 52 | - | - | +33 ± 4 |
13 | 100 | 83 | 80 | 105 | 37 | 580 | 62 | 5560 | 0,3 | +22 ± 1 |
14 | 94 | 99 | 98 | 49 | 5 | 306 | 95 | - | - | +37 ± 3 |
15 | 94 | 100 | 100 | 120 | 30 | 545 | 70 | - | - | +33 ± 0 |
16 | 96 | 100 | 99 | 127 | 28 | 442 | 64 | 4205 | 8 | +34 ± 2 |
17 | 93 | 99 | 99 | 79 | 14 | 520 | 87 | - | - | +35 ± 2 |
Coefficient | TPC EE (y1) | α-Carotene EE (y3) | β-Carotene EE (y2) | Particle Size (y4) | ζ (y5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
β0 | 95.15 | 99.44 | 99.63 | 501.6 | 34.13 * |
Linear | |||||
β1 | 1.45 | −2.08 * | −1.88 * | −86.3 | −2.31 |
β2 | 0.81 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 106.3 | −0.04 |
β3 | −1.42 | 4.09 * | 3.65 * | 0.6 | 3.83 * |
Quadratic | |||||
β11 | −2.20 | −1.26 * | −0.82 | −60.0 | −1.31 |
β22 | −0.22 | 0.19 | 0.18 | −4.3 | −1.67 |
β33 | 0.15 | −3.61 * | −2.92 * | −18.6 | −2.02 |
Interaction | |||||
β12 | −2.41 | 0.11 | 0.20 | −65.1 | 4.38 * |
β13 | 0.14 | 2.35 * | 2.20 * | 10.2 | 2.88 |
β23 | 0.86 | −0.71 | −0.55 | 108.4 | −0.13 |
R2 | 0.49 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.79 | 0.92 |
Fcalculated | 0.75 | 31.70 | 28.16 | 2.93 | 9.84 |
Ftabulated1 | 6.72 | 5.32 | 5.41 | 6.72 | 6.51 |
Flack of fit | - | 24.00 | 44.63 | 20.75 | |
Ftabulated2 | - | 99.39 | 99.40 | 99.42 |
Dependent Variable | EE of TPC (%) | EE of α-Carotene (%) | EE of β-Carotene (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Experimental value | 95 | 98 | 99 |
Predicted value | - | 96 | 97 |
RD (%) | - | +2 | +2 |
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Malagutti, E.; Pinho, S.G.B.; Thomazini, M.; Tapia-Blácido, D.R.; Martelli Tosi, M. Optimizing Encapsulation of Active Compounds of Carrot By-Product in TPP-Chitosomes. Foods 2024, 13, 2604. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162604
Malagutti E, Pinho SGB, Thomazini M, Tapia-Blácido DR, Martelli Tosi M. Optimizing Encapsulation of Active Compounds of Carrot By-Product in TPP-Chitosomes. Foods. 2024; 13(16):2604. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162604
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalagutti, Elisa, Sabrina Guarda Botelho Pinho, Marcelo Thomazini, Delia Rita Tapia-Blácido, and Milena Martelli Tosi. 2024. "Optimizing Encapsulation of Active Compounds of Carrot By-Product in TPP-Chitosomes" Foods 13, no. 16: 2604. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162604