Comparison of Different Deodorizing Treatments on the Flavor of Paddy Field Carp, Analyzed by the E-Nose, E-Tongue and Gas Chromatography–Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Preparation
2.2. Electronic Nose Analysis
2.3. Electronic Tongue Analysis
2.4. GC-IMS Analysis
2.5. Free Amino Acid (FAA) Analysis
2.6. Taste Activity Value (TAV) Analysis
2.7. Taste Nucleotide Analysis
2.8. Equivalent Umami Concentration (EUC)
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Electronic Nose Analysis
3.1.1. Flavor Profile
3.1.2. Orthogonal Partial Least Squares–Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA)
3.2. Electronic Tongue
3.2.1. Flavor Profile
3.2.2. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
3.3. Amino Acid Content
3.4. Taste Nucleotide
3.5. Volatile Components Analysis
3.5.1. GC-IMS Two-Dimensional Analysis
3.5.2. Fingerprint Analysis of VOCs in Paddy Field Carp
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sensor Serial Number | Sensor Name | Sensitive Substances |
---|---|---|
1 | W1C | Aromatic constituents, benzene |
2 | W5S | Nitrogen oxides |
3 | W3C | Aromatic constituents, ammonia |
4 | W6S | Hydrides |
5 | W5C | Short-chain alkane aromatic component |
6 | W1S | Methyl |
7 | W1W | Sulfides |
8 | W2S | Alcohols, aldehydes and ketones |
9 | W2W | Aromatic ingredients, organic sulfides |
10 | W3S | Long-chain alkanes |
Amino Acid | Taste Contribution | Thres-hold | B | PJ | CW | PJ-CW | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Content mg/100 g | TAV | Content mg/100 g | TAV | Content mg/100 g | TAV | Content mg/100 g | TAV | |||
Methionine (Met *) | bitter/sweet | 30 | 245.73 ± 4.23 c | 8.19 | 284.36 ± 4.93 b | 9.48 | 282.66 ± 2.12 b | 9.42 | 411.58 ± 6.00 a | 13.72 |
Proline (Pro) | bitter/sweet | 300 | 487.18 ± 10.20 c | 1.62 | 632.89 ± 26.58 ab | 2.11 | 600.97 ± 23.28 b | 2.00 | 662.85 ± 33.19 a | 2.21 |
Glycine (Gly) | sweet | 130 | 714.40 ± 25.62 d | 5.50 | 941.21 ± 4.51 b | 7.24 | 810.93 ± 11.61 c | 6.24 | 980.45 ± 17.04 a | 7.54 |
Cysteine (Cys) | bitter/sweet | - | 61.04 ± 1.62 c | / | 55.02 ± 0.25 d | / | 66.77 ± 0.58 b | / | 86.55 ± 1.95 a | / |
Glutamate (Glu) | umami /sour | 30 | 78.21 ± 1.17 c | 2.61 | 66.97 ± 1.67 d | 2.23 | 85.66 ± 1.80 b | 2.86 | 95.36 ± 1.51 a | 3.18 |
Glutamine (Gln) | umami | - | 50.03 ± 1.39 b | / | 42.22 ± 1.14 c | / | 49.59 ± 1.69 b | / | 55.00 ± 2.88 a | / |
Arginine (Arg) | bitter/sweet | 50 | 1353.27 ± 21.61 c | 27.06 | 1491.16 ± 36.78 b | 29.82 | 1457.82 ± 21.61 b | 29.16 | 1642.33 ± 17.92 a | 32.85 |
1-Methyl-L-histidine (1-M-His) | - | - | 9.25 ± 0.08 d | / | 10.08 ± 0.24 c | / | 11.57 ± 0.33 b | / | 12.48 ± 0.29 a | / |
3-Methyl-L-histidine (3-M-His) | - | - | 10.69 ± 0.38 b | / | 11.75 ± 0.46 c | / | 12.42 ± 0.44 b | / | 15.05 ± 0.31 a | / |
Lysine (Lys *) | sweet/bitter | 50 | 1480.14 ± 24.28 c | 29.60 | 1791.36 ± 26.00 b | 35.83 | 1737.50 ± 33.99 b | 34.75 | 1967.42 ± 34.61 a | 39.35 |
Tyrosine (Tyr) | bitter | - | 285.57 ± 5.54 d | / | 330.87 ± 5.60 b | / | 316.68 ± 4.59 c | / | 410.23 ± 9.09 a | / |
Leucine (Leu *) | bitter | 190 | 1120.53 ± 20.13 c | 5.90 | 995.71 ± 32.01 d | 5.24 | 1228.68 ± 22.11 b | 6.47 | 1367.03 ± 5.64 a | 7.19 |
hydroxyproline (Hy-Pro) | sweet | - | 18.59 ± 0.50 d | / | 53.56 ± 1.65 a | / | 25.03 ± 0.96 c | / | 31.39 ± 0.84 b | / |
Threonine (Thr *) | sweet | 260 | 740.87 ± 19.44 b | 2.85 | 746.55 ± 10.96 b | 2.87 | 760.99 ± 26.89 b | 2.93 | 899.33 ± 12.91 a | 3.46 |
Serine (Ser) | sweet | 150 | 538.58 ± 19.08 b | 3.59 | 559.45 ± 12.93 b | 3.73 | 614.20 ± 21.74 a | 4.09 | 573.96 ± 22.11 b | 3.83 |
Valine (Val *) | sweet/bitter | 40 | 573.61 ± 18.85 b | 14.34 | 555.41 ± 17.84 b | 13.88 | 552.15 ± 17.36 b | 13.80 | 657.49 ± 16.26 a | 16.44 |
Isoleucine (Ile *) | bitter | 90 | 628.23 ± 19.74 c | 6.98 | 603.72 ± 19.84 c | 6.71 | 694.56 ± 10.73 b | 7.72 | 753.31 ± 24.48 a | 8.37 |
Histidine (His) | bitter/sour | 20 | 381.74 ± 17.59 b | 19.09 | 373.21 ± 14.28 b | 18.66 | 356.01 ± 4.77 b | 17.80 | 504.17 ± 13.52 a | 25.21 |
SWAA | 6213.41 ± 44.68 d | 7110.97 ± 99.30 b | 6909.02 ± 69.18 c | 7913.34 ± 55.86 a | ||||||
BIAA | 6617.04 ± 33.32 d | 7113.72 ± 116.96 c | 7293.80 ± 45.00 b | 8462.95 ± 92.17 a | ||||||
UMAA | 128.24 ± 2.21 c | 109.20 ± 1.22 d | 135.25 ± 2.47 b | 150.37 ± 3.87 a | ||||||
SOAA | 459.95 ± 17.21 b | 440.18 ± 15.18 b | 441.67 ± 6.42 b | 599.53 ± 14.56 a | ||||||
EAA | 4789.11 ± 35.40 d | 4977.11 ± 83.51 c | 5256.55 ± 40.40 b | 6056.16 ± 40.99 a | ||||||
TFAA | 8777.67 ± 41.94 c | 9545.51 ± 125.65 b | 9664.19 ± 91.11 b | 11,125.98 ± 92.68 a |
Amino Acid | Threshold (mg/100 g) | B | PJ | CW | PJ-CW | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Content (mg/100 g) | TAV | Content (mg/100 g) | TAV | Content (mg/100 g) | TAV | Content (mg/100 g) | TAV | ||
CMP | - | 36.89 ± 0.53 d | / | 59.00 ± 0.46 c | / | 84.89 ± 0.86 a | / | 81.90 ± 1.23 b | / |
AMP | 50 | 4.21 ± 0.03 d | 0.08 | 4.46 ± 0.04 c | 0.09 | 4.96 ± 0.05 b | 0.10 | 5.87 ± 0.03 a | 0.12 |
IMP | 25 | 1.35 ± 0.03 c | 0.05 | 1.05 ± 0.01 d | 0.04 | 1.56 ± 0.04 a | 0.06 | 1.45 ± 0.03 b | 0.06 |
EUC (gMSG/100 g) | 2.64 | 2.32 | 3.07 | 3.15 |
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Fu, C.; Zou, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Liao, M.; Chen, D.; Guo, Z. Comparison of Different Deodorizing Treatments on the Flavor of Paddy Field Carp, Analyzed by the E-Nose, E-Tongue and Gas Chromatography–Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Foods 2024, 13, 2623. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162623
Fu C, Zou Y, Zhang Y, Liao M, Chen D, Guo Z. Comparison of Different Deodorizing Treatments on the Flavor of Paddy Field Carp, Analyzed by the E-Nose, E-Tongue and Gas Chromatography–Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Foods. 2024; 13(16):2623. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162623
Chicago/Turabian StyleFu, Chenying, Yiming Zou, Yixiang Zhang, Mengxiang Liao, Duhuang Chen, and Zebin Guo. 2024. "Comparison of Different Deodorizing Treatments on the Flavor of Paddy Field Carp, Analyzed by the E-Nose, E-Tongue and Gas Chromatography–Ion Mobility Spectrometry" Foods 13, no. 16: 2623. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162623