Assessing Seasonal Effects on Identification of Cultivation Methods of Short–Growth Cycle Brassica chinensis L. Using IRMS and NIRS
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Preparation
2.2. Stable Isotope Analysis
2.3. NIRS Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis and Chemometrics Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Overall and Seasonal Isotopes of Different BC Cultivation Methods
3.2. Seasonal Isotopes for Each BC Cultivation Method
3.3. PLS-DA Isotope Models to Identify BC Cultivation Methods
3.4. NIR Spectra to Identify BC Cultivation Methods
3.5. Combined IRMS and NIRS to Identify BC Cultivation Methods
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Seasons | No. of Samples | ORG | GRE | CON |
---|---|---|---|---|
Autumn (September–November 2020) | 22 | 9 | 4 | 9 |
Winter (December 2020–February 2021) | 35 | 11 | 11 | 13 |
Spring (March–May 2021) | 52 | 23 | 12 | 18 |
Summer (June–August 2021) | 55 | 18 | 13 | 24 |
Autumn-re (September 2021) | 11 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
Total | 175 | 63 | 44 | 68 |
Seasons | Stable Isotopes | Cultivation Methods | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
ORG | GRE | CON | ||
Autumn | δ13C | −28.53 ± 1.32 a | −28.17 ± 1.44 a | −28.12 ± 1.18 a |
δ15N | 9.58 ± 6.05 a | 7.13 ± 5.78 a | 6.80 ± 8.79 a | |
δ2H | −87.20 ± 9.04 a | −86.02 ± 8.91 a | −87.19 ± 9.78 a | |
δ18O | 19.13 ± 3.27 a | 19.31 ± 2.35 a | 17.98 ± 3.20 a | |
Winter | δ13C | −28.48 ± 1.34 a | −28.34 ± 1.54 a | −27.88 ± 1.60 a |
δ15N | 10.24 ± 4.16 a | 6.90 ± 4.76 ab | 4.84 ± 7.46 b | |
δ2H | −72.86 ± 8.01 a | −70.16 ± 8.12 a | −68.63 ± 5.73 a | |
δ18O | 21.63 ± 2.49 a | 22.57 ± 1.62 a | 21.75 ± 1.72 a | |
Spring | δ13C | −28.75 ± 0.81 a | −29.17 ± 0.54 a | −28.53 ± 0.86 a |
δ15N | 11.82 ± 7.89 a | 6.35 ± 4.43 a | 1.50 ± 3.08 b | |
δ2H | −74.17 ± 4.70 a | −74.87 ± 4.21 a | −72.80 ± 5.52 a | |
δ18O | 23.37 ± 2.61 a | 21.51 ± 2.26 ab | 21.65 ± 1.50 b | |
Summer | δ13C | −30.28 ± 1.35 a | −29.76 ± 0.65 a | −29.42 ± 1.54 a |
δ15N | 9.11 ± 5.17 a | 6.64 ± 5.51 ab | 3.17 ± 3.33 b | |
δ2H | −89.10 ± 6.47 a | −85.25 ± 8.51 a | −88.13 ± 9.71 a | |
δ18O | 20.28 ± 1.74 a | 21.22 ± 1.33 a | 20.71 ± 2.02 a | |
Autumn-re | δ13C | −30.14 ± 0.05 a | −29.98 ± 0.44 a | −30.45 ± 0.56 a |
δ15N | 12.94 ± 5.46 a | 7.29 ± 8.75 a | 4.01 ± 0.31 a | |
δ2H | −82.49 ± 6.02 a | −84.03 ± 6.86 a | −89.00 ± 3.55 a | |
δ18O | 20.14 ± 0.99 a | 20.21 ± 0.79 a | 19.61 ± 0.66 a |
Instruments | Cultivation Methods | Models | Calibration Accuracy (%) | Validation Accuracy (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
IRMS | ORG vs. CON | PLS-DA | 77.55 (76/98) | 75.76 (25/33) |
ORG vs. GRE | PLS-DA | 71.25 (57/80) | 51.85 (14/27) | |
GRE vs. CON | PLS-DA | 73.81 (62/84) | 53.57 (15/28) | |
NIR | ORG vs. CON | PLS-DA | 87.76 (86/98) | 78.79 (26/33) |
NSD(5,5,2) a-PLS-DA | 91.84 (90/98) | 81.82 (27/33) | ||
ORG vs. GRE | PLS-DA | 100 (80/80) | 62.96 (17/27) | |
NSD(9,9,2)-PLS-DA | 100 (80/80) | 70.37 (19/27) | ||
GRE vs. CON | PLS-DA | 96.43 (81/84) | 71.43 (20/28) | |
NSD(9,9,1)-PLS-DA | 100 (84/84) | 67.86 (19/28) | ||
IRMS-NIR | ORG vs. CON | PLS-DA | 83.67 (82/98) | 87.88 (29/33) |
NSD(5,5,2)-PLS-DA | 89.80 (88/98) | 87.88 (29/33) | ||
ORG vs. GRE | PLS-DA | 98.75 (79/80) | 81.48 (22/27) | |
NSD(3,3,2)-PLS-DA | 100 (80/80) | 88.89 (24/27) | ||
GRE vs. CON | PLS-DA | 90.48 (76/84) | 75.00 (21/28) | |
NSD(3,3,1)-PLS-DA | 100 (84/84) | 71.43 (20/28) |
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Liu, X.; Fan, K.; Lu, Y.; Zhao, H.; Rao, Q.; Geng, H.; Chen, Y.; Rogers, K.M.; Song, W. Assessing Seasonal Effects on Identification of Cultivation Methods of Short–Growth Cycle Brassica chinensis L. Using IRMS and NIRS. Foods 2024, 13, 1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13081165
Liu X, Fan K, Lu Y, Zhao H, Rao Q, Geng H, Chen Y, Rogers KM, Song W. Assessing Seasonal Effects on Identification of Cultivation Methods of Short–Growth Cycle Brassica chinensis L. Using IRMS and NIRS. Foods. 2024; 13(8):1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13081165
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Xing, Kai Fan, Yangyang Lu, Hong Zhao, Qinxiong Rao, Hao Geng, Yijiao Chen, Karyne Maree Rogers, and Weiguo Song. 2024. "Assessing Seasonal Effects on Identification of Cultivation Methods of Short–Growth Cycle Brassica chinensis L. Using IRMS and NIRS" Foods 13, no. 8: 1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13081165