Next Article in Journal
Combinations of Legume Protein Hydrolysates Synergistically Inhibit Biological Markers Associated with Adipogenesis
Previous Article in Journal
Multi-Objective Optimization of Nutritional, Environmental and Economic Aspects of Diets Applied to the Spanish Context
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Foods
Volume 9
Issue 11
10.3390/foods9111676
foods-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Fatty Acid Profiling and Chemometric Analyses for Zanthoxylum Pericarps from Different Geographic Origin and Genotype

by
Yao Ma
1,2,
Jieyun Tian
1,2,
Xiaona Wang
1,2,
Chen Huang
1,
Mingjing Tian
1 and
Anzhi Wei
1,2,*
1
College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
2
Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum, State Forestry Administration, Yangling 712100, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Foods 2020, 9(11), 1676; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9111676
Submission received: 17 October 2020 / Revised: 10 November 2020 / Accepted: 12 November 2020 / Published: 16 November 2020
(This article belongs to the Section Food Quality and Safety)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Zanthoxylum plants, important aromatic plants, have attracted considerable attention in the food, pharmacological, and industrial fields because of their potential health benefits, and they are easily accessible because of the wild distribution in most parts of China. The chemical components vary with inter and intraspecific variations, ontogenic variations, and climate and soil conditions in compositions and contents. To classify the relationships between different Zanthoxylum species and to determine the key factors that influence geographical variations in the main components of the plant, the fatty acid composition and content of 72 pericarp samples from 12 cultivation regions were measured and evaluated. Four fatty acids, palmitic acid (21.33–125.03 mg/g), oleic acid (10.66–181.37 mg/g), linoleic acid (21.98–305.32 mg/g), and linolenic acid (0.06–218.84 mg/g), were the most common fatty acid components in the Zanthoxylum pericarps. Fatty acid profiling of Zanthoxylum pericarps was significantly affected by Zanthoxylum species and geographical variations. Stearic acid and oleic acid in pericarps were typical fatty acids that distinguished Zanthoxylum species based on the result of discriminant analysis (DA). Palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, trans-13-oleic acid, and linoleic acid were important differential indicators in distinguishing given Zanthoxylum pericarps based on the result of orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). In different Zanthoxylum species, the geographical influence on fatty acid variations was diverse. This study provides information on how to classify the Zanthoxylum species based on pericarp fatty acid compositions and determines the key fatty acids used to classify the Zanthoxylum species.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Prickly ash (Zanthoxylum) and its relative species are widely cultivated in some Southeast Asian countries, especially in China [1,2]. Most of these Zanthoxylum species contain several types of bioactive components, including volatile oils [3,4,5], flavonoids and polyphenols [6], and acid amide compounds [7,8]. Two notable species are Z. armatum DC. (ZA) and Z. bungeanum Maxim. (ZB). The Zanthoxylum species with green pericarps is commonly known as Green Huajiao, while the species with red pericarps is commonly known as Red Huajiao. These popular Zanthoxylum species are used as spices and have potential applications in therapeutic medicines, cosmetics, and other industries [9,10]. The planting area of 1,670,000 hectares and output of 350,000 tons of Zanthoxylum species in China are both the largest in the world, producing enormous economic value of more than 40 billion dollars [11]. The distribution of these Zanthoxylum species overlaps in China, and the pericarps within the same species from different producing regions are similar in the phenotypic characteristics [12]. Contents and compositions of the bioactive components in the plants are easily affected by tree species, breeding, management measures, and climate and soil conditions [1,11,13]. Thus, the phytochemical profiling of pericarps from different geographic origins of Zanthoxylum and from different Zanthoxylum species needs to be determined.
Fatty acids are one of the basic components required by organisms to survive [14,15]. On the one hand, fatty acids have important physiological functions and are the main precursors for synthesizing some signal molecules and aroma esters [16]. On the other hand, fatty acids can prevent mechanical damage and heat emission together with other substances [17,18]. Further, fatty acids are important nutrients that can lower blood pressure, increase lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels, and reduce body weight [19,20,21]. However, some fatty acids cannot be synthesized by humans and can only be obtained from food. The intake of irrational amounts and ratios of fatty acids causes some diseases [22]. Moreover, fatty acid compositions coupled with chemometrics have been used as a biological method for species and origin identification of some plants [23,24]. Therefore, the determination of fatty acids from different Zanthoxylum pericarps is feasible and necessary.
First, fatty acid profiling of Zanthoxylum pericarps from different geographic origins and from different genotypes were determined using gas-phase mass spectrometry. Several chemometric methods based on the fatty acid date were used to classify different Zanthoxylum species and determine the key differential fatty acids between pericarps from different species. Moreover, redundancy analysis (RDA) was applied to determine the relationships between geographic factors (location, climate, and soil conditions) and the fatty acid compositions in pericarps for the widely cultivated Zanthoxylum species (ZA and ZB). This study identifies fatty acid variations among different Zanthoxylum species from different geographic origins and determines the key factors that influence fatty acid composition in pericarps. Moreover, the results are potentially relevant to quality assessments of Zanthoxylum pericarps.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sample Collection and Preparation

A total of 72 Zanthoxylum pericarp samples were collected from 12 provinces in China (Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Jiangxi, and Yunnan) in 2018. In total, 55 samples were red pericarps (Z1-Z55) and 17 samples were green pericarps (Z56-Z72). These pericarp samples were divided into four groups based on the cladogram of ITS2 sequencing in our previous research: ZA is Z. armatum; ZB1 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Hancheng; and ZB2 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Fengxian; Others refers to the rest of the samples whose pericarps are red but do not belong to Z. bungeanum [25].
The Zanthoxylum trees were in the full productive period (8–12 years old). About 5 kg of pericarp samples were collected at random from five trees at each plantation and then mixed. About 500 g of topsoil (0–5 cm) were obtained using an X-shaped sampling grid at each plantation. Samples from each plantation were separated into three replicates and detailed information was recorded. Then, all the samples were sealed in valve bags and transported to the laboratory. The soil samples and pericarp samples were each dried and ground to a homogenized powder.

2.2. Determination of Environmental Factors

The location, longitude (Long), latitude (Lat), and altitude (Alt) datasets were collected using a GPS real-time altitude app developed by Fuzhou lexun network technology co., LTD, China; the closest-proximity values of climate, mean atmospheric pressure (AtP), mean temperature (MT), mean relative humidity (MRH), and mean annual precipitation (MAP) were obtained from the National Meteorological Inform Centre (http://data.cma.cn/). The organic matter contents in soils (OM) were detected using the potassium dichromate concentrated sulphuric acid external heating method. A Sartorius PB-10 pH meter (Sartorius AG, Goettingen, Germany) was used to determine values of soil pH. An AA3 Auto Analyzer (SEAL, Germany) was used to determine the contents of soil total nitrogen (Nt) after digestion using concentrated sulfuric acid (5 mL) combined with sodium nitroprusside as a catalyst. The alkaline hydrolysis diffusion method was used to determine the contents of available nitrogen (Na). The molybdenum-antimony resistance colorimetric method was used to determine the contents of total phosphorus (Pt) after sodium hydroxide melting, while the molybdenum-antimony colorimetric method was used to determine the contents of available phosphorus (Pa) after sodium bicarbonate extraction. Flame photometry was used to determine the contents of total potassium (Kt) after sodium hydroxide melting and to determine the contents of available potassium (Ka) after ammonium acetate leaching. An inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (PerkinElmer Co., Waltham, MA, USA) was used to determine the contents of aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), and nickel (Ni) in the soil samples, and an AFS-2100 atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer (Beijing Haiguang Instrument Co. Ltd., Beijing, China) was used to determine the arsenic (As) content in the soil samples after wet-digesting the samples with mixed acids. This information was published in our previous study [11,25].

2.3. Fatty Acid Extraction and Analysis

A mixture solvent (2 chloroform and 1methanol) was used to extract fatty acids [26]. The extraction of pericarps from each plantation was repeated three times. Then, methyl esterification was performed with the mixture solvent (9 methanol and 1sulfuric acid) [27]. Then, 3 mL of methyl tridecanoate (dissolved with n-hexane to 0.1 mg/mL) were used to extract fatty acid methyl esters and Thermo Scientific Trace 1310 gas chromatograph (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) equipped with a flame ionization detector system was used to determine the fatty acid compositions.
The carrier gas was helium gas (a purity of 99.99%) and the carrier flow was 1 mL/min with a split flow of 20 mL/min. The initial temperature was 80 °C and maintained for 1 min, and then gradually increased to 175 °C with a rate of 50 °C/min. The temperature was increased to 200 °C at a rate of 5 °C/min after 1 min at 175 °C, Then, it was maintained at 200 °C for 1 min and further increased to 210 °C with a rate of 2 °C/min. At last, the temperature was increased to 230 °C with a rate of 5 °C/min and held for 10 min. The qualitative analyses of fatty acids compared their mass spectra fragmentation with the National Institute of Standards and Technology and compared the retention times of authentic methyl esters mixture standards (C4-C24, Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). Additionally, quantification of the fatty acids was carried out using the external standard method using the corresponding program based on peak area (Table S1). The content of each fatty acid was described as milligrams of per g pericarps (mg/g).

2.4. Data Analyses

The mean, median, standard deviation, variance, skewness coefficient, p value for the Kolmogorov–Smirnov normality test, and histogram were used to assess whether the data came from a normally distributed population (Figure S1). The data was Z-score transformed prior to the statistical analyses (Tables S2–S4). Box plot, cluster heat map (CHM), principal component analysis (PCA), and discriminant analysis (DA) were performed by OriginPro 2018C (Originlab, Northampton, USA). Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was performed using the online software (https://www.omicshare.com/tools/Home/Soft/getsoft). RDA was performed using the Canoco 5 program.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. The Fatty Acid Profiling in Pericarps among Different Zanthoxylum Species

Fatty acid profiling is a good indicator of the quality and stability of oil. Therefore, determination of fatty acid profiling is necessary [28]. As shown in Figure S2, a total of 10 main fatty acids were detected in the pericarp samples from four Zanthoxylum species. The most common fatty acid components in the Zanthoxylum pericarp samples were palmitic acid (C16:0, 39.89 mg/g for ZA, 43.25 mg/g for ZB1, 34.41 mg/g for ZB2, and 35.28 mg/g for other species), palmitoleic acid (C16:1, 90.98 mg/g for ZA, 32.93 mg/g for ZB1, 8.87 mg/g for ZB2, and 17.85 mg/g for other species), oleic acid (C18:1n9, 21.81 mg/g for ZA, 52.59 mg/g for ZB1, 36.16 mg/g for ZB2, and 43.29 mg/g for other species), linoleic acid (C18:2, 39.37 mg/g for ZA, 56.99 mg/g for ZB1, 32.86 mg/g for ZB2, and 49.08 mg/g for other species), and linolenic acid (C18:3, 95.64 mg/g for ZA, 75.59 mg/g for ZB1, 66.23 mg/g for ZB2, and 70.05 mg/g for other species). Similar results were also observed in Zanthoxylum seeds [29]. It was worth noting that the presence of C16:1 was higher in ZA pericarps, indicating that ZA pericarps were the potential exploit source of C16:1.
The comparative analysis of 10 fatty acids in the pericarps from 4 groups is shown in Figure 1. The content differences of C16:1, C18:1n9, and behenic acid (C22:0) among the four species were significant. The ZA pericarps had the highest content of C16:1 (18.07–232.46 mg/g) and the lowest content of C18:1n9 (10.66–44.92 mg/g) and C22:0 (1.98–5.41 mg/g). Genotype and environment were the main factors influencing how plants respond to changes in the environment and that affect the production of fatty acids, which often increases due to different biotic and abiotic stresses [30]. The Zanthoxylum species and plantation in our study had remarkable influences on the fatty acid content and composition of pericarps. The fatty acids in the same species from different plantations varied significantly, and the contents of fatty acids from some plantations were abnormal. Thus, the detailed relationship between fatty acid content and environmental factors of these plantations should be explored.
Due to the presence of various functional fatty acids, which are beneficial for human health, extraction and utilization of Zanthoxylum pericarp oils should be encouraged and implemented. As shown in Figure 2, the content difference of monounsaturated fatty acid in pericarps among the four groups was significant (165.21 mg/g for ZA, 128.88 mg/g for ZB1, 57.74 mg/g for ZB2, and 87.05 mg/g for other species), but the difference of the saturated fatty acid (61.56 mg/g for ZA, 70.42 mg/g for ZB1, 54.29 mg/g for ZB2, and 60.60 mg/g for other species) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (135.01 mg/g for ZA, 132.57 mg/g for ZB1, 99.09 mg/g for ZB2, and 119.13 mg/g for other species) was not significant (p > 0.01). Moreover, ω6 and ω3 have different functional properties as part of human diets and act in combination to regulate several human physiological processes [13]. Many diseases of animals and humans are related to the ratio of ω-6/ω-3 [31]. The ω6/ω3 ratio has frequently been used to analyze the nutritional oil and fat contents, with values lower than 4.0 being recommended by the UK Department of Healthy [32]. The values of ω-6/ω-3 ranged from 0.35 to 1.81, except for the abnormally high values (Z42, 19.96; Z43, 6.11; Z44, 6.72). These values of the ω-6/ω-3 ratio supported the healthy potential of the Zanthoxylum pericarps according to their fatty acid composition.

3.2. Chemometric Analyses for Zanthoxylum Pericarps Based on Fatty Acid Data

To classify Zanthoxylum species and determine the differences among pericarps from geographic origins, several classification methods were used based on the fatty acid data. Moreover, the relationships between geographic factors (location, climate, and soil conditions) and the fatty acid compositions in pericarps for the widely cultivated Zanthoxylum species were determined.

3.2.1. Principal Component Analysis

First, PCA was used to better understand the chemometric characteristics of the various groups (Figure 3a). The two principal components (PC1—65.5% and PC2—19.2%) accounted for 84.7% of the variation, with only a 15.3% loss of information. All the fatty acid components of the Zanthoxylum pericarp samples had positive loadings, which contributed to the variations of the pericarp samples in PC1; further, PC1 had high component loadings from C16:0, stearic acid (C18:0), C18:1n9, and C18:2. PC2 had high negative component loadings from C22:0 and positive component loadings from C16:1 and trans-13-oleic acid (C18:1n13t). The components with high component loadings contributed most to the sample classification. The sample distribution was not as similar as the species groups, indicating the dissimilarity in fatty acid compositions among pericarps from the same species but different geographic origins due to variations in environmental factors at the plantations.

3.2.2. Cluster Heat Map (CHM)

CHM, an unsupervised pattern recognition method, was applied to classify the 72 Zanthoxylum pericarp samples based on the normalized value of the detected components in the pericarps (Figure 3b). Moreover, the content differences for each fatty acid in the pericarps from each geographic origin sample were also observed. C16:1, C18:1n9, and C18:3 shared a similar trend in the pericarps for all plantations, while the rest of the fatty acids shared a different trend. A similar fatty acid trend means a similar synthesis and accumulation pathway of fatty acids in the pericarps. In addition, three groups were identified: Z54 (Zhenfeng, Guizhou) was the sole member of one group, the second group contained 12 samples—Z9 (Pingshan, Hebei), Z10 (Wutai, Shanxi), Z15 (Ruicheng, Shanxi), Z42 (Gangu, Gansu), Z50 (Yiyuan, Sichuan), Z55 (Qixingguan, Guizhou), Z56 (Hanyuan, Sichuan), Z65 (Fengdu, Chongqing), Z66 (Yongshan, Sichuan), Z67(Ludian, Yunnan), Z68 (Qiaojiaxian, Yunnan), and Z69 (Qixingguan, Guizhou); most of the samples were mixed and classified into the third group. The clusters of samples from different plantations were consistent with the results of PCA (samples from different plantations were overlapped), which was not consistent with the ITS2 result. Consequently, factors that affect fatty acid synthesis processes need to be explored.

3.2.3. Discriminant Analysis (DA)

A supervised analysis, DA, was used to better understand the categorization of the 72 samples (Figure 3c). Four distinct groups (ZA, ZB1, ZB2, and others) were generated according to the Zanthoxylum species. For the discrimination function, C18:0 and C18:1n9 in pericarps were typical fatty acids that distinguished four Zanthoxylum groups. The standard of discrimination was as follows: 10 fatty acids were substituted into two equations, and then the unknown samples were assigned to a group compared with the value means of the canonical variable (CV) of the training group date, CV1 (−3.41 for ZA, 1.18 for ZB1, 1.38 for ZB2, and 0.81 for others), CV2 (−0.06 for ZA, 0.55 for ZB1, −1.35 for ZB2, and 0.24 for others), and CV3 (−0.06 for ZA, −0.35 for ZB1, −0.13 for ZB2, and 0.97 for others). Cross-validation proved 19.44% of the error rate (0.00% for ZA, 39.29% for ZB1, 7.69% for ZB2, and 30.77% for others), indicating that the Z. bungeanum and other species could be misjudged.

3.2.4. Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis

The ZA and ZB species are widely cultivated and the fatty acid composition difference between the two species is significant. The pericarps from other species are similar to pericarps from ZB species in colors and the discrimination between two species is difficult. Thus, OPLS-DA was applied to determine the differences in fatty acid composition between different species (Figure 4). Variables important in projection (VIP) can measure the influence of intensity and the explanatory ability of each indicator accumulating difference on the discrimination of each group of samples. The indicators were important when the values of VIP were more than one [33]. In view of the values of these fatty acids (Figure 4g), C16:1 was an important fatty acid in distinguishing the pericarps from different species with the values of VIP > 1 (1.90, 2.36, 2.39, 1.64, 1.77, and 1.59 between different species); C18:1n13t was the second important indicator that distinguished ZA from ZB2 (1.60, Figure 4b), distinguished ZA from others (1.34, Figure 4c), distinguished ZB1 from ZB2 (1.86, Figure 4d), distinguished ZB1 from others (1.95, Figure 4e), and distinguished ZB2 from others (1.67, Figure 4f); C18:1n9 was the third important indicator that distinguished ZA from ZB1 (1.53, Figure 4a), distinguished ZB1 from ZB2 (1.10, Figure 4d), distinguished ZB1 from others (1.01, Figure 4e), and distinguished ZB2 from others (1.08, Figure 4f). Moreover, C18:2 could distinguish ZA from ZB1 (1.52, Figure 4a), distinguish ZB1 from ZB2 (1.01, Figure 4d), and distinguish ZB2 from others (1.42, Figure 4f); C16:0 could distinguish ZB1 from ZB2 (1.11, Figure 4d) and ZB1 from others (1.20, Figure 4e). The remaining fatty acids contributed less in terms of distinguishing the samples.
Z. bungeanum and some other species are botanically related and are often confused due to their similar morphological characteristics; the pericarp colors of these species are red when the fruit is ripe and marketed. However, greater variations in internal quality were found in samples from different plantations, including different acid amide components of pericarps [8], fatty acid of seeds [29], and fatty acid composition of pericarps in this study. Three chemometric methods (CHM, PCA, and DA) showed that the separate distribution of ZA species was distinct, and the distributions of ZB1, ZB2, and other species overlapped, indicating that distinguishing between ZB1, ZB2, and others was difficult due to the similarity in fatty acid compositions between these pericarps. C18:0 and C18:1n9 in pericarps were typical fatty acids that distinguished Zanthoxylum species based on the result of DA. The fatty acids C16:0, C16:1, C18:1n13t, C18:1n9, and C18:2 were important differential indicators in distinguishing given Zanthoxylum pericarps based on the result of OPLS-DA.

3.3. The Influences of Environmental Factors on Fatty Acid Content and Composition

Analyses immediately following collection in wild populations of medicinal and aromatic plants were likely affected by plant species that could have masked the true environmental variability [19,34]. The species of ZA, ZB1, ZB2, and others were distinguished prior to fatty acid extraction, minimizing the potential masking effect of plant species [25]. The ZA and ZB species are widely cultivated, and the attention of environmental factors’ influence on these species in the pericarp fatty acid composition was more worthy. The influence of environmental factors on the fatty acid composition of the ZA, ZB1, and ZB2 species was different according to the results of interactive forward selection (Table S5). Long, Alt, OM, Kt, Pa, Ka, Al, Cd, Pb, and Mn, with higher values of contributions, were chosen as influence factors on the fatty acid composition of ZA pericarps; Ka, Cd, Al, MAP, Na, Nt, Ni, Kt, OM, and Pb were chosen as influence factors for ZB1 pericarps; and Ka, MRH, pH, Cd, Alt, MAP, Lat, AtP, Kt, and OM were chosen as influence factors for ZB2 pericarps. Moreover, Pa (pseudo-F = 5.2, p = 0.012), Al (pseudo-F = 3.6, p = 0.012), Cd (pseudo-F = 11.9, p = 0.002), Pb (pseudo-F = 10.2, p = 0.002), and Mn (pseudo-F = 3.1, p = 0.048) were the key influence factors on the fatty acid composition of ZA pericarps; Nt (pseudo-F = 4.6, p = 0.016), Na (pseudo-F = 4.1, p = 0.016), Ka (pseudo-F = 10.5, p = 0.004), and Cd (pseudo-F = 8.2, p = 0.032) were the key influence factors on the fatty acid composition of ZB1 pericarps; and Kt (pseudo-F = 4.2, p = 0.044) was the key influence factor on the fatty acid composition of ZB2 pericarps.
In addition, RDA was used to analyze the relationships between the chosen environmental factors and fatty acid compositions of the ZA, ZB1, and ZB2 species. As shown in Figure 5, the chosen environmental variables explained 91.07% of the total variance in the fatty acid composition of the ZA species (RDA1- 82.89% and RDA2- 8.18%) and 73.71% of the total variance in fatty acid compositions of the ZB1 species (RDA1- 67.35% and RDA2- 6.36%), and they explained 54.90% of the total variance in fatty acid compositions of the ZB2 species (RDA1- 52.61% and RDA2- 2.29%). The model for ZB2 species with a lower explanation does not sufficiently explain the observed variation, and consequently, unknown factors could be involved. In contrast, the distribution of the ZA and ZB1 samples was dispersed, indicating that environmental factors in this model affect the fatty acid composition of the pericarps. The longer arrow lengths in Figure 5 indicate the factors are more important environmental factors, which cause the variations of fatty acids in pericarps from different geographical origins. Coupled to the correlation coefficient heat map, Alt, OM, and Pb were confirmed as the key environmental factors that cause the variations of fatty acids in pericarps for ZA (Figure 5d); MAP and Ka were key environmental factors that cause the variations of fatty acids in pericarps for ZB1 (Figure 5e); and Kt and Ka were key environmental factors that cause the variations of fatty acids in pericarps for ZB2 (Figure 5f). For ZA pericarps, Alt had significant positive effects on the content of C18:2 and C18:3; OM had significant positive effects on the content of C16:0, C16:1, C18:1n9, C18:1n13t, C18:2, and C18:3; and Pb had significant positive effects on the content of C16:0, C16:1, C18:1n9, C18:1n13t, C18:2, and C18:3 (Figure 5a,d). For ZB1 pericarps, MAP had significant positive effects on the content of C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, C18:2, and C18:3; and Ka had significant positive effects on the content of C16:0, C18:0, C20:0, C16:1, C18:1n9, C18:1n13t, C20:1, C18:2, and C18:3 (Figure 5b,e). The positive effects of MAP on C18:3 have been reported [35]. Moreover, low temperature was probably responsible for the high content of C18:3 [36]. For ZB2 pericarps, Kt had significant positive effects on the contents of C16:1 and C18:1n13t, and Ka had significant positive effects on the content of C18:0 (Figure 5c,f).

4. Conclusions

Ten main fatty acids in Zanthoxylum pericarps were identified. The most common fatty acid components in these Zanthoxylum samples were C16:0, C18:1n9, C18:2, and C18:3. Fatty acid profiling of Zanthoxylum pericarps from different species and different plantations varied significantly. A series of discriminative measures for Zanthoxylum pericarps based on fatty acids was proposed: the pericarps from ZA species were first to distinguish from all species using DA with the key fatty acids C18:0 and C18:1n9; then, the pericarps from ZB1, ZB2, and others were distinguished using OPLS-DA with key fatty acids C18:1n13t, C18:1n9, and C18:2. Moreover, the fatty acid content in pericarps was significantly affected by the type of Zanthoxylum species and environmental factors (Alt, OM, and Pb for ZA; MAP and Ka for ZB1; Kt and Ka for ZB2). Further, the results of this study proved it was possible to use fatty acid characteristics to determine the major variations in the compositions of different Zanthoxylum species from different plantations.

Supplementary Materials

The following materials are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/9/11/1676/s1, Table S1 Qualitative and quantitative determinations of each fatty acid y, peak area; x, the content of fatty acid. Table S2 Raw data and transformed (Z-Score) values of location and climate for the 72 pericarp samples ZA is Z. armatum; ZB1 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Hancheng; ZB2 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Fengxian; Others refers to the rest of the samples whose pericarps are red but do not belong to Z. bungeanum. Table S3 Raw data and transformed (Z-Score) values of soil characteristics in different Zanthoxylum plantations ZA is Z. armatum; ZB1 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Hancheng; ZB2 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Fengxian; Others refers to the rest of the samples whose pericarps are red but do not belong to Z. bungeanum. Table S4 Raw data and transformed (Z-Score) values of fatty acid date in different Zanthoxylum pericarps ZA is Z. armatum; ZB1 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Hancheng; ZB2 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Fengxian; Others refers to the rest of the samples whose pericarps are red but do not belong to Z. bungeanum; C16:0 is palmitic acid; C18:0 is stearic acid; C20:0 is eicosanoic acid; C22:0 is behenic acid; C16:1 is palmitoleic acid; C18:1n9 is oleic acid; C18:1n13t is trans-13- oleic acid; C20:1 is cis-11-eicosenoic acid; C18:2 is linoleic acid; C18:3 is linolenic acid. Table S5 The effect of environmental factors on fatty acid variation for Zanthoxylum pericarps ZA is Z. armatum; ZB1 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Hancheng; ZB2 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Fengxian; ** represents strong significant influence; * represents significant influence; Long is longitude; Lat is latitude; Alt is altitude; MT is mean temperature; MRH is mean relative humidity; MAP is mean annual precipitation; pH is power of hydrogen; OM is organic matter content in soil; Nt is total nitrogen content in soil; Pt is total phosphorus content in soil; Kt is total potassium content in soil; Na is available nitrogen content in soil; Pa is available phosphorus content in soil; Ka is available potassium content in soil; Al is aluminium content in soil; As is arsenic content in soil; Cd is cadmium content in soil; Mn is manganese content in soil; Ni is nickel content in soil. Figure S1 The mean, median, standard deviation (SD), variance (CV), skewness coefficient, and p value for the Kolmogorov–Smirnov normality test of fatty acids (mg/g). SFA is saturated fatty acid; MUFA is monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA is polyunsaturated fatty acid; C16:0 is palmitic acid; C18:0 is stearic acid; C20:0 is eicosanoic acid; C22:0 is behenic acid; C16:1 is palmitoleic acid; C18:1n9 is oleic acid; C18:1n13t is trans-13- oleic acid; C20:1 is cis-11-eicosenoic acid; C18:2 is linoleic acid; C18:3 is linolenic acid. Figure S2 The relative abundance of three fatty acids among different Zanthoxylum species. The peaks without labels were identified as trace components. ZA is Z. armatum; ZB1 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Hancheng; ZB2 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Fengxian; Others refers to the rest of the samples whose pericarps are red but do not belong to Z. bungeanum; RT, retention time; C16:0 is palmitic acid; C18:0 is stearic acid; C20:0 is eicosanoic acid; C22:0 is behenic acid; C16:1 is palmitoleic acid; C18:1n9 is oleic acid; C18:1n13t is trans-13- oleic acid; C20:1 is cis-11-eicosenoic acid; C18:2 is linoleic acid; C18:3 is linolenic acid.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, validation, Y.M. and A.W.; formal analysis, Y.M.; investigation, data curation, C.H., X.W., and M.T.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.M.; writing—review and editing, J.T. and A.W.; visualization, Y.M.; supervision, J.T. and A.W.; project administration, A.W.; funding acquisition, A.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by National Key Research and Development Program Project Funding (2018YFD1000605) and “Double First-Class” initiative construction of Northwest A&F University (Z102022003).

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Yanchun Fan for her friendly guidance on fatty acid determination and thank Xiangyuan Wang for her detailed revise.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Chen, X.; Wang, W.; Wang, C.; Liu, Z.; Sun, Q.; Wang, D. Quality evaluation and chemometric discrimination of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim leaves based on flavonoids profiles, bioactivity and HPLC-fingerprint in a common garden experiment. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2019, 134, 225–233. [Google Scholar]
  2. Lee, J.; da Silva, R.R.; Jang, H.S.; Kim, H.W.; Kwon, Y.S.; Kim, J.H.; Yang, H. In silico annotation of discriminative markers of three Zanthoxylum species using molecular network derived annotation propagation. Food Chem. 2019, 295, 368–376. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  3. Lan, Y.; Li, H.; Chen, Y.Y.; Zhang, Y.W.; Liu, N.; Zhang, Q.; Wu, Q. Essential oil from Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. and its main components used as transdermal penetration enhancers: A comparative study. J. Zhejiang Univ.-SCI. B 2014, 15, 940–952. [Google Scholar]
  4. Sriwichai, T.; Sookwong, P.; Siddiqui, M.W.; Sommano, S.R. Aromatic profiling of Zanthoxylum myriacanthum (makwhaen) essential oils from dried fruits using different initial drying techniques. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2019, 133, 284–291. [Google Scholar]
  5. Wang, L.; Wang, Z.; Li, X.; Zhang, H.; Zhou, X.; Zhang, H. Analysis of Volatile Compounds in the Pericarp of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. by Ultrasonic Nebulization Extraction Coupled with Headspace Single-Drop Microextraction and GC–MS. Chromatographia 2010, 71, 455–459. [Google Scholar]
  6. Nooreen, Z.; Singh, S.; Singh, D.K.; Tandon, S.; Ahmad, A.; Luqman, S. Characterization and evaluation of bioactive polyphenolic constituents from Zanthoxylum armatum DC., a traditionally used plant. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2017, 89, 366–375. [Google Scholar]
  7. Bader, M.; Stark, T.D.; Dawid, C.; Losch, S.; Hofmann, T. All-trans-configuration in Zanthoxylum alkylamides swaps the tingling with a numbing sensation and diminishes salivation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2014, 62, 2479–2488. [Google Scholar]
  8. Ke, J.; Qu, Y.; Li, S.; Shen, G.; Chen, A.; Luo, Q.; Liu, X.; Wu, H.; Li, M.; Pu, B.; et al. Application of HPLC fingerprint based on acid amide components in Chinese prickly ash (Zanthoxylum). Ind. Crop. Prod. 2018, 119, 267–276. [Google Scholar]
  9. Tian, J.M.; Wang, Y.; Xu, Y.Z.; Yu, Z.C.; Wei, A.Z.; Zhang, W.M.; Gao, J.M. Characterization of isobutylhydroxyamides with NGF-potentiating activity from Zanthoxylum bungeanum. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2016, 26, 338–342. [Google Scholar]
  10. Zhang, M.; Xie, M.; Wei, D.; Wang, L.; Hu, M.; Zhang, Q.; He, Z.; Peng, W.; Wu, C. Hydroxy-alpha-sanshool isolated from Zanthoxylum bungeanum attenuates learning and memory impairments in scopolamine-treated mice. Food Funct. 2019, 10, 7315–7324. [Google Scholar]
  11. Ma, Y.; Fei, X.; Li, J.; Liu, Y.; Wei, A. Effects of location, climate, soil conditions and plant species on levels of potentially toxic elements in Chinese Prickly Ash pericarps from the main cultivation regions in China. Chemosphere 2020, 244, 125501. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  12. Xiang, L.; Liu, Y.; Xie, C.; Li, X.; Yu, Y.; Ye, M.; Chen, S. The Chemical and Genetic Characteristics of Szechuan Pepper (Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Z. armatum) Cultivars and Their Suitable Habitat. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 467. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  13. Medeiros Melo, D.; Ferreira Roseno, T.; Barros, W.M.; de Faria, R.A.P.G.; de Souza Paglarini, C.; Bitencourt Faria, P.; Mariotto, S.; de Souza, X.R. Fatty acid profiles and cholesterol content of Five species of pacu-pevas from the pantanal region of Mato Grosso, Brazil. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2019, 83, 103283. [Google Scholar]
  14. He, Y.; Li, Z.; Tan, F.; Liu, H.; Zhu, M.; Yang, H.; Bi, G.; Wan, H.; Wang, J.; Xu, R.; et al. Fatty acid metabolic flux and lipid peroxidation homeostasis maintain the biomembrane stability to improve citrus fruit storage performance. Food Chem. 2019, 292, 314–324. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  15. Sanchez Granel, M.L.; Canepa, C.; Cid, N.G.; Navarro, J.C.; Monroig, O.; Verstraeten, S.V.; Nudel, C.B.; Nusblat, A.D. Gene identification and functional characterization of a Delta12 fatty acid desaturase in Tetrahymena thermophila and its influence in homeoviscous adaptation to low temperature. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids 2019, 1864, 1644–1655. [Google Scholar]
  16. Shi, F.; Zhou, X.; Yao, M.M.; Zhou, Q.; Ji, S.J.; Wang, Y. Low-temperature stress-induced aroma loss by regulating fatty acid metabolism pathway in ’Nanguo’ pear. Food Chem. 2019, 297, 124927. [Google Scholar]
  17. Kumar, N.; Gautam, A.; Dubey, A.K.; Ranjan, R.; Pandey, A.; Kumari, B.; Singh, G.; Mandotra, S.; Chauhan, P.S.; Srikrishna, S.; et al. GABA mediated reduction of arsenite toxicity in rice seedling through modulation of fatty acids, stress responsive amino acids and polyamines biosynthesis. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2019, 173, 15–27. [Google Scholar]
  18. Zaman, S.; Hu, S.; Alam, M.A.; Du, H.; Che, S. The accumulation of fatty acids in different organs of purslane under salt stress. Sci. Hortic. 2019, 250, 236–242. [Google Scholar]
  19. Hosseini, S.S.; Rezadoost, H.; Nadjafi, F.; Hassan Asareh, M. Comparative essential oil composition and fatty acid profiling of some Iranian black cumin landraces. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2019, 140, 111628. [Google Scholar]
  20. Ma, T.; Zheng, Z.; Guo, H.; Lian, X.; Rane, M.J.; Cai, L.; Kim, K.S.; Kim, K.T.; Zhang, Z.; Bi, L. 4-O-methylhonokiol ameliorates type 2 diabetes-induced nephropathy in mice likely by activation of AMPK-mediated fatty acid oxidation and Nrf2-mediated anti-oxidative stress. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2019, 370, 93–105. [Google Scholar]
  21. Rai, N.; Sjoberg, V.; Forsberg, G.; Karlsson, S.; Olsson, P.E.; Jass, J. Metal contaminated soil leachates from an art glass factory elicit stress response, alter fatty acid metabolism and reduce lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 651, 2218–2227. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  22. Church, M.W.; Jen, K.L.; Anumba, J.I.; Jackson, D.A.; Adams, B.R.; Hotra, J.W. Excess omega-3 fatty acid consumption by mothers during pregnancy and lactation caused shorter life span and abnormal ABRs in old adult offspring. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 2010, 32, 171–181. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  23. Krzyżaniak, M.; Stolarski, M.J.; Tworkowski, J.; Puttick, D.; Eynck, C.; Załuski, D.; Kwiatkowski, J. Yield and seed composition of 10 spring camelina genotypes cultivated in the temperate climate of Central Europe. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2019, 138, 111443. [Google Scholar]
  24. Gatzias, I.S.; Karabagias, I.K.; Kontominas, M.G.; Badeka, A.V. Geographical differentiation of feta cheese from northern Greece based on physicochemical parameters, volatile compounds and fatty acids. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 138, 109615. [Google Scholar]
  25. Ma, Y.; Li, J.; Tian, M.; Liu, Y.; Wei, A. Authentication of Chinese prickly ash by ITS2 sequencing and the influence of environmental factors on pericarp quality traits. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2020, 155, 112770. [Google Scholar]
  26. Jordi Folch, M.L.; Sloane Stanley, G.H. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 1956, 226, 497–509. [Google Scholar]
  27. Christie, W.W. Preparation of ester derivatives of fatty acids for chromatographic analysis. In Advanced in Lipid Methodology-Two; Oily Press LTD.: Dundee, Scotland, 1993; pp. 69–111. [Google Scholar]
  28. Nengroo, Z.R.; Rauf, A. Fatty acid composition and antioxidant activities of five medicinal plants from Kashmir. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2019, 140, 111596. [Google Scholar]
  29. Hou, L.; Liu, Y.; Wei, A. Geographical variations in the fatty acids of Zanthoxylum seed oils: A chemometric classification based on the random forest algorithm. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2019, 134, 146–153. [Google Scholar]
  30. Boschin, G.; D’Agostina, A.; Annicchiarico, P.; Arnoldi, A. Effect of genotype and environment on fatty acid composition of Lupinus albus L. seed. Food Chem. 2008, 108, 600–606. [Google Scholar]
  31. Gresta, F.; Ceravolo, G.; Presti, V.L.; D’Agata, A.; Rao, R.; Chiofalo, B. Seed yield, galactomannan content and quality traits of different guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) genotypes. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2017, 107, 122–129. [Google Scholar]
  32. HMSO, U.K. Nutritional Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease. In Report on Health and Social Subjects; HMSO: London, UK, 1994; p. 46. [Google Scholar]
  33. Jia, G.; Sha, K.; Feng, X.; Liu, H. Post-thawing metabolite profile and amino acid oxidation of thawed pork tenderloin by HVEF-A short communication. Food Chem. 2019, 291, 16–21. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  34. Zribi, I.; Bleton, J.; Moussa, F.; Abderrabba, M. GC-MS analysis of the volatile profile and the essential oil compositions of Tunisian Borago Officinalis L.: Regional locality and organ dependency. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2019, 129, 290–298. [Google Scholar]
  35. Berti, M.; Gesch, R.; Eynck, C.; Anderson, J.; Cermak, S. Camelina uses, genetics, genomics, production, and management. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2016, 94, 690–710. [Google Scholar]
  36. Vollmann, J.; Moritz, T.; Kargl, C.; Baumgartner, S.; Wagentristl, H. Agronomic evaluation of camelina genotypes selected for seed quality characteristics. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2007, 26, 270–277. [Google Scholar]
Foods 09 01676 g001 550
Figure 1. The fatty acid content and composition in pericarps among different Zanthoxylum groups. The different letters (a, b, or ab) above the histogram indicate significant differences among the Zanthoxylum species, and no letters above the histogram means no significant difference among different Zanthoxylum species (p < 0.01); ZA is Z. armatum; ZB1 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Hancheng; ZB2 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Fengxian; others refers to the rest of the samples whose pericarps are red but do not belong to Z. bungeanum; C16:0 is palmitic acid; C18:0 is stearic acid; C20:0 is eicosanoic acid; C22:0 is behenic acid; C16:1 is palmitoleic acid; C18:1n9 is oleic acid; C18:1n13t is trans-13-oleic acid; C20:1 is cis-11-eicosenoic acid; C18:2 is linoleic acid; C18:3 is linolenic acid; and IQR is interquartile range.
Figure 1. The fatty acid content and composition in pericarps among different Zanthoxylum groups. The different letters (a, b, or ab) above the histogram indicate significant differences among the Zanthoxylum species, and no letters above the histogram means no significant difference among different Zanthoxylum species (p < 0.01); ZA is Z. armatum; ZB1 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Hancheng; ZB2 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Fengxian; others refers to the rest of the samples whose pericarps are red but do not belong to Z. bungeanum; C16:0 is palmitic acid; C18:0 is stearic acid; C20:0 is eicosanoic acid; C22:0 is behenic acid; C16:1 is palmitoleic acid; C18:1n9 is oleic acid; C18:1n13t is trans-13-oleic acid; C20:1 is cis-11-eicosenoic acid; C18:2 is linoleic acid; C18:3 is linolenic acid; and IQR is interquartile range.
Foods 09 01676 g001
Foods 09 01676 g002 550
Figure 2. The total saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid content, and ω6/ω3 value in pericarps among different Zanthoxylum groups. The different letters (a, b, or ab) above the histogram indicate significant differences among the Zanthoxylum species, and no letters above the histogram means no significant difference among different Zanthoxylum species (p < 0.01); ZA is Z. armatum; ZB1 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Hancheng; ZB2 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Fengxian; Others refers to the rest of the samples whose pericarps are red but do not belong to Z. bungeanum; SFA is saturated fatty acid; MUFA is monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA is polyunsaturated fatty acid; and IQR is interquartile range.
Figure 2. The total saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid content, and ω6/ω3 value in pericarps among different Zanthoxylum groups. The different letters (a, b, or ab) above the histogram indicate significant differences among the Zanthoxylum species, and no letters above the histogram means no significant difference among different Zanthoxylum species (p < 0.01); ZA is Z. armatum; ZB1 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Hancheng; ZB2 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Fengxian; Others refers to the rest of the samples whose pericarps are red but do not belong to Z. bungeanum; SFA is saturated fatty acid; MUFA is monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA is polyunsaturated fatty acid; and IQR is interquartile range.
Foods 09 01676 g002
Foods 09 01676 g003 550
Figure 3. Geographical differentiation of Zanthoxylum pericarps from 72 plantations based on fatty acids compositions in pericarps: (a) principle component analysis of loading plot, (b) cluster heat map, (c) discriminant analysis. PC is principle component; CV is canonical variable; ZA is Z. armatum; ZB1 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Hancheng; ZB2 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Fengxian; Others refers to the rest of the samples whose pericarps are red but do not belong to Z. bungeanum; C16:0 is palmitic acid; C18:0 is stearic acid; C20:0 is eicosanoic acid; C22:0 is behenic acid; C16:1 is palmitoleic acid; C18:1n9 is oleic acid; C18:1n13t is trans-13-oleic acid; C20:1 is cis-11-eicosenoic acid; C18:2 is linoleic acid; and C18:3 is linolenic acid.
Figure 3. Geographical differentiation of Zanthoxylum pericarps from 72 plantations based on fatty acids compositions in pericarps: (a) principle component analysis of loading plot, (b) cluster heat map, (c) discriminant analysis. PC is principle component; CV is canonical variable; ZA is Z. armatum; ZB1 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Hancheng; ZB2 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Fengxian; Others refers to the rest of the samples whose pericarps are red but do not belong to Z. bungeanum; C16:0 is palmitic acid; C18:0 is stearic acid; C20:0 is eicosanoic acid; C22:0 is behenic acid; C16:1 is palmitoleic acid; C18:1n9 is oleic acid; C18:1n13t is trans-13-oleic acid; C20:1 is cis-11-eicosenoic acid; C18:2 is linoleic acid; and C18:3 is linolenic acid.
Foods 09 01676 g003
Foods 09 01676 g004 550
Figure 4. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) between different Zanthoxylum species: (a), OPLS-DA between ZA and ZB1; (b), OPLS-DA between ZA and ZB2; (c), OPLS-DA between ZA and Others; (d), OPLS-DA between ZB1 and ZB2; (e), OPLS-DA between ZB1 and Others; (f), OPLS-DA between ZB2 and others; (g), Variable important in projection based on OPLS-DA between different Zanthoxylum species. ZA is Z. armatum; ZB1 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Hancheng; ZB2 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Fengxian; Others refers to the rest of the samples whose pericarps are red but do not belong to Z. bungeanum; C16:0 is palmitic acid; C18:0 is stearic acid; C20:0 is eicosanoic acid; C22:0 is behenic acid; C16:1 is palmitoleic acid; C18:1n9 is oleic acid; C18:1n13t is trans-13-oleic acid; C20:1 is cis-11-eicosenoic acid; C18:2 is linoleic acid; and C18:3 is linolenic acid.
Figure 4. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) between different Zanthoxylum species: (a), OPLS-DA between ZA and ZB1; (b), OPLS-DA between ZA and ZB2; (c), OPLS-DA between ZA and Others; (d), OPLS-DA between ZB1 and ZB2; (e), OPLS-DA between ZB1 and Others; (f), OPLS-DA between ZB2 and others; (g), Variable important in projection based on OPLS-DA between different Zanthoxylum species. ZA is Z. armatum; ZB1 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Hancheng; ZB2 samples, belonging to Z. bungeanum, are represented by pericarps from Fengxian; Others refers to the rest of the samples whose pericarps are red but do not belong to Z. bungeanum; C16:0 is palmitic acid; C18:0 is stearic acid; C20:0 is eicosanoic acid; C22:0 is behenic acid; C16:1 is palmitoleic acid; C18:1n9 is oleic acid; C18:1n13t is trans-13-oleic acid; C20:1 is cis-11-eicosenoic acid; C18:2 is linoleic acid; and C18:3 is linolenic acid.
Foods 09 01676 g004
Foods 09 01676 g005 550
Figure 5. The relationships between environmental factors and pericarp fatty acid composition for different Zanthoxylum species: (a), the relationship between environmental factors and pericarp fatty acid composition for ZA; (b), the relationship between environmental factors and pericarp fatty acid composition for ZB1; (c), the relationship between environmental factors and pericarp fatty acid composition for ZB2; (d), the correlation between environmental factors and pericarp fatty acid composition for ZA; (e), the correlation between environmental factors and pericarp fatty acid composition for ZB1; (f), the correlation between environmental factors and pericarp fatty acid composition for ZB2. RDA is redundancy analyses; Long is longitude; Alt, altitude; AtP, atmospheric pressure; MT, mean temperature; MAP, mean annual precipitation; pH, power of hydrogen; OM, organic matter content in soil; Pt, total phosphorus content in soil; Kt, total potassium content in soil; Pa, available phosphorus content in soil; Ka, available potassium content in soil; Al, aluminium content in soil; Cd, cadmium content in soil; Pb, lead content in soil; Mn, manganese content in soil; C16:0, palmitic acid; C18:0, stearic acid; C20:0, eicosanoic acid; C22:0, behenic acid; C16:1, palmitoleic acid; C18:1n9, oleic acid; C18:1n13t, trans-13-oleic acid; C20:1, cis-11-eicosenoic acid; C18:2, linoleic acid; C18:3, and linolenic acid; * represents medium correlation (0.4–0.6); ** represents strong correlation (0.6–0.8).
Figure 5. The relationships between environmental factors and pericarp fatty acid composition for different Zanthoxylum species: (a), the relationship between environmental factors and pericarp fatty acid composition for ZA; (b), the relationship between environmental factors and pericarp fatty acid composition for ZB1; (c), the relationship between environmental factors and pericarp fatty acid composition for ZB2; (d), the correlation between environmental factors and pericarp fatty acid composition for ZA; (e), the correlation between environmental factors and pericarp fatty acid composition for ZB1; (f), the correlation between environmental factors and pericarp fatty acid composition for ZB2. RDA is redundancy analyses; Long is longitude; Alt, altitude; AtP, atmospheric pressure; MT, mean temperature; MAP, mean annual precipitation; pH, power of hydrogen; OM, organic matter content in soil; Pt, total phosphorus content in soil; Kt, total potassium content in soil; Pa, available phosphorus content in soil; Ka, available potassium content in soil; Al, aluminium content in soil; Cd, cadmium content in soil; Pb, lead content in soil; Mn, manganese content in soil; C16:0, palmitic acid; C18:0, stearic acid; C20:0, eicosanoic acid; C22:0, behenic acid; C16:1, palmitoleic acid; C18:1n9, oleic acid; C18:1n13t, trans-13-oleic acid; C20:1, cis-11-eicosenoic acid; C18:2, linoleic acid; C18:3, and linolenic acid; * represents medium correlation (0.4–0.6); ** represents strong correlation (0.6–0.8).
Foods 09 01676 g005
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ma, Y.; Tian, J.; Wang, X.; Huang, C.; Tian, M.; Wei, A. Fatty Acid Profiling and Chemometric Analyses for Zanthoxylum Pericarps from Different Geographic Origin and Genotype. Foods 2020, 9, 1676. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9111676

AMA Style

Ma Y, Tian J, Wang X, Huang C, Tian M, Wei A. Fatty Acid Profiling and Chemometric Analyses for Zanthoxylum Pericarps from Different Geographic Origin and Genotype. Foods. 2020; 9(11):1676. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9111676

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ma, Yao, Jieyun Tian, Xiaona Wang, Chen Huang, Mingjing Tian, and Anzhi Wei. 2020. "Fatty Acid Profiling and Chemometric Analyses for Zanthoxylum Pericarps from Different Geographic Origin and Genotype" Foods 9, no. 11: 1676. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9111676

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop