Influence of Protein Type on the Antimicrobial Activity of LAE Alone or in Combination with Methylparaben
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Stock Solutions
2.3. Cultivation of Bacteria
2.4. Preparation of the (Modified) Model Systems
2.5. Determination of Viable Cell Counts and Minimal Lethal Concentrations
2.6. Characterization of Interactions Between Proteins and LAE
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Impact of Protein Interactions on the Antimicrobial Efficacy of LAE or Methylparaben
3.2. Solution Behaviour of Combinations of LAE and Proteins
3.3. Combination of Amphiphilic Cationic LAE with Hydrophobic Methylparaben
3.4. Mechanistic Insights
- (i)
- Due to its positively charged head group, LAE easily forms complexes with negatively charged proteins, whereas methylparaben is not involved in complex formations but may be able to slightly interact with hydrophobic regions of the proteins. However, in the case of globular proteins, these regions are predominantly presented in the protein core to guarantee sufficient water solubility.
- (ii)
- With increasing LAE concentrations, sufficient high numbers of cationic LAE molecules (possibly in the form of micelles) bind to the proteins causing a shift from a highly negative charged complex to a (more) positively charged one. Even though, LAE molecules (micelles) are bound to the complexes, the availability of free positively charged LAE head groups or even free LAE molecules (micelles) enables now electrostatic interactions with bacterial cells.
- (iii)
- There are some advantages resulting from the combined application of LAE and methylparaben. In the case of Gram-positive bacteria, both components attack the cytoplasmic membrane and other targets at the microbial cell, such as key enzyme systems. This multi-target attack causes several damages at the microbial cell and therefore minimal lethal concentrations were found to be very low. In the case of Gram-negative bacteria, both components are known to initially interact with the outer membrane. Methylparaben was reported to cause the same effects as Gram-positive bacteria, however due to an initial binding in the outer membrane the physical uptake needed to cause an effect at the cytoplasmic membrane may take longer. In the case of LAE, the main antimicrobial target is the outer membrane, leading to an alteration of cell integrity due to morphological changes through to disruption. Therefore, methylparaben uptake may be facilitated.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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0% Methylparaben LAE (µg/mL) | 0.1% Methylparaben LAE (µg/mL) | |
---|---|---|
L. innocua LTH3096 | ||
Nutrient broth | 20 A | |
2% BSA | 300 a,B | 175 b,A |
2% WPI | 250 a,C | 175 b,A |
2% SPH | 75 a,D | 35 ± 5 b,B |
P. fluorescens DSM50091 | ||
Nutrient broth | 15 A | |
2% BSA | 200 a,B | 125 b,A |
2% WPI | 175 a,C | 175 a,B |
2% SPH | 75 a,D | 50 b,C |
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Loeffler, M.; Schwab, V.; Terjung, N.; Weiss, J.; McClements, D.J. Influence of Protein Type on the Antimicrobial Activity of LAE Alone or in Combination with Methylparaben. Foods 2020, 9, 270. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030270
Loeffler M, Schwab V, Terjung N, Weiss J, McClements DJ. Influence of Protein Type on the Antimicrobial Activity of LAE Alone or in Combination with Methylparaben. Foods. 2020; 9(3):270. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030270
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoeffler, Myriam, Verena Schwab, Nino Terjung, Jochen Weiss, and D. Julian McClements. 2020. "Influence of Protein Type on the Antimicrobial Activity of LAE Alone or in Combination with Methylparaben" Foods 9, no. 3: 270. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030270