Bibliometric Analysis of River Erosion Control Measures: Examination of Practices and Barriers in Colombia

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of research on bank erosion and control measures, utilizing the Scopus database and VOSviewer software. Key terms such as “bank”, “erosion”, “control”, and “protection” frequently appear in the literature, underscoring their importance in studies on riverbank erosion. Since 2000, scientific production has steadily increased, particularly in disciplines such as Environmental Sciences and Earth and Planetary Sciences, driven by growing concerns about climate change and sustainable water resource management. Countries with substantial research resources, such as the United States and China, lead in the production of studies, reflecting their commitment to addressing this global issue. In parallel, the evaluation of erosion mitigation practices in Colombia revealed that, although effective techniques such as gabion walls and riparian vegetation exist, 40% of respondents do not implement specific measures. This lack of implementation is attributed to insufficient knowledge, limited resources, and misconceptions about the effectiveness of these techniques. The findings highlight the need to promote proven practices and enhance professional training. Future research should focus on developing more accurate predictive models, integrating interdisciplinary approaches, and assessing the impacts of climate change on bank erosion. Addressing barriers to applying effective techniques at the local level and improving access to resources and knowledge are critical steps to reducing bank erosion and ensuring sustainable water management.

1. Introduction

Bank erosion is an erosive process caused by water flow that degrades the beds and banks of rivers [1]. This phenomenon generally intensifies when obstacles are introduced into the flow, altering the sliding conditions and increasing the river’s flow rate. The latter can cause the depth of scouring to reach the base of a structure, affecting critical infrastructures such as piers and abutments, which may result in these banks’ partial or total collapse [1,2]. This process is the leading cause of geological changes that result in soil loss, excessive sediment production, and water quality degradation.

However, bank erosion is not limited to geological changes; it also presents significant natural and anthropogenic effects. This phenomenon can be exacerbated by human activities such as deforestation, intensive agriculture, and urbanization, which alter the natural flow of water soil stability and reduce the soil’s resistance to erosion. These phenomena have been observed in the Jaldhaka River region in India, where faulty agricultural practices and deforestation have significantly increased the rate of bank erosion [3]. Similarly, another study conducted on the banks of the Volga and Sheksna Rivers in Russia revealed that dams and daily flow regulation exacerbated the lateral migration of the river channel and increased bank erosion [4]. Furthermore, bank erosion impacts human communities. In Bangladesh, bank erosion has caused significant losses of agricultural land and displaced numerous families, aggravating economic and social insecurity [5]. The loss of fertile soils directly affects agriculture and food security. Various studies have shown that riparian vegetation can significantly reduce riverbank erosion, which helps decrease water turbidity and water supply costs [6]. Therefore, maintaining the stability of riverbanks is essential for preserving the integrity of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, as it influences water quality and habitat availability for numerous species [7].

Solutions developed by hydraulics, fluvial engineering, and bioengineering can be grouped based on their natural and artificial materials and application methods. This allows for efficient comparison to select the most suitable one according to the specific project needs. For example, structures based on natural materials include riparian vegetation and rip-rap walls of natural stone. Riparian vegetation involves planting native species that help stabilize the soil, reduce erosion, improve water quality, and provide habitat for local wildlife [6]. Similarly, natural stone rip-rap walls consist of placing loose stones that form a permeable barrier, being easy to install but less esthetically pleasing [8].

On the other hand, structures based on artificial materials include gabions, concrete walls, artificial stone hexapods, and articulated concrete blocks. Gabions are metal mesh baskets filled with stones that reinforce banks and stabilize slopes, offering flexibility and durability in areas with high water flow energy [8]. Reinforced concrete walls provide high strength and durability for urban areas and critical infrastructure, although their construction involves high environmental and economic impacts [9]. Additionally, artificial stone hexapods, designed for extreme erosion conditions, offer stability and resistance, although their installation is costly and complex [8]. Articulated concrete blocks, designed to interlock, provide a flexible and durable protective layer for rivers and channels with high durability requirements [9].

Another group of structures is based on temporary and emergency methods, such as concrete bags and sandbags. These solutions are low-cost and easy to install, although with limited durability and less esthetic appeal [8,9]. Steel, wood, or concrete piles transfer the structural load to deeper soil layers, protecting areas of high structural load [9]. Finally, innovations in structural design, such as geobags and geocontainers, offer flexible and durable solutions for stabilizing rivers and coasts with specific stabilization needs. These solutions can be economically advantageous and ecologically sustainable, although their durability and effectiveness may vary depending on the context [8]. The following table (

Table 1. Riverbank protection structures.

Protection Structure	Common Use	Advantages	Disadvantages	Reference
Articulated Concrete Block Walls	Rivers and canals requiring high durability	High stability under strong hydraulic conditions, excellent erosion resistance, and a long lifespan reduce maintenance needs, ensuring durability.	High initial cost due to specialized materials’ complex installation, requiring heavy machinery and skilled labor, potentially disrupting habitats.	[9]
Artificial Stone Hexapod Walls	Areas with extreme erosion conditions	Exceptional stability in high-energy environments, high resistance to wave and tidal actions, and long-term durability enhance project longevity.	High manufacturing and transportation costs due to weight installation require precise placement and may disrupt local aquatic ecosystems.	[8]
Concrete Bag Walls	Temporary and emergency projects	Quick and low-cost installation suitable for emergency deployment, ideal for budget-constrained projects with minimal equipment needs.	Limited durability in harsh conditions, leading to eventual replacement and low esthetic appeal, is often viewed as a temporary fix.	[9]
Concrete Walls	Urban areas and critical infrastructure	High strength and durability, adequate in flood-prone areas, and capable of withstanding significant loads.	Significant environmental impact from production emissions, high installation and maintenance costs, with potential for cracking over time.	[9]
Construction of Artificial Banks	Navigable rivers and urban areas	High durability offers long-term flood protection and stabilizes riverbanks, supporting additional infrastructure.	Negative impact on biodiversity by disrupting natural habitats, artificial appearance may not integrate well with the environment, requires extensive planning.	[9]
Covers	Soil protection in various areas	Effective in preventing soil erosion and surface runoff across diverse environments and terrains.	Durability varies with material choice, leading to frequent maintenance or replacement risk of inadequate protection if not correctly installed.	[8]
Gabion Walls	Areas with high water flow energy	Durable and flexible in response to environmental stress, effective in dissipating water energy while allowing vegetation growth.	High cost due to durable wire mesh and filling materials, complex maintenance required in corrosive environments, and installation can be labor-intensive.	[8]
Geobags	Rivers and coasts need stabilization	Flexible and adaptable to various shapes and sizes, easy to install with minimal equipment, often using locally available materials to reduce costs.	Durability depends on material quality, which is susceptible to UV degradation, high relative cost, and potential environmental impact if bags degrade or rupture.	[8]
Geocontainers	Large coastal and river projects	High storage capacity, ideal for large-scale projects, providing significant protection against erosion and creating stable structures.	High material and installation costs, handling requires specialized equipment, and it is difficult to remove or modify once installed.	[8]
Geotextiles	Areas with surface erosion problems	Controls surface erosion while reinforcing soil, allowing water permeability and combining well with other erosion control methods.	Performance is heavily dependent on proper substrate preparation and the high cost for durable materials, with potential clogging reducing long-term effectiveness.	[8]
Natural Stone Rip-Rap Walls	Riverbanks and coasts with high erosion	Easy installation with minimal equipment provides permeability to reduce hydrostatic pressure while blending naturally with the environment.	Esthetic appeal may be low in some contexts, with the potential for stone displacement during high-flow events requiring maintenance limited in high-energy environments.	[8]
Pile Walls	High-load structural zones	High load-bearing capacity and durability, adequate in deep foundation applications, ensuring long-term stability.	Very high cost due to heavy-duty materials, installation can be challenging in deep or unstable soils, with potential environmental disturbance.	[9]
Removal of Bank Protection	Regulated rivers and protected areas	Restores natural riverbank processes, promoting long-term biodiversity and ecological improvements while reducing maintenance costs.	It may initially increase erosion and instability until natural vegetation is established. Temporary destabilization may affect nearby infrastructure.	[10]
Riparian Vegetation	Riverbanks in agricultural and urban regions	Reduces erosion by stabilizing soil with plant roots, improves water quality by filtering runoff, and enhances local wildlife habitats.	It requires significant time to establish fully effective root systems, needs regular maintenance to manage invasive species and ensure plant health, and effectiveness varies with soil and climate.	[6]
Sandbag Walls	Temporary or emergency solutions	Low-cost and rapid deployment in emergencies, easy to install with minimal equipment, suitable for creating temporary barriers in flood-prone areas.	Limited durability, particularly when exposed to prolonged moisture, and low esthetic value; is often viewed as a temporary solution requiring frequent replacement.	[8]
Soil Bioengineering	Riverbanks in mountainous and plain regions	It increases ecological diversity by incorporating living plants, improves wildlife habitat, and stabilizes soil as a sustainable, low-impact solution.	Less effective in areas with severe erosion or high-energy flows, it requires long-term maintenance and monitoring to ensure success, with slow initial establishment.	[11]
Soil-Cement Bag Walls	Rural and low-cost projects	It is low-cost, suitable for budget-limited projects, and provides good resistance to erosion and water flow with simple installation using local materials.	Durability depends on the soil–cement mix and environmental conditions. Frequent maintenance may be needed, with limited esthetic appeal.	[8]
Use of Wood and Stone Structures	Riverbanks in mountainous areas	Effective stabilization using natural materials improves habitat by providing niches for wildlife and blends well with natural surroundings.	High installation costs due to skilled labor and heavy materials, high maintenance costs, and potential damage from pests, rot, or waterlogging.	[12]
Used Tire Walls	Low-cost and recycling projects	They have a low cost, use recycled materials, are environmentally friendly, and ae easy to construct with minimal equipment.	Limited durability as tires degrade over time, especially under UV exposure, potential environmental issues from chemical leaching, and low esthetic value.	[8]

) provides a detailed summary of the various protective structures used in erosion control and their advantages and disadvantages based on their application.

Colombia hosts a significant amount of infrastructure, including bridges, dams, ports, and an extensive network of rivers, with 24 major rivers, including the Magdalena, Cauca, and Atrato. This positions the country as crucial for developing bed scour mitigation measures. According to evaluations by Bridgemeister and the National Institute of Roads (INVIAS), the government has approximately 2000 bridges, with the Pumarejo Bridge over the Magdalena River being particularly notable. Infrastructure such as the El Quimbo hydroelectric dam and Buenaventura, Cartagena, and Barranquilla ports are vital to the national economy. According to the International Monetary Fund, improvements in Colombian infrastructure could significantly boost GDP growth [13]. This underscores the need to continue developing and refining scour mitigation measures to protect these critical infrastructures and ensure the country’s sustainable economic development. For example, a study conducted at the Port of Barranquilla implemented flow training structures to improve navigation, demonstrating the effectiveness of morphological models in predicting and maintaining navigation channels [14].

However, despite efforts to develop countermeasures, erosion continues to cause significant economic and environmental impacts in Colombia and globally. In recent decades, research on this phenomenon has evolved considerably, moving from empirical approaches to robust computational methodologies for predicting and modeling the process, thereby establishing criteria for developing and implementing specific mitigation measures. Models like PESERA-DESMICE combine process-based erosion predictions with spatial economic assessments to determine the financial viability of control measures [15]. Studies in the United Kingdom have highlighted cost-effective techniques such as contour management and mulching [16], while numerical models have demonstrated the effectiveness of micro-dikes and conservation tillage in reducing runoff and erosion [17]. Additionally, integrated approaches such as CULTIVASIM have shown the importance of considering local-specific costs and benefits to implement soil conservation practices successfully [18].

This study aims to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric review of the scientific literature on riverbank erosion and control strategies. Bibliometric analysis is a fundamental tool that allows for a quantitative evaluation of research trends, an identification of leading countries and institutions, and a visualization of the knowledge structures within the field [19]. This approach highlights the most influential studies and authors and uncovers knowledge gaps and emerging topics in the literature, which are crucial for guiding future research and developing effective policies [20]. To achieve these objectives, the following approach is proposed:

• Bibliometric Analysis: Utilize VOSviewer (version 1.6.20) and Scopus data to map global scientific production, identifying research trends, temporal evolution, leading countries, and keyword co-occurrence networks. This analysis will allow for the visualization of the thematic structure of the field and the detection of gaps in the existing literature.
• Establishment of a Baseline: Conduct a survey targeting professionals in Colombia to delineate key areas, assess current practices, and gather perceptions on riverbank protection. This survey will serve to compare local practices with global trends.
• Evaluation of Practices and Perceptions: Collect and analyze data on local riverbank protection practices, contrasting them with the best global practices identified in the bibliometric analysis.
• Identification of Gaps and Future Proposals: Highlight gaps in current research and propose future directions, including the development of more accurate predictive models and the integration of interdisciplinary approaches that consider climate change and nature-based methods.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Bibliometric Analysis

The Scopus database was selected to conduct a bibliometric analysis of research on erosion in river structures due to its extensive coverage and ability to include recent and relevant publications across multiple scientific disciplines. Compared to other databases, Scopus offers advanced analytical tools and broader coverage, making it the optimal choice for tracking trends and assessing the impact of research in this field [21,22,23]. Specific keywords were used: TITLE-ABS-KEY (riverbank AND erosion AND control) AND PUBYEAR > 2000 AND PUBYEAR < 2024. The analysis was conducted using VOSviewer software. The established criterion included articles with a minimum of seven keyword occurrences in abstracts, titles, or keywords, ensuring the relevance and alignment of the selected studies with the topics of interest. Additionally, only research articles were included, excluding other documents such as conference proceedings, reviews, book chapters, and notes, to ensure data consistency and relevance. The analysis covered the period from 2000 to 2024, capturing the evolution and emerging trends in fluvial erosion research over the past two decades.

To ensure the reliability of the bibliometric analysis, a rigorous data normalization process was implemented, which included correcting author names and expanding journal abbreviations to their full titles. This normalization was necessary due to the editorial policies of various journals that require the uniform presentation of names and titles for acceptance in publications. Therefore, abbreviated names and variations in terminology were standardized, which is crucial to avoid data duplication and maintain consistency in keyword co-occurrence analysis and the construction of bibliometric networks [24]. This process was facilitated through specialized thesauri that ensured the accuracy and uniformity of the information used in the analysis.

• Development of the Keyword Co-occurrence Network: A keyword co-occurrence network was developed to identify frequent terms and interconnections. Central nodes such as “riverbank”, “erosion”, and “control” were visualized, highlighting their fundamental role in erosion research. VOSviewer was used to map relationships and determine centrality and frequency, following well-established approaches in the literature [25].
• Identification of the Most Cited Articles: The most cited articles were identified by assessing citations in Scopus to evaluate the impact of publications. These articles were ranked according to their impact, emphasizing those with the most significant influence on current research on erosion and fluvial structures based on consolidated analyses in the field [26].
• Analysis of the Geographical Distribution of Research: A study was conducted to identify the geographical distribution of scientific production, highlighting countries and cities with the highest contributions. Global contributions were mapped, and factors influencing the research capacity in different regions were evaluated, employing recognized analytical approaches in comparable studies [27].
• Temporal Evolution of Publications: The temporal evolution of publications was analyzed to identify trends and changes over time. Time series were used to evaluate the number of publications per year and determine factors influencing peaks and troughs in scientific production, inspired by established techniques from previous studies [28].
• Evaluation of Major Thematic Areas and Subtopics: The major thematic areas and subtopics in erosion research in fluvial structures were evaluated. Research was categorized according to thematic areas, and the relevance of each topic within the field was analyzed, following detailed procedures outlined in previous works [29].

2.2. Evaluation of Scour Mitigation Practices in Colombia

2.2.1. Establishment of the Question Bank

The first step in developing the methodology was establishing the initial question bank. A literature review was conducted to identify critical factors influencing riverbank erosion and the effectiveness of protection measures, focusing on erosion mitigation, design criteria, and periodic manual updates. Insights from this review directly guided the formulation of the survey questions, aiming to cover these critical aspects comprehensively. A set of relevant and technically accurate questions was selected from the academic literature, such as the works of Thorne and Abt [30], and Marta et al. [31]. This selection process adhered to the principles of effective survey design, emphasizing the minimization of bias and maximizing the reliability and validity of responses. The questionnaire was divided into several critical categories, each essential for understanding different aspects of riverbank protection:

• Awareness and General Practices: Questions on the awareness of scour failures, using manuals and documents, and evaluating design criteria.
• Technical Details: Inquiries about specific erosion mitigation measures, equations for calculating erosion depth, and criteria for selecting different countermeasures.
• Monitoring and Updates: The frequency of supervision, willingness to share information, and periodic review of manuals and documents.
• Challenges and Environmental Considerations: Identification of the most significant challenges in designing riverbank protection structures and critical environmental factors to consider.

2.2.2. Pilot Testing and Final Survey Establishment

To implement and optimize the questionnaire, a pilot test was conducted with the participation of 30 professionals, who were evenly selected from the roles of designer, constructor, consultant, and researcher within various government entities. These participants were asked to rate 16 pre-established questions using a 5-point Likert scale, where 1 represented “Strongly Disagree” (SD), 2 represented “Disagree” (D), 3 represented “Neutral” (N), 4 represented “Agree” (A), and 5 represented “Strongly Agree” (SA). Questions that consistently underperformed, defined as those that scored an average of less than 3.5 on the 5-point scale, were considered for elimination. This process was complemented by the analysis of Kendall’s coefficient of concordance (W) for each question. This statistic evaluates the central tendency reflected in the responses and the level of agreement among the evaluators. A high Kendall W value indicates high consistency in responses among the different evaluators, reinforcing the reliability and validity of the selected and eliminated questions [32].

The equation for calculating Kendall’s coefficient of concordance (W) is as follows:

$$W={\displaystyle \frac{12S}{m^2\left(n^3-n\right)}}$$

(1)

where

W: Kendall’s coefficient of concordance for the specific question;

S: The sum of squared deviations from the mean of the rank sums for that question. It is calculated as

$$S=\sum _{i=1}^n{\left(R_i-\overline{R}\right)}^2$$

(2)

$R_i$: The sum of ranks for evaluator i on a specific question;

$\overline{R}$: The mean of the rank sums for all evaluators on that question;

k: The number of questions or items (constant for all questions);

n: The number of evaluators or respondents (constant for all questions).

2.2.3. Main Survey Application

After validating the questionnaire through a pilot test, the primary survey was implemented and digitally distributed to 110 professionals from various civil and hydraulic engineering disciplines in Colombia. Participants were selected through stratified sampling to ensure geographical and professional representativeness. The survey, consisting of 9 critical questions on scour mitigation practices in riverbanks, achieved a 100% response rate. This result was achieved through a combination of strategies based on recent evidence: periodic reminders were sent every 96 h during the first week and then weekly after that. Additionally, incentives were offered for completing the survey, such as the opportunity to access a summary report of the results, a technique that has proven effective in other contexts for achieving 100% response rates [33,34].

The collected data are documented in several key files: “Question dataset.xlsx” contains the raw individual responses to the nine validated survey questions; “Preliminary Survey.pdf” details the preliminary findings and survey methodology; “Survey.pdf” presents the final version of the survey questionnaire; and “Survey data.xlsx” synthesizes the collected responses, organizing them into meaningful categories for analysis. All this information is available in the dataset titled “Survey on Engineering Practices in Riverbank Protection and Erosion Control in Colombian Rivers: Dataset” [35] (https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/9hyd8cbhnk/1, accessed on 1 September 2024).

3. Results

3.1. Co-Occurrence Analysis

The systematic review process was organized following the PRISMA 2020 flow diagram, utilizing the Scopus database and VOSviewer software to conduct a bibliometric analysis of studies on riverbank erosion control. Initially, 255 relevant documents were identified through an exhaustive search in Scopus using specific keywords such as “riverbank erosion”, “control measures”, and “protection”. The documents were then filtered to include only those published between 2000 and 2024, reducing the set to 229 records, reflecting a significant period of increased scientific output. During this process, 69 documents, such as conference papers, reviews, book chapters, and notes, were excluded for not meeting eligibility criteria, as they did not provide sufficient empirical data. Next, the remaining 160 articles were evaluated with an additional impact criterion requiring a minimum of 6 citations per study. This filter, aimed at ensuring the inclusion of research recognized by the scientific community, reduced the number to 80 relevant studies (Figure 1). This approach ensured the articles’ relevance and influence within the riverbank erosion control field. The selected studies were subjected to a detailed bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer, a specialized tool for visualizing networks of keyword co-occurrence, co-citation, and relationships between studies. This allowed for identifying central themes, research trends, and the most influential authors and institutions while highlighting thematic clusters showcasing research dynamics and existing knowledge gaps.

The analysis allows for identifying thematic relationships and trends and the visualization of how terms cluster within thematic groups in the scientific literature. This method enables the visualization of how specific terms are interrelated and form thematic clusters. The terms selected in each cluster were identified based on the frequency of their interactions with other terms within the document set, which gives them greater weight and importance in graphical representations. This means that keywords that appear more frequently and in multiple contexts in the literature tend to have more connections, making them central nodes within the thematic clusters, as observed in Figure 2A,B.

Figure 2 presents two key graphs: the co-occurrence graph (A), which illustrates the development and interrelation of keywords, and the temporal evolution graph (B), which shows how these keywords have changed over time in research on “riverbank erosion”, “control”, and “rivers”. Both graphs are essential for understanding the field’s evolution and the predominant research areas. Below are the main clusters identified and their relevance to the research.

3.1.1. Green Cluster: Fluvial Dynamics and Erosion Management

The green cluster, dominated by terms such as “rivers” and “erosion”, highlights the importance of fluvial dynamics and erosion management. These terms, being strongly interconnected with other keywords such as “bank erosion”, “floods”, and “flood control”, emphasize the focus on managing fluvial processes. The temporal evolution of these terms shows an increase in frequency, especially after 2014, indicating a growing interest in flood management and riverbank erosion. This cluster reflects an increasing interest in understanding how fluvial processes affect riverbank erosion and how they can be effectively managed.

3.1.2. Blue Cluster: Sediment Transport and Deposition

The blue cluster studies sediment transport and river deposition, particularly on watersheds and their sediment yields. Keywords such as “sediments”, “sediment transport”, “watersheds”, and “sediment yield” are central to this cluster due to their high frequency of use and their interrelation with other terms in the literature. The frequency of these terms has steadily increased since 2012, reflecting a persistent interest in sediment dynamics and their impact on watersheds. This trend indicates that researchers are increasingly focused on how sediments move and are deposited and the implications this has for watershed morphology and management practices.

3.1.3. Red Cluster: Soil Erosion and Bioengineering Techniques

The red cluster is dedicated to soil erosion and bioengineering techniques for soil conservation. Keywords include “soils”, “soil erosion”, “bioengineering”, and “soil conservation”. The frequency of terms like “bioengineering” and “soil conservation” has significantly increased since 2014, suggesting a trend toward more sustainable and ecological erosion management methods. This cluster reflects a trend towards more sustainable and environmental erosion management methods, highlighting a shift in research towards practices that prevent erosion and promote long-term environmental sustainability.

3.1.4. Yellow Cluster: Floodplains and Soil Reinforcement Techniques

The yellow cluster focuses on floodplains and soil reinforcement techniques to improve stability and reduce erosion. Key terms in this cluster include “floodplain”, “soil reinforcement”, and “reinforcement”. The frequency of these terms has shown a steady increase, particularly in recent years, emphasizing the growing importance of these areas in flood risk management and soil stability. This trend suggests that soil reinforcement practices and floodplain management are increasingly recognized as critical components in mitigating the risks associated with flooding and soil erosion, highlighting the need for integrated strategies that consider erosion prevention and mitigation.

3.2. Highly Cited Articles on Riverbank Erosion Control

Several vital approaches have been identified as fundamental in this field of research with a significant impact based on citations related to riverbank erosion control. These approaches encompass geological and sediment studies, hydraulic processes, the role of vegetation, the effect of extreme events, and innovative analytical techniques. This development allows for a comprehensive and detailed understanding of how different factors contribute to riverbank erosion and strategies for its control.

Geological and sediment studies are crucial for understanding the foundations of riverbank erosion. The article “Brahmaputra sediment flux dominated by highly localized rapid erosion from the easternmost Himalayas” documents the rapid erosion in the eastern Himalayas and its impact on sediment flux in the Brahmaputra River [36]. This study has enhanced our understanding of sediment sources using zircon grain dating through fission and U-Pb methods, with significant implications for hydrological management. Similarly, “Modelling and testing spatially distributed sediment budgets to relate erosion processes to sediment yields” examines the sources, transport, and deposition of sediments in fluvial systems, highlighting the role of riverbank erosion [37]. These studies provide comprehensive analyses and practical relevance in sediment management, establishing a solid foundation for understanding how sediments affect and are affected by erosion.

Furthermore, exploring hydraulic processes and shear stress is essential for understanding the direct influences on riverbank erosion. The article “Hydraulic erosion of cohesive riverbanks” identifies the controls for hydraulic erosion of cohesive riverbanks in an urban stream, demonstrating that maximum excess shear stress during specific events predicts erosion at critical shear stress levels [38]. This conceptual model for estimating riverbank erosion rates based on silt and clay content has been crucial for river management practices. Similarly, Peter M. Atkinson and colleagues, in “Exploring the Relations Between Riverbank Erosion and Geomorphological Controls Using Geographically Weighted Logistic Regression”, use geographically weighted logistic regression to model the relationship between riverbank erosion and geomorphological controls, showcasing the spatial variation of erosion processes [39]. Additionally, “Anthropogenic influence on sedimentation and intertidal mudflat change in San Pablo Bay, California: 1856–1983” examines how human activities have influenced sedimentation and riverbank changes in San Pablo Bay, emphasizing the importance of shear stress in these processes [40]. These studies have provided innovative methodologies and valuable practical applications for river management.

Moreover, the role of vegetation in stabilizing riverbanks is essential for erosion control, building on the knowledge gained from hydraulic processes. In “The Role of Riparian Trees in maintaining riverbank stability: A Review of Australian Experience and Practice”, field and experimental studies on the role of native vegetation in preventing riverbank erosion in Australia are reviewed, highlighting how tree roots reinforce riverbank soils, reducing the likelihood of erosion [41]. The article “History of Bioengineering Techniques for Erosion Control in Rivers in Western Europe” also supports this approach, which reviews vegetation’s historical and contemporary use for riverbank stabilization, including bioengineering techniques [42]. Both studies have significantly influenced riparian management practices focused on maintaining native vegetation and implementing bioengineering solutions.

Additionally, the impact of extreme events on riverbank erosion is a critical factor that can significantly alter previously described processes. The article “Landslides Triggered by the June 2013 extreme rainfall event in Parts of Uttarakhand state, India” by Tapas R. Martha and collaborators reports on landslides caused by extreme rainfall, leading to riverbank erosion and destruction in the Uttarakhand region [43]. Using high-resolution satellite data and landslide inventory mapping, this study has influenced disaster management strategies and riverbank protection. These extreme events underscore the need to consider climatic variability and its impact on erosion control strategies.

Finally, innovative analytical techniques have enabled a more precise understanding of erosion processes and control strategies. In “Bank erosion processes in partially saturated soils: Sieve River, Italy”, M. Rinaldi and colleagues examine the role of flow events and changes in riverbank geometry on bank stability, highlighting the importance of pore water pressures in determining riverbank failure conditions [44]. Similarly, J.P. Julian and R. Torres, in “Identifying controls on cohesive riverbank erosion”, investigate the factors influencing cohesive riverbank erosion, emphasizing the complexity of electrochemical forces and the impact of hydraulic and subaerial erosion [38]. Furthermore, “Qualitative and quantitative applications of LiDAR imagery in fluvial geomorphology” demonstrates how LiDAR technology can assess and model fluvial geomorphology, providing precise data for erosion management [45]. These comprehensive analyses have improved the understanding of cohesive sediment behavior, facilitating riverbank stabilization projects.

3.3. Distribution of the Thematic Axis of Research

Figure 3 illustrates the thematic distribution of research documents categorized by field of study, showing a clear predominance of Environmental Sciences, which account for 34.0% of the total. This indicates a strong focus on studying the ecological impacts of erosion and developing sustainable mitigation strategies. Second, Earth and Planetary Sciences constitute 20.6% of the research, reflecting the importance of understanding geological and fluvial processes affecting riverbanks. Engineering follows with 11.8%, highlighting its significance in developing technological and structural solutions for erosion control.

On the other hand, Agriculture and Biology represent 9.9% of the studies, underscoring the relevance of managing agricultural lands and vegetation for riverbank stability. Social Sciences account for 7.2% of the research, emphasizing the importance of human and socioeconomic dimensions in studying erosion and implementing control measures. Finally, other areas such as Energy (3.2%), Materials Science (2.4%), Computer Science (2.1%), Chemical Engineering (1.6%), and Physics and Astronomy (1.6%) have more miniature representations but still contribute to the thematic diversity in riverbank erosion control, covering specific aspects such as the development of new materials and the computational modeling of erosive processes.

3.4. Temporal Evolution of Publications and Citation

The analysis of the temporal evolution of publications on riverbank erosion reveals a significant increase in research volume over the years. Between 2000 and 2005, the number of publications remained low and relatively stable, with an annual average of fewer than five papers. Starting in 2006, a progressive increase in publications is observed, reaching an initial peak in 2007 with approximately ten papers. This growth stabilized between 2011 and 2016, with a relatively constant number of publications. However, since 2017, the number of publications has shown a sustained increase, reaching a historic high of approximately 25 papers in 2023. Although there was a slight decrease in 2024, the publication levels remain considerably higher than in previous years (Figure 4a).

The impact of these publications is also reflected in the number of annual citations received (Figure 4b). Peaks in citation activity correspond with periods of higher academic output, suggesting that studies published during these periods have significantly impacted the scientific community. Notably, the increase in citations around 2010 indicates that the works published then were widely referenced in subsequent research.

Regarding authorship, the analysis reveals that certain researchers have made notable contributions to this field. Evette A. is the most prolific author, with 14 publications. They are followed by Cavaillé P. and Holanda F.S.R., each with five publications, and Janssen P., Poulin M., and Tisserant M. with four publications (Figure 4c). These authors stand out for their high productivity in the literature on riverbank erosion, indicating continuous and significant involvement in developing research on this topic.

3.5. Bibliometric Analysis by Geographical Location

The bibliometric analysis of the geographic distribution of publications on riverbank erosion reveals that the United States, China, and France are the leading contributors in this field, with 35, 24, and 17 documents, respectively. These are followed by India and the United Kingdom, with 14 and 12 publications, while Canada and Australia have made notable contributions, with 11 and 9 documents each. Countries like Brazil and Italy, with seven publications each, and Bangladesh and Germany, with six documents, have also contributed significantly. On the other hand, Japan has produced five publications, while Austria, New Zealand, and Portugal have each contributed four. Belgium, Indonesia, Pakistan, Poland, and Singapore stand out with three publications each, and other countries such as Chile, Iran, the Netherlands, Nigeria, the Russian Federation, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, the United Arab Emirates, and Vietnam have each contributed two documents (Figure 4a).

Although Colombia has only one publication in this field, it is essential to highlight that this research is highly relevant due to the country’s specific challenges in managing riverbank erosion. This contribution, though modest in number, underscores the need to address this issue in unique geographic and socio-environmental contexts, emphasizing the importance of considering local particularities in mitigation and management strategies (Figure 5a).

Complementing these data, the Sankey diagram (Figure 5b) provides a detailed visual representation of the interconnections among authors and institutions involved in riverbank erosion research, highlighting how the United States, Italy, and Belgium emerge as crucial nodes in these scientific collaboration networks. Notably, the diagram emphasizes how institutions like the U.S. Geological Survey in the United States and the Earth Sciences Department in Italy concentrate on a high volume of publications, fostering dense and robust networks that promote significant international collaboration.

Furthermore, these interconnections reflect not only the quantity of the publications but also the quality and impact of the research produced, indicating an effective integration of researchers from different countries. The high density of connections suggests that these critical institutions can attract and retain international collaborators, essential for advancing the global understanding of riverbank erosion processes. Consequently, these collaborative networks solidify the leading position of these countries in this field and facilitate the dissemination and application of knowledge on a global scale, ensuring that the research conducted has a broad and lasting impact on the scientific community.

3.6. Validation of the Question Pool

The validation of the survey question revealed essential aspects regarding the clarity, specificity, and appropriateness of the proposed items. The validation results indicated that the collaborative review process involving a panel of experts was crucial in refining the questions to ensure they were pertinent but also clear and understandable, while maintaining participant anonymity [46]. This process not only enhanced the quality of the questions but also ensured the reliability of the data collected through the survey.

An analysis based on the average ratings provided by the experts was conducted to determine which questions would be included in the final survey. It was established that only those questions with an average score above 3.5 and a Kendall’s W value indicating moderate to solid agreement, precisely above 0.6, would be included in the final questionnaire. Of the 16 initially proposed questions, only nine were selected for inclusion in the final questionnaire: questions 1 to 8 and 10 met both established criteria [47]. This combination of criteria allowed for a more robust evaluation, considering the average rating of the questions and the level of consensus among the experts. These selected questions achieved an average score above 3.5 and demonstrated Kendall’s W values ranging from 0.677 to 0.844, suggesting a high degree of concordance among the experts. For instance, question 1, which received an average score of 4.3 and a Kendall’s W value of 0.833, stood out for its high rating and strong agreement among the experts, indicating that the question is clear, relevant, and aligned with the survey’s objectives. The use of Kendall’s W, which measures the concordance among evaluators, proved to be a decisive factor in confirming that the selected questions were well-rated on average and consistently evaluated, which is essential for ensuring the consistency of the results.

In contrast, questions that did not meet the established thresholds were excluded from the final questionnaire (

Table 2. Descriptive statistics.

Questions	Percentage					Mean	Standard Deviation	Kendall’s W
	SD (1)	D (2)	N (3)	A (4)	SA (5)
1	0.0%	0.0%	13.3%	46.7%	40.0%	4.3	0.69	0.833
2	0.0%	0.0%	16.7%	63.3%	20.0%	4.0	0.61	0.734
3	0.0%	0.0%	3.3%	66.7%	30.0%	4.3	0.52	0.677
4	0.0%	0.0%	10.0%	60.0%	30.0%	4.2	0.61	0.757
5	0.0%	0.0%	10.0%	63.3%	26.7%	4.2	0.59	0.727
6	0.0%	3.3%	13.3%	83.3%	0.0%	3.8	0.41	0.419
7	0.0%	0.0%	6.7%	66.7%	26.7%	4.2	0.55	0.685
8	0.0%	0.0%	3.3%	63.3%	33.3%	4.3	0.53	0.71
9	0.0%	0.0%	100.0%	0.0%	0.0%	3.0	0.00	0
10	0.0%	3.3%	16.7%	50.0%	30.0%	4.1	0.78	0.844
11	0.0%	3.3%	56.7%	40.0%	0.0%	3.4	0.56	0.755
12	0.0%	3.3%	63.3%	33.3%	0.0%	3.3	0.53	0.71
13	0.0%	6.7%	56.7%	36.7%	0.0%	3.3	0.59	0.769
14	0.0%	3.3%	63.3%	33.3%	0.0%	3.3	0.53	0.71
15	0.0%	6.7%	56.7%	36.7%	0.0%	3.3	0.59	0.769
16	80.0%	3.3%	16.7%	0.0%	0.0%	1.4	0.67	0.769

). For example, question 9, despite being rated as neutral by all the experts, received an average score of 3.0 and a Kendall’s W value of 0, suggesting a lack of consensus on its relevance and an apparent disconnect from the rest of the questions. Similarly, question 16, which received the lowest average score of 1.4 and a high percentage of responses in total disagreement (80%), was also discarded due to its low rating despite its Kendall’s W value of 0.769, which indicates relative agreement on its inappropriateness. This analysis highlights the importance of considering the average ratings and their consistency, as low variability with a low score can indicate an unsuitable question. Other questions, such as 11 to 15, presented average scores between 3.3 and 3.4. Kendall’s W values did not reach the required levels, indicating a lack of sufficient consensus to justify their inclusion in the final questionnaire.

By applying this dual selection criterion, a practical refinement of the questions was achieved, ensuring that those included in the questionnaire were clear and relevant and had strong support from the experts, as reflected in both their high average scores and their elevated Kendall’s W values. This methodology ensures that the final questionnaire comprises items rigorously evaluated and selected based on quality and relevance, supported by significant agreement among the participating experts.

3.7. Implementation and Analysis of the Survey

The survey results (see

Table 3. Distribution of roles and preferences in scour mitigation in Colombia.

Category	Subcategory	Frequency	Percentage
Role	Designer	32	29%
	Consultant	29	26%
	Supervisor	20	18%
	Researcher	18	16%
	Builder	9	8%
	None of the above	2	2%
	Total	110	100%
Riverbank Protection Structures	Gabion Walls	18	16%
	Natural Stone Rip-Rap Walls	18	16%
	Concrete Walls	16	15%
	Concrete-Filled Bags Walls	15	14%
	Artificial Stone Hexapod Walls	11	10%
	Sheet Pile Walls	10	9%
	Sand-Filled Bags Walls	9	8%
	Articulated Concrete Block Walls	8	7%
	Used Tire Walls	5	5%
	None of the above	0	0%
	Total	110	100%
Erosion Mitigation Measures	No	44	40%
	Geobags	22	20%
	Geotextiles	11	10%
	Geocontainers	11	10%
	Soil-Cement Bag Walls	11	10%
	Coverings	11	10%
	Total	110	100%
Awareness of Scour Failures	Yes	68	61%
	No	42	39%
	Total	110	100%
Manuals and Documents Employed	Road Drainage Manual (National Road Institute “Invías”—Colombia)	35	32%
	Erosion Control in Tropical Areas (Research Document on Erosion and Landslides—Colombia)	21	19%
	HEC-23 Manual (Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures—United States)	21	19%
	Others	13	12%
	River Engineering Manual (Document on Hydraulic Behavior of Natural Channels—Mexico)	8	7%
	River Hydraulics (Methodological Guide on River and Basin Hydraulics—Argentina)	6	5%
	None of the above	6	5%
	Total	110	100%
Design Criteria Assessment	None exist	67	61%
	Inadequate	31	28%
	Adequate	12	11%
	Total	110	100%
Erosion Depth Calculation Equations Employed	Lishchvan–Lebediev Equation	33	30%
	None of the above	21	19%
	US Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Equation	14	13%
	Artamonov Equation	9	8%
	Hire Equation	6	5%
	Froehlich Equation	6	5%
	Blench Equation	6	5%
	Neill Equation	3	3%
	Borges Equation	3	3%
	Maynord Equation	3	3%
	Lacey Equation	3	3%
	Others	3	3%
	Khosronejad et al. Equation	0	0%
	Universidad de los Andes “ULA Equation”	0	0%
	Total	110	100%
Countermeasures for Scour Employed	Rip-Rap	32	29%
	Gabions	20	18%
	Sand-Filled Bags	12	11%
	Tires	12	11%
	None of the above	12	11%
	Vegetation (multiple rows) at flow attack edge	10	9%
	Shoe	8	7%
	Deflector Wall	2	2%
	Pavers and vegetation	2	2%
	Submerged paddles combined with Rip-Rap	0	0%
	Others	0	0%
	Total	110	100%
Frequency of Supervision for Erosion Control Measures	Never	55	50%
	Annually	31	28%
	More than once a year	19	17%
	Biennially	5	5%
	Total	110	100%

) reveal a distinct distribution of roles involved in scour mitigation in Colombia. Designers (29%) and consultants (26%) constitute the majority of respondents, indicating that conceptualization and advisory services are critical aspects of implementing bank protection measures. This finding aligns with the importance of specialized technical knowledge during the initial planning stages. Additionally, the significant presence of supervisors (18%) and researchers (16%) suggests a strong involvement of technical personnel in supervision and applied research, reinforcing the idea of an integrated approach that combines theory and practice. On the other hand, the low representation of contractors (8%) might indicate that the direct execution of works is less involved in initial decision-making, potentially reflecting a separation between planning and execution in these projects. The small percentage of respondents who did not identify with any predefined role (2%) may be related to the emergence of new roles or the participation of actors who do not fit into traditional categories.

The results of analyzing preferred bank protection structures show that gabion walls and natural rip-rap are the most commonly used, each with 16%. This pattern indicates a preference for solutions that have been proven to be effective in practice and can integrate more naturally into the environment, which may explain their popularity. These structures are closely followed by concrete walls (15%) and filled concrete bags (14%), which remain dominant options despite their potential environmental impacts and the need for increased maintenance. The lower adoption of structures such as artificial stone hexapod walls (10%) and sheet pile walls (9%) may be linked to high costs or applicability in specific contexts, limiting their widespread use. Notably, sandbag walls (8%) and articulated concrete blocks (7%) have even less representation, which may suggest their use in emergencies or contexts requiring temporary solutions.

Further examination of erosion mitigation methods reveals that 40% of respondents do not implement specific measures. This figure is alarming as it suggests a significant gap in adopting erosion control practices, possibly due to a lack of knowledge, limited resources, or the perception of high costs associated with these measures. Among those implementing measures, geobags (20%) and geotextiles (10%) are the most common. This may indicate a preference for flexible and adaptable solutions, allowing their use in various geographical and climatic conditions. However, it may also reflect limited access to more advanced technologies or a greater reliance on traditional solutions.

Regarding documentation and manuals, the Road Drainage Manual of the National Roads Institute (Invías—Colombia) is the most cited resource, with 32% of responses. This result highlights the importance of national documents adapted to the local context, facilitating their application and relevance. Other documents mentioned, such as “Erosion Control in Tropical Areas” and the HEC-23 Manual, each cited by 19% of respondents, indicate that professionals also turn to specialized and internationally recognized guides, suggesting a combination of both local and global resources in professional practice.

A critical finding is that 61% of respondents consider no adequate design criteria for addressing erosion, while 28% consider them inadequate. This underscores a significant deficiency in existing regulations, which could negatively impact the implementation of effective erosion control measures. Only 11% of respondents believe that the current criteria are sufficient, reinforcing the need for updating and adapting design criteria to specific local conditions. Concerning the equations used to calculate erosion depth, the Lishchvan–Lebediev equation is the most employed, with 30% of responses. This result may be related to the ease of use and historical validation of this equation in the Colombian context. Nevertheless, the diversity of other equations used, albeit in smaller percentages, indicates a lack of consensus within the professional community. This could lead to variability in design approaches and, potentially, in the outcomes achieved in practice.

4. Discussion

4.1. Co-Occurrence Analysis

The co-occurrence analysis of keywords aims to reveal relationships and trends in research on “riverbank”, “erosion”, and “control”. This approach not only identifies dominant themes and emerging areas but also potential knowledge gaps, providing a solid foundation for future research and the implementation of effective practices. Recent studies have validated the importance of these analyses for understanding the dynamics of fluvial processes and erosion management. For example, a study by Das et al. [48] analyzed the interactions between riverbank erosion and hydrodynamic forces, highlighting the significance of keyword co-occurrence in erosion research. Similarly, Chassiot et al. [49] conducted a bibliometric review on bank erosion in cold environments, emphasizing the relevance of co-occurrence analyses for identifying patterns and trends in the scientific literature.

First, it is essential to highlight that the green cluster focuses on adaptive management strategies for erosion control and diversifying aquatic habitats. Recent research has demonstrated the effectiveness of removing bank protection and constructing structures to enhance controlled erosion in the Rhine River, thereby diversifying aquatic habitats [10]. Additionally, a study on the meandering rivers of Zoige indicated that daily flow variability can significantly impact the composite erosion of riverbanks [50]. These findings suggest that adaptive management and structural intervention can effectively control erosion and enhance aquatic biodiversity, providing significant ecological and socioeconomic benefits [51]. Therefore, natural resource managers must consider approaches that balance erosion protection with biodiversity promotion.

On the other hand, the blue cluster highlights the importance of integrating computational models with field observations to understand erosion and sediment transport processes. A study on the Ordos Plateau (China) underscored the importance of aeolian-fluvial interactions in desert channel erosion [52]. Similarly, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling has been used to estimate riverbank erosion in the Asker River, showing how flow structures can affect erosion [53]. These results emphasize the need to integrate computational models and field observations to develop a holistic understanding of sediment transport processes, which can improve watershed management strategies and water resource conservation [54]. Furthermore, the red cluster uses vegetation and bioengineering techniques to mitigate erosion and enhance soil quality. A study on the fluvial erosion rate of cohesive banks demonstrated that soil and water temperature play a crucial role in erosion [55]. Additionally, a new framework for modeling hydraulic erosion considering root effects showed that vegetation can significantly reduce erosion in specific contexts [56]. Consequently, these studies suggest that incorporating vegetation and bioengineering techniques into soil conservation plans can mitigate erosion, improve soil quality, and promote biodiversity, contributing to long-term environmental sustainability [57].

Finally, the yellow cluster addresses the need for integrated strategies considering erosion prevention and mitigation. A study on turbulence structure and erosion processes in a dredged channel showed that pit excavation can significantly increase riverbank erosion [58]. Similarly, the response of erosion and deposition in the lower Yellow River channel highlighted how changes in water and sediment influence bank stability [59]. These results underline the necessity of integrated strategies considering erosion prevention and mitigation, including floodplain management and soil reinforcement techniques to enhance strength and reduce the risk of flooding-related natural disasters [58]. Integrating these strategies can help ensure the resilience of fluvial landscapes against extreme weather events and changes in land use.

4.2. Highly Cited Articles on Riverbank Erosion Control

The most cited articles on riparian erosion control have provided valuable insights and advanced methodologies that enhance our understanding and ability to address this environmental challenge. Firstly, geological and sediment characterization is essential for effectively tackling riparian erosion. Duró et al. [25] demonstrated how advanced photogrammetry techniques, such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Structure from Motion (UAV-SfM), can yield precise data on sediment dynamics, facilitating more informed riparian management. This type of analysis helps identify the most vulnerable areas to erosion and develop targeted mitigation strategies. In addition to geological foundations, recent studies on hydraulic processes have improved our understanding of how variations in shear stress affect riparian erosion. Gasser et al. [56] developed a framework for modeling the hydraulic erosion of riverbanks, incorporating the mechanical effects of roots and providing a probabilistic model for erosion scenarios. This approach allows for evaluating vegetation’s effectiveness in reducing erosion rates and enhancing risk management strategies in forested channels.

Vegetation also plays a crucial role in stabilizing riverbanks. Capobianco et al. [60] demonstrated that combining various plant species, such as trees, shrubs, and grasses, can significantly improve riverbank stability and promote biodiversity. This research complements the findings of Valyrakis et al. [61], who found that riparian vegetation density can influence flow dynamics and riverbed stability. On the other hand, the impact of extreme events, such as intense rainfall and landslides, is a critical factor that must be considered in erosion management strategies. Hao et al. [62] investigated the effects of hydropower dam operations and their fluctuations in water levels, highlighting the importance of incorporating climatic variability into management models. Additionally, Krzeminska et al. [63] demonstrated how seasonal changes in vegetation and hydrological conditions can affect riverbank stability.

Finally, advanced analytical techniques have transformed our ability to assess and manage riparian erosion. Hayes et al. [54] showed how technologies such as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) can significantly enhance the accuracy of erosion models, facilitating the implementation of more effective stabilization projects. Furthermore, Dubey et al. [51] demonstrated that bio-cementation using calcifying bacterial communities could offer a sustainable solution for reducing soil erodibility.

4.3. Distribution of the Thematic Axis of Research

The predominance of Environmental Sciences, representing 34.0%, indicates a strong focus on understanding and mitigating the ecological impacts of erosion. This high representation reflects global concern for the environment and the need to develop sustainable erosion control strategies, including techniques such as bioengineering and bio-cementation [51]. In contrast, Earth and Planetary Sciences, accounting for 20.6%, are essential for understanding the fluvial and geological processes influencing riverbank erosion. These studies provide the foundation for identifying and analyzing geological factors contributing to erosion, which is crucial for developing effective control strategies. A recent survey on riverbank erosion in cold climates highlights the dominant processes of fluvial and thermal erosion and the anticipated impacts of climate change [49].

Moreover, Engineering, with 11.8% of the research, plays a vital role in developing technological solutions for erosion control. Innovations in this field, such as bioengineering techniques and containment structures, are crucial for protecting infrastructure near rivers. Applying these techniques in hydroelectric plants to control the surface erosion of riverbanks is an example of their practical implementation [64]. Similarly, the focus on Agriculture and Biology, representing 9.9%, underscores the importance of managing agricultural lands and riparian vegetation for riverbank stability. Sustainable farming practices and the conservation of riparian vegetation are fundamental for preventing erosion and maintaining the health of riparian ecosystems. Riparian vegetation is crucial for bank stability and erosion prevention [65].

Finally, Social Sciences, representing 7.2% of the research, reflect the importance of understanding human and socioeconomic dimensions of riverbank erosion. The impacts of erosion on local communities, water management policies, and community engagement are essential for developing effective and sustainable control strategies. Community participation in riverbank protection programs is effective [66]. Although fields such as Energy (3.2%), Materials Science (2.4%), Computer Science (2.1%), Chemical Engineering (1.6%), and Physics and Astronomy (1.6%) have more miniature representations, they remain relevant to erosion control. These disciplines contribute to specific aspects, such as developing new materials for containment structures and the computational modeling of erosion processes [67]. Longitudinal vegetation techniques and sedimentation have effectively reduced erosion and improved water quality [6].

4.4. Temporal Evolution of Publications and Citations

The temporal evolution of publications on riverbank erosion reflects a growing focus within the scientific community on mitigating this significant environmental issue. The increase in scientific production since 2006 coincides with a heightened recognition of the environmental challenges associated with riverbank erosion and the need for practical solutions to mitigate its impacts [38,51]. This growth has been facilitated by advances in technologies and methodologies, enabling researchers to more precisely and comprehensively address erosive processes, as documented in recent studies on erosion in cold environments and its relationship with climate change [49]. The observed correlation between peaks in the number of publications and citations, particularly the notable rise in citations around 2010, confirms the relevance and impact of studies published during that period [49]. This phenomenon has been supported by research demonstrating how adopting new technologies and improved soil conservation policies have played a crucial role in recent erosion research [68]. These advancements have increased the number of studies and enhanced their quality, contributing significantly to the development of the field.

The period of stabilization in document production between 2011 and 2016, accompanied by fluctuations in citations, can be interpreted as a phase of methodological consolidation [49]. During this time, research focused on refining and applying established methodologies, as evidenced by studies on the relationship between water management practices and river stability in climate change [69]. This focus has allowed for the refinement of available tools, which may explain the reduced variability in impact as measured by citations. The marked increase in publications from 2020 to 2024, peaking in 2023, is linked to the intensification of global issues such as climate change, which has exacerbated erosion phenomena worldwide [49]. This pattern is documented in recent studies highlighting how climate variability and human activities, such as sand mining and infrastructure development, have significantly contributed to riverbank erosion in vulnerable regions like the Mekong Delta [70]. This surge in research is also attributed to a combination of factors, including developing more effective policies and implementing new modeling methodologies [68].

Finally, the variability in the impacts of climate change at the regional level suggests that the increase in research may also reflect responses to specific regional dynamics. This is evident in studies analyzing how climate variability has influenced erosion rates in subarctic regions and other climatically sensitive areas [69]. Research in these regions has been fundamental in understanding local dynamics and their impact on riverbank stability, providing crucial information for mitigation policies in regional contexts [71].

4.5. Bibliometric Analysis by Geographical Location

The geographic analysis of publications highlights countries such as the United States, China, and India as leaders in water resource management research, as evidenced by the high volume of scientific journals from these nations. This leadership can be attributed to several key factors [20,72,73]. In the United States and China, the combination of advanced research infrastructure and solid governmental support has facilitated the production of studies in terms of quality and quantity. Specifically, China has undergone rapid urbanization and sustained economic growth, which has increased the need to address challenges related to riverbank erosion and the sustainable management of water resources. This has driven extensive research to mitigate these processes’ adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems [74]. India, facing similar challenges due to accelerated urbanization and climate change, has focused on developing practical and sustainable solutions for riverbank protection and erosion mitigation, reflecting the need for adaptive solutions in regions with high amounts of climate variability [75].

Additionally, France, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom have made significant contributions with research that integrates technical and ecological solutions. In Europe, river engineering and aquatic ecosystem management have been predominant themes, while in Australia, the emphasis has been on protecting biodiversity in riparian zones, underscoring the importance of preserving ecological integrity in riverine environments [51,73]. Despite having a lower volume of publications, Italy, Bangladesh, and Japan have concentrated their research on specific technical aspects and the challenges of erosion in diverse geographic and climatic contexts, demonstrating the importance of tailoring research to the unique characteristics of each region [76].

In contrast to leading research countries, Colombia exhibits a significantly lower volume of scientific publications, partly attributed to limitations in research infrastructure and relatively low levels of investment in science and technology—factors that impact the country’s scientific output [77,78]. However, Colombia faces significant challenges related to intense rainfall and landslides, which have sparked growing interest in developing riverbank protection strategies adapted to local conditions [79,80]. Despite the reduced number of publications, it is essential to highlight that research in Colombia is in an emerging phase, with a primary focus on understanding and mitigating the risks associated with natural phenomena.

For instance, in the Magdalena River basin, erosion mitigation strategies have been implemented, including riparian vegetation restoration and the construction of control structures, which have been proven to be effective in protecting local communities from natural disasters [81]. Similarly, in the Andean region, research advances have led to the development of early warning systems for landslides, significantly improving response capabilities to extreme natural events [82]. Additionally, ecological restoration efforts have resulted in notable improvements in riverbank stability and local biodiversity in the Cauca River basin, underscoring the importance of integrating ecological approaches into water resource management [83].

On the Caribbean coast of Colombia, climate change adaptation strategies, such as the construction of natural barriers and mangrove management, have been essential for protecting coastal communities and preserving marine habitats vital for regional biodiversity [84]. Finally, in the Santurbán páramo, an integrated approach to sustainable water management has been developed, involving both local communities and authorities. This approach highlights the importance of conserving this critical ecosystem, which is crucial for water supply in various country regions [85]. Collectively, these efforts, focused on Colombia’s specific needs, are fundamental for addressing local challenges and position Colombian researchers to make more significant contributions to the global scientific literature in the future [86].

The Sankey diagram clearly illustrates how scientific collaborations in riverbank erosion research are organized globally, highlighting the significance of geographical proximity and the strength of relationships between institutions. Recent studies confirm that while geographical proximity remains relevant in scientific collaborations, international networks have increasingly transcended these physical barriers, expanding their global impact [87]. Additionally, institutions in countries like the United States and Italy, which appear as central nodes in the diagram, stand out for their high volume of scientific output and their capacity to lead international collaborations. This underscores the importance of combining geographical proximity with solid institutional leadership to establish high-impact scientific networks [88]. Moreover, the reduction of “gravitational attraction” in scientific collaborations, facilitated by advancements in technology and communication, has enabled institutions to overcome geographical limitations, thus promoting broader and more diverse collaborations [89].

4.6. Validation of the Question Pool

Evaluating erosion mitigation practices in Colombia underscores the importance of a well-structured and validated survey design to obtain precise and relevant data. The collaborative review of the questionnaire not only ensured the clarity and specificity of the questions but also facilitated the inclusion of those with high average ratings, thereby guaranteeing the relevance and effectiveness of the final survey [90]. This collaborative review process aligns with the recent literature, emphasizing the importance of rigorous validation procedures to adequately capture all evaluated aspects while preserving participant anonymity [46,91,92].

The results in Table 2 indicate that the selected questions received average ratings exceeding 3.5, reflecting high acceptance and relevance among participants. This suggests that the questions were well-received and that the measurement items were appropriate for assessing erosion mitigation practices in Colombia. This approach, consistent with best practices in survey design, ensures that the collected data are of high quality and can be used to inform effective mitigation strategies and decisions [47,93]. In this context, it is essential to highlight that the validity and reliability of surveys, when rigorously designed and validated, contribute not only to data accuracy but also to the relevance of the findings for decision-making in complex contexts such as erosion mitigation. The exclusion of questions with lower average ratings reinforces the principle that only the most relevant and clear questions should be included in final surveys. This principle is supported by research that emphasizes the need to use robust statistical criteria for item selection, ensuring that the questions are specific and free from ambiguity, which is essential for the quality of the collected data [94]. In line with this, [95] demonstrated that neglecting a proper survey design can lead to biased conclusions, underscoring the importance of considering survey design not merely as a technical procedure but as an integral part of the research process that ensures the robustness of the recommendations derived from the data.

Moreover, continuous adaptation and validation of surveys are crucial to maintaining their relevance in changing contexts. [96] demonstrated that constant validation and adaptation of scales used in surveys ensure their pertinence and accuracy in specific contexts, which is critical for their practical application in environmental studies and other fields. This approach ensures that surveys capture high-quality data and serve as valuable tools for informed, evidence-based decision-making, as required in Colombia’s study of erosion mitigation practices.

4.7. Implementation and Analysis of the Survey

Evaluating erosion mitigation practices in Colombia underscores the urgent need for an integrated approach combining advanced technical knowledge and solid practical experience. The sample’s predominance of designers, consultants, and supervisors highlights the importance of involving professionals with specific expertise in implementing riverbank protection measures. This aligns with research emphasizing the necessity of multidisciplinary and specialized approaches to address riverbank erosion, mainly when nature-based solutions are employed. A recent study underlines that the success of these interventions largely depends on the technical capabilities of the involved professionals, who must integrate on-site monitoring with numerical analysis and laboratory experiments to improve current procedures and standards [97,98].

On the other hand, when analyzing the types of structures used for riverbank protection, the prevalence of gabion walls and natural rip-rap indicates a preference for solutions that have been proven to be effective and relatively easy to implement. This finding is supported by studies in Brazil that confirm the efficacy of gabions combined with geotextiles in controlling erosion on reservoir banks, demonstrating positive results in both the short and long term [99,100]. However, other studies suggest that gabions may not be optimal in all contexts. For instance, in Mexico, it has been observed that gabion dams retain less gravel compared to masonry dams, which may limit their effectiveness in specific environments [101].

It is alarming that 40% of respondents do not employ specific erosion mitigation measures, particularly given the severity of water erosion in regions such as the Colombian Andes. Deforestation in the Magdalena River basin has significantly increased sediment loads in rivers, exacerbating erosion problems. This phenomenon has been documented in studies showing that deforestation increased erosion rates by 33% between 1972 and 2010 [102,103]. This issue has also been observed in the Combeima River basin, where more than 50% of the basin area exhibits very high annual soil losses, highlighting the ineffectiveness of current management practices in mitigating erosion [83].

The high utilization of the Road Drainage Manual of the National Roads Institute (INVIAS—Colombia) reflects a preference for national documents, indicating the greater accessibility and relevance of these resources in the local context. This pattern is consistent with studies that emphasize the importance of using guides and manuals adapted to local conditions to enhance the effectiveness of interventions [104]. However, the widespread perception that there are either no adequate design criteria for addressing erosion (61%) or inadequate criteria (28%) highlights a significant gap in current regulations. This is reflected in studies conducted in Colombia, which indicate that the lack of design criteria tailored to local conditions has resulted in the implementation of structures that, in many cases, have failed to achieve the desired objectives, especially in coastal areas where the use of hard structures has been predominantly ineffective [105,106]. Additionally, the popularity of the Lishchvan–Lebediev equation, used by 30% of respondents, is due to its ease of use and historical validation. However, recent studies suggest that under certain conditions, other equations might offer more accurate and locally adapted predictions [107].

Finally, the low frequency of the supervision of erosion control measures, with 50% of respondents indicating that it is never performed, suggests resource limitations or a lack of standardized protocols for maintenance and monitoring. This issue aligns with research highlighting the critical importance of proper supervision and maintenance to ensure the long-term effectiveness of erosion control measures. In Brazil, studies at hydroelectric plants have demonstrated that a lack of regular maintenance can lead to failures in erosion control structures, underscoring the need for more rigorous and sustainable supervision practices to improve the durability and effectiveness of interventions [64]. However, studies in Ghana suggest that biological geotextiles can offer a sustainable and efficient solution for reducing erosion and retaining sediments, although their effectiveness heavily depends on climatic conditions and proper management during installation [108].

4.8. Future Perspectives on Riverbank Protection

Future research must focus on several key areas to address the ongoing challenges riverbank scour poses. Firstly, advancing computational methodologies to predict and model scour processes is essential. Developing more accurate models, such as those that combine process-based predictions with spatial economic assessments, can enhance the financial feasibility of control measures. Models like PESERA-DESMICE, which have been proven to be effective in various contexts, can be valuable tools for evaluating the economic viability of protection techniques [15]. Additionally, integrating cost-effective techniques like contour management and mulching with advanced numerical models to reduce runoff and scour is crucial. Implementing micro-dikes and conservation tillage should be further investigated to assess their effectiveness in different contexts. Considering each locality’s specific costs and benefits, these integrated approaches have succeeded in regions like the United Kingdom, where erosion control techniques have been adapted to local conditions [16,17].

The impact of climate change on riverbank scour is a critical consideration for future research. The increase in extreme weather events and changes in precipitation patterns can exacerbate riverbank erosion, necessitating the development of models that incorporate these climatic factors to more accurately predict areas at risk [49]. Furthermore, emerging technologies such as drones, Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, and artificial intelligence for monitoring and predicting riverbank erosion can revolutionize this field. These technologies enable continuous and real-time surveillance, enhancing the ability to respond quickly to early warning signs [48].

Adopting interdisciplinary approaches that combine hydrology, geology, ecology, engineering, and economics is vital for developing comprehensive solutions to riverbank scour. Collaboration among these disciplines can provide a more complete understanding of natural processes and technological solutions, ensuring that implemented measures are effective and sustainable. Research should involve local communities in implementing solutions, as their knowledge and participation are crucial for long-term success [109]. Additionally, a greater emphasis on nature-based solutions, such as riparian vegetation restoration and bioengineering, can offer sustainable and ecological methods for controlling erosion [15].

Proposing international comparative studies is essential to identify best practices and adapt the most effective solutions to different geographic and climatic contexts. Moreover, research on legal and political aspects affecting the implementation of protection measures should be prioritized to overcome barriers and facilitate the adoption of innovative solutions. Studies on the long-term socioeconomic impact of riverbank protection measures are equally important to ensure that investments in protection infrastructure are justifiable and beneficial for affected communities [16]. Establishing long-term monitoring programs cannot be overstated, as they provide essential data to evaluate the effectiveness of implemented measures and adjust strategies as needed.

Finally, improving knowledge transfer mechanisms between academia, industry, and policymakers is crucial to ensure that scientific advances translate into applicable and effective practices. Creating collaboration platforms and information exchange networks can facilitate this knowledge transfer, promoting more effective integration of research into riverbank scour management policies and practices.

More effective and sustainable strategies can be developed to mitigate riverbank scour and protect vital infrastructure by focusing on these critical and emerging areas. Integrating advanced modeling methodologies, emerging technologies, interdisciplinary approaches, and community participation, combined with international comparative studies and a focus on nature-based solutions, will enable a better understanding and management of riverbank scour in diverse regions. These collective efforts will improve the financial viability of control measures and ensure that adopted solutions are suitable and sustainable in the long term [17,18].

5. Conclusions

The bibliometric analysis of the literature on riverbank erosion reveals significant growth in publications since 2000, driven by increasing concerns about climate change and sustainable water management. Terms such as “control” and “protection” have emerged as fundamental in this field, highlighting their relevance in current research. This growth is particularly evident in Environmental Sciences, Earth sciences, and engineering, with the United States, China, and India leading in knowledge production, underscoring their leadership in mitigating riverbank erosion.

In Colombia, despite the availability of practical techniques such as gabion walls and riparian vegetation, 40% of professionals do not implement them, posing a significant risk to infrastructure. This statistic emphasizes the need for increased training, the promotion of proven practices, and the proper allocation of resources to ensure protection against erosion. Additionally, adopting these measures is essential to enhance the resilience of hydraulic infrastructures against the challenges posed by climate change, thereby ensuring their long-term sustainability.