Enzymatically Driven Mineralization of a Calcium–Polyphosphate Bleaching Gel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Assessment of ALP Activity and Its Secondary Structure Using Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy (CD)
2.2. Assessment of PO43− Levels
2.3. Enamel Preparation and Bleaching Treatment
2.4. Color (ΔE, ΔE00, ΔWID) Assessment
2.5. Surface Microhardness (SMH) and Cross-Sectional Microhardness (CSMH) Assessment
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Activity and Secondary Structure of ALP
3.2. PO43− Levels
3.3. Color (ΔE, ΔE00, ΔWID)
3.4. Surface Microhardness (SMH)
3.5. Cross-Sectional Microhardness (CSMH)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- -
- ALP activity was higher in mediums with pH 9, reduced in H2O2 mediums, and remained similar in Tris- or water-based thickeners.
- -
- The PO43− levels were higher following the incorporation of ALP into gel thickener solutions, indicating high polymer scission.
- -
- Both HP-CaPP-ALP (ALP-H and ALP-T) solutions demonstrated adequate bleaching effectiveness.
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- The HP-CaPP-ALP gels exhibited increased enamel surface microhardness after treatment when compared to the commercial or experimental gels without CaPP. Moreover, the ALP-T group exhibited the highest microhardness values after treatment.
- -
- The higher PO43− levels in the ALP-T group increased microhardness without decreasing bleaching effectiveness, which suggests a bioinspired remineralization potential.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment Groups | Composition | Batch | Manipulation |
---|---|---|---|
Control | No bleaching gel | - | - |
Commercial | Glycol, inorganic fillers, H2O2-30–35 wt%, mixture of pigments, deionized water, thickener. | 061222 | Mix the components in a 3:1 proportion for 30 s. |
Exp-H/Exp-T | Glycerol, propylene glycol, H2O2-35 wt%, deionized water or Tris buffer solution, acrylic acid thickener. | 23/16101 | |
CaPP-H/CaPP-T | Glycerol, propylene glycol, H2O2-35 wt%, deionized water or Tris buffer solution, acrylic acid thickener, CaPP 0.5 wt%. | 23/16102 | |
ALP-H/ALP-T | Glycerol, propylene glycol, H2O2-35 wt%, deionized water or Tris buffer solution, acrylic acid thickener, CaPP 0.5 wt%, ALP (thickener). | 23/16103 |
Distance (µm)/Multiple Comparisons (Distances) | 1 Group | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Commercial | Exp-H | CaPP-H | ALP-H | Exp-T | CaPP-T | ALP-T | |
Mean (Standard Deviation) | ||||||||
10/d | 253.80 (46.09) | 229.27 (48.36) | 225.79 (33.32) | 261.52 (44.47) | 257.23 (63.62) | 252.63 (41.45) | 268.00 (41.14) | 282.98 (44.07) |
20/c | 315.00 (38.43) | 299.19 (42.05) | 290.14 (39.99) | 327.24 (29.84) | 325.07 (56.57) | 308.15 (46.48) | 338.72 (44.76) | 354.99 (18.63) |
40/b | 357.19 (29.88) | 343.43 (25.72) | 309.19 (35.97) | 352.00 (26.87) | 354.71 (47.32) | 346.58 (28.99) | 354.93 (36.11) | 381.47 (20.81) |
60/b | 356.66 (26.13) | 352.95 (26.42) | 317.96 (47.54) | 359.04 (23.27) | 358.61 (58.31) | 340.80 (42.03) | 359.27 (37.05) | 382.85 (19.23) |
80/b | 363.74 (28.75) | 345.53 (29.77) | 322.34 (41.43) | 352.46 (18.62) | 352.47 (57.49) | 339.12 (31.32) | 362.22 (36.78) | 386.80 (19.36) |
100/a | 370.85 (39.25) | 346.59 (30.10) | 329.56 (42.04) | 359.77 (18.33) | 360.73 (62.74) | 349.64 (29.56) | 367.34 (40.88) | 390.13 (15.44) |
120/a | 370.64 (32.70) | 354.94 (25.09) | 329.87 (42.09) | 369.51 (19.73) | 357.56 (58.48) | 348.79 (30.21) | 367.02 (39.38) | 384.07 (15.88) |
140/a | 371.80 (36.63) | 342.79 (31.93) | 330.85 (45.03) | 370.35 (15.59) | 360.98 (61.72) | 343.10 (29.79) | 368.86 (48.97) | 394.55 (18.15) |
160/a | 374.00 (36.79) | 350.06 (39.45) | 335.78 (46.73) | 364.65 (18.90) | 360.43 (63.80) | 344.84 (27.62) | 370.25 (36.30) | 393.73 (12.76) |
180/a | 371.32 (36.31) | 348.36 (38.10) | 330.31 (44.89) | 369.91 (28.38) | 365.69 (61.55) | 348.78 (26.32) | 365.95 (36.70) | 402.54 (16.18) |
Multiple comparisons (groups) | B | C | C | B | BC | BC | B | A |
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Ortiz, M.I.G.; Corrales Ureña, Y.R.; Aguiar, F.H.B.; Lima, D.A.N.L.; Rischka, K. Enzymatically Driven Mineralization of a Calcium–Polyphosphate Bleaching Gel. Bioengineering 2024, 11, 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11010083
Ortiz MIG, Corrales Ureña YR, Aguiar FHB, Lima DANL, Rischka K. Enzymatically Driven Mineralization of a Calcium–Polyphosphate Bleaching Gel. Bioengineering. 2024; 11(1):83. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11010083
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrtiz, Mariangela Ivette Guanipa, Yendry Regina Corrales Ureña, Flávio Henrique Baggio Aguiar, Débora Alves Nunes Leite Lima, and Klaus Rischka. 2024. "Enzymatically Driven Mineralization of a Calcium–Polyphosphate Bleaching Gel" Bioengineering 11, no. 1: 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11010083