Enhancing Laying Hens’ Performance, Egg Quality, Shelf Life during Storage, and Blood Biochemistry with Spirulina platensis Supplementation
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals, Experimental Design and Feed Management
2.2. Hens’ Performance and Egg Production Parameters
2.3. Determination of Egg Quality Parameters
2.4. Blood Sampling and Laboratory Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Effect of Spirulina platensis on the Productive Performance of Laying Hens
3.2. The Effect of Spirulina platensis on Egg Quality Criteria of Laying Hens
3.3. Effects of Spirulina platensis on Storage Egg Quality
3.4. The Effects of Spirulina platensis on Serum Biochemical Parameters of Laying Hens
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients | % |
---|---|
Corn | 63.12 |
Soybean meal 48% CP | 22.56 |
Soybean oil | 2.00 |
Vitamins premix 1 | 0.25 |
Minerals premix 1 | 0.05 |
Limestone | 9.66 |
Mono-calcium phosphate | 1.74 |
Salt | 0.29 |
Sodium Bicarbonate | 0.13 |
DL-Methionine | 0.20 |
Total | 100.00 |
Calculated composition | |
Crude Protein (%) | 16.50 |
ME (kcal/kg) | 2882 |
Calcium (%) | 4.00 |
Available P (%) | 0.47 |
Crude fiber (%) | 1.88 |
Crude fat (%) | 4.41 |
Lysine (%) | 0.84 |
Methionine (%) | 0.46 |
Methionine + Cysteine (%) | 0.74 |
Threonine (%) | 0.61 |
Tryptophan (%) | 0.21 |
Arginine (%) | 1.04 |
Parameters | Spirulina platensis (g/kg) | SEM | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 2.5 | 5.0 | 10 | Lin | Quad | ||
39–40 weeks of age | |||||||
Egg weight (g/hen/day) | 64.6 | 65.5 | 65.4 | 64.3 | 1.0 | 0.837 | 0.340 |
Egg mass (g/hen/day) | 58.9 | 61.2 | 61.6 | 59.9 | 1.3 | 0.528 | 0.122 |
Hen day egg production (%) | 91.2 | 93.6 | 94.3 | 93.1 | 1.6 | 0.381 | 0.287 |
Feed intake (g/hen/day) | 114.4 | 120.0 | 116.8 | 119.9 | 1.7 | 0.091 | 0.469 |
Feed conversion ratio | 1.948 | 1.964 | 1.895 | 2.010 | 0.039 | 0.494 | 0.203 |
41–42 weeks of age | |||||||
Egg weight, (g/hen/day) | 64.1 b | 66.2 a | 66.4 a | 64.8 b | 0.8 | 0.531 | 0.023 |
Egg mass (g/hen/day) | 58.9 b | 61.9 a | 62.6 a | 60.9 ab | 0.9 | 0.107 | 0.013 |
Hen day egg production (%) | 92 | 93.4 | 94.3 | 94 | 1.6 | 0.319 | 0.575 |
Feed intake (g/hen/day) | 120.3 | 118.9 | 119.2 | 117.1 | 3.0 | 0.498 | 0.915 |
Feed conversion ratio | 2.054 | 1.924 | 1.902 | 1.926 | 0.057 | 0.143 | 0.212 |
43–44 weeks of age | |||||||
Egg weight, (g/hen/day) | 63.6 b | 65.6 a | 66.3 a | 64.2 b | 1.0 | 0.603 | 0.045 |
Egg mass (g/hen/day) | 57 b | 61.2 a | 62.3 a | 59.4 ab | 1.2 | 0.130 | 0.006 |
Hen day egg production (%) | 89.6 | 93.3 | 94 | 92.9 | 2.0 | 0.242 | 0.224 |
Feed intake (g/hen/day) | 110.6 b | 117.8 a | 117.5 a | 116 a | 1.7 | 0.041 | 0.015 |
Feed conversion ratio | 1.946 | 1.925 | 1.886 | 1.958 | 0.034 | 0.978 | 0.202 |
39–44 weeks of age | |||||||
Egg weight (g/hen/day) | 64.1 b | 65.8 a | 66.1 a | 64.4 b | 0.8 | 0.732 | 0.042 |
Egg mass (g/hen/day) | 58.2 b | 61.4 a | 62.2 a | 60.1 ab | 0.9 | 0.120 | 0.005 |
Hen day egg production (%) | 90.9 | 93.4 | 94.2 | 93.3 | 1.4 | 0.216 | 0.241 |
Feed intake (g/hen/day) | 115.1 | 118.9 | 117.8 | 117.7 | 1.5 | 0.314 | 0.190 |
Feed conversion ratio | 1.982 | 1.937 | 1.894 | 1.959 | 0.033 | 0.453 | 0.099 |
Parameters | Spirulina platensis (g/kg) | SEM | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 2.5 | 5.0 | 10 | Lin | Quad | ||
40 weeks of age | |||||||
Haugh unit score | 73.12 b | 78.04 ab | 82.98 a | 74.52 ab | 1.47 | 0.485 | 0.022 |
Yolk color score | 3.92 c | 4.60 b | 5.26 a | 5.07 ab | 0.12 | <0.001 | 0.036 |
Egg strength (kg) | 5.66 | 5.73 | 5.35 | 5.82 | 0.14 | 0.939 | 0.491 |
Shell thickness (mm) | 0.63 | 0.58 | 0.62 | 0.57 | 0.01 | 0.250 | 0.771 |
42 weeks of age | |||||||
Haugh unit score | 75.08 | 74.11 | 72.58 | 76.63 | 2.22 | 0.755 | 0.261 |
Yolk color score | 3.62 b | 3.95 b | 4.79 a | 4.70 a | 0.13 | <0.001 | 0.122 |
Egg strength (kg) | 5.57 | 5.95 | 6.01 | 5.91 | 0.21 | 0.261 | 0.268 |
Shell thickness (mm) | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.01 | 0.550 | 0.533 |
44 weeks of age | |||||||
Haugh unit score | 72.98 | 76.08 | 78.22 | 71.29 | 3.19 | 0.837 | 0.119 |
Yolk color score | 3.79 b | 4.20 a | 4.29 a | 4.50 a | 0.12 | <0.001 | 0.395 |
Egg strength (kg) | 4.76 b | 5.36 a | 5.39 a | 5.04 a | 0.21 | 0.374 | 0.032 |
Shell thickness (mm) | 0.41 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.01 | 0.610 | 0.304 |
Shell (%) | 13.55 a | 13.13 b | 13.01 b | 13.60 a | 0.22 | 0.980 | 0.028 |
Albumen (%) | 52.71 | 54.59 | 53.37 | 53.53 | 0.48 | 0.560 | 0.077 |
Yolk (%) | 33.73 | 32.27 | 33.60 | 32.86 | 0.43 | 0.509 | 0.412 |
Parameters | Spirulina platensis (g/kg) | SEM | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 2.5 | 5.0 | 10 | Lin | Quad | ||
Egg weight (g) | 61.95 | 63.91 | 61.85 | 61.66 | 0.42 | 0.430 | 0.193 |
Haugh unit score | 68.32 b | 68.00 b | 79.13 a | 73.13 ab | 1.52 | 0.050 | 0.337 |
Yolk color score | 4.00 b | 4.41 a | 4.50 a | 4.46 a | 0.06 | 0.009 | 0.067 |
Egg strength (kg) | 5.35 b | 5.94 a | 6.22 a | 6.04 a | 0.09 | 0.005 | 0.035 |
Shell thickness (mm) | 0.40 b | 0.42 a | 0.43 a | 0.41 ab | 0.003 | 0.102 | 0.006 |
Shell (%) | 12.63 b | 12.90 ab | 13.15 ab | 13.32 a | 0.10 | 0.010 | 0.781 |
Albumen (%) | 50.49 a | 50.26 a | 49.24 ab | 48.09 b | 0.32 | 0.003 | 0.464 |
Yolk (%) | 36.87 b | 36.84 b | 37.61 ab | 38.59 a | 0.28 | 0.019 | 0.359 |
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Salahuddin, M.; Abdel-Wareth, A.A.A.; Stamps, K.G.; Gray, C.D.; Aviña, A.M.W.; Fulzele, S.; Lohakare, J. Enhancing Laying Hens’ Performance, Egg Quality, Shelf Life during Storage, and Blood Biochemistry with Spirulina platensis Supplementation. Vet. Sci. 2024, 11, 383. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080383
Salahuddin M, Abdel-Wareth AAA, Stamps KG, Gray CD, Aviña AMW, Fulzele S, Lohakare J. Enhancing Laying Hens’ Performance, Egg Quality, Shelf Life during Storage, and Blood Biochemistry with Spirulina platensis Supplementation. Veterinary Sciences. 2024; 11(8):383. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080383
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalahuddin, Md, Ahmed A. A. Abdel-Wareth, Kayla G. Stamps, Cassandra D. Gray, Adrian M. W. Aviña, Sadanand Fulzele, and Jayant Lohakare. 2024. "Enhancing Laying Hens’ Performance, Egg Quality, Shelf Life during Storage, and Blood Biochemistry with Spirulina platensis Supplementation" Veterinary Sciences 11, no. 8: 383. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11080383