Longitudinal Baboon (Papio anubis) Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), and Correlations with Monthly Sedation Rate and Within-Group Sedation Order
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Analysis
2.3.1. Longitudinal NLR
2.3.2. Sedation Rate Per Month
2.3.3. Sedation Order
2.3.4. Health-Related Parameters
3. Results
3.1. Longitudinal NLR
3.2. Sedation Rate Per Month
3.3. Sedation Order
3.4. Health-Related Parameters
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Citation | Species | Age | Sex | Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
[17] | Macaca fascicularis | 3–4 years | 5 males | Increased NLR (as well as cortisol) following 15 h of air and truck transport from China to Korea. Returned to baseline 1 week after arrival. |
[18] | Macaca mulatta | 3–4 years | 10 females | Increased NLR (as well as cortisol) following chair-restraint training. Returned to baseline after 3 weeks. |
[19] | Macaca mulatta | mean age = 1.9 years | 27 males | Higher NLR following relocation to a new housing area. Higher NLR in monkeys with a short-version serotonin allele (higher emotionality monkeys) compared to a long-version allele (normal emotionality monkeys). |
[14] | Pan troglodytes | 3–31 years | 19 males, 20 females = 30 | Higher NLR with higher BMI and older age. |
[11] | Pan troglodytes | 2–58 years | 185 males, 225 females = 410 | Longitudinal data: no change within individuals over a 10-year timespan. |
Cross-sectional data: NLR highest in middle-aged individuals. Higher NLR in males and mother-reared individuals. | ||||
Mortality data: individuals with higher NLRs died at younger ages. | ||||
[15] | Macaca mulatta | 88–134 days | 2071 males, 2506 females = 4557 | Lower NLRs in indoor-reared, SPF, and male individuals. |
Lower NLR was associated with higher stress values, emotionality, later risk for airway hyperresponsiveness, and diarrhea. | ||||
[12] | Papio anubis | 0–19 years | 159 males, 228 females = 387 | Higher NLR in females, mother-reared individuals, and young adult individuals. |
NLR was higher during pregnancy and following transport to a new facility. | ||||
Transport stress NLR was heritable, while routine NLR was not heritable. | ||||
Current study | Papio anubis | 0–21 years | 284 females, 233 males = 517 | Longitudinal data: no significant change within individuals in NLR over a 5-year timespan. However, females, juveniles, and young adults show an increase in NLR over time. |
Cross-sectional data: significant positive correlation between sedation order and NLR. Baboons with higher sedation rates per month exhibited lower NLRs. |
Dataset/Study | Age Category | Sex | Mother-Reared | Nursery-Reared | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean NLR | SD | N | Mean NLR | SD | N | |||
1: Longitudinal NLR and sedation rate (N = 532) | Juvenile (0–4 years) | Male | 3.42 | 2.95 | 122 | 1.49 | 1.05 | 90 |
Female | 4.94 | 3.74 | 72 | 1.80 | 1.35 | 89 | ||
Total | 3.99 | 3.33 | 194 | 1.65 | 1.21 | 179 | ||
Young Adult (5–9 years) | Male | 2.68 | 0.67 | 5 | 2.48 | 1.16 | 7 | |
Female | 4.37 | 1.61 | 32 | 3.59 | 1.81 | 20 | ||
Total | 4.14 | 1.62 | 37 | 3.30 | 1.71 | 27 | ||
Older Adult (10–14 years) | Male | 4.34 | 1.06 | 4 | 3.12 | 0.65 | 4 | |
Female | 3.82 | 1.88 | 18 | 3.92 | 1.49 | 28 | ||
Total | 3.91 | 1.75 | 22 | 3.82 | 1.43 | 32 | ||
Geriatric (≥15 years) | Male | n/a | n/a | n/a | 5.22 | 0.08 | 2 | |
Female | 5.04 | 3.31 | 3 | 4.24 | 2.27 | 36 | ||
Total | 5.04 | 3.31 | 3 | 4.29 | 2.22 | 38 | ||
2: NLR at physical exam, sedation order, and health (N = 231) | Juvenile (0–4 years) | Male | 5.29 | 4.16 | 45 | 3.06 | 2.03 | 9 |
Female | 6.46 | 4.37 | 42 | 4.63 | 3.70 | 32 | ||
Total | 5.85 | 4.28 | 87 | 4.28 | 3.44 | 41 | ||
Young Adult (5–9 years) | Male | 4.72 | 4.02 | 3 | 5.22 | 3.65 | 4 | |
Female | 9.88 | 6.62 | 32 | 5.98 | 5.36 | 26 | ||
Total | 9.31 | 6.55 | 35 | 5.82 | 5.00 | 30 | ||
Older Adult & Geriatric (≥10 years) | Male | 3.29 | 0.58 | 3 | 4.39 | 2.68 | 2 | |
Female | 7.18 | 4.50 | 18 | 4.75 | 3.24 | 15 | ||
Total | 6.48 | 4.33 | 21 | 4.71 | 3.11 | 17 |
Dataset 1: Longitudinal NLR and Sedation Rate | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Analysis Description | Statistical Test | Sample | Independent Variable(s) | Dependent Variable | Covariate(s) | Result(s) |
1a. Longitudinal NLR | Repeated Measures ANCOVA | Non-study baboons with NLR years 1 through 5, N = 174 | Sex, rearing | lg10NLR years 1–5 | Most recent age | Significant effect of time; pairwise comparisons: no differences between years |
1b. Cross-sectional age and NLR | Curve estimation | Non-study baboons, N = 472 | Most recent age | Most recent lg10NLR | Significant quadratic and linear relationship | |
2a. NLR and assignment to study, sedation rate | Linear regression | The entire sample (including study baboons), N = 532 | Sex, rearing, and age at the most recent NLR on the first block | Most recent lg10NLR | Age and rearing significant predictors—see Table 3 for coefficients | |
Assignment to study on the second block | n.s. | |||||
Sedation rate on the last block | Significant negative relationship | |||||
2b. NLR and sedation rate using a matched sample | Linear regression | Baboons matched with study baboons on age, sex, and rearing, N = 131 (66 study and 65 non-study) | Sex and rearing on the first block | Most recent lg10NLR | Replicated result 2a | |
Assignment to study on the second block | Replicated result 2a | |||||
Sedation rate on the last block | Replicated result 2a | |||||
2c. NLR change over time as a function of sedation rate | Linear regression | Non-study baboons with a minimum of 24 months between timepoints, N = 237 | Sex, rearing, and most recent age on the first block | Change score (normally distributed) | Sex and age were significant predictors of NLR change scores. | |
Sedation rate on the last block | n.s. | |||||
Dataset 2: NLR and Sedation Order, Health Parameters | ||||||
3. NLR and sedation order | Linear regression | Entire sample, N = 231 | Sex, rearing, and age on the first block | lg10NLR | Sex and rearing were significant predictors | |
Sedation order on the second block | Sedation order was a significant predictor | |||||
4. NLR and injury | Univariate ANCOVA | Entire sample, N = 231 | Sex, rearing | lg10NLR | Age | The main effects of sex and rearing were significant |
Injury (y/n) | Injury n.s., but trending injury by sex interaction | |||||
5. NLR, pregnancy, dependent infant | Univariate ANCOVA | Adult females only, N = 112 | Rearing | lg10NLR | Age | The main effect of rearing was significant |
Pregnancy (y/n) | n.s. | |||||
Dependent infant (present/absent) | Trending infant by rearing interaction |
B Value | Standard Error | Beta | t Value | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 0.534 | 0.121 | 4.396 | 0.000 | |
Age * | 0.074 | 0.029 | 0.256 | 2.585 | 0.011 |
Sex | −0.109 | 0.060 | −0.128 | −1.802 | 0.074 |
Rearing * | −0.226 | 0.099 | −0.169 | −2.283 | 0.024 |
Study assignment | 0.084 | 0.089 | 0.099 | 0.950 | 0.344 |
Sedation rate * | −0.416 | 0.092 | −0.486 | −4.502 | 0.000 |
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Neal, S.J.; Schapiro, S.J.; Magden, E.R. Longitudinal Baboon (Papio anubis) Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), and Correlations with Monthly Sedation Rate and Within-Group Sedation Order. Vet. Sci. 2024, 11, 423. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11090423
Neal SJ, Schapiro SJ, Magden ER. Longitudinal Baboon (Papio anubis) Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), and Correlations with Monthly Sedation Rate and Within-Group Sedation Order. Veterinary Sciences. 2024; 11(9):423. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11090423
Chicago/Turabian StyleNeal, Sarah J., Steven J. Schapiro, and Elizabeth R. Magden. 2024. "Longitudinal Baboon (Papio anubis) Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), and Correlations with Monthly Sedation Rate and Within-Group Sedation Order" Veterinary Sciences 11, no. 9: 423. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11090423