The Role of Plant Extracts in Enhancing Nutrition and Health for Dogs and Cats: Safety, Benefits, and Applications
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Metabolism and Toxicology of Some Plant Extracts
2.1. Flavonoids
2.1.1. Flavanols
2.1.2. Flavanones
2.1.3. Isoflavones
2.1.4. Flavonols
2.2. Phenolic Acids
Hydroxycinnamic Acids
2.3. Plant Extract Mixture
3. Effects of Plant Extracts on Pet Physiology
3.1. Overall Health
3.2. Gastrointestinal Health
3.3. Immune Health
3.4. Cardiovascular Health
3.5. Redox Balance
3.6. Other Aspects
4. Effects of Plant Extracts on Pet Pathology
4.1. Poisoning Disease
4.2. Nutritional Metabolic Disease
4.3. Circulatory System Disease
4.4. Digestive System Disease
4.5. Oxidative Stress
4.6. Inflammatory Responses or Other Related Conditions
5. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Classification | Plant Extract and Animal Subjects | Influence | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Overall health | curcumin; beagle dog | no significant differences in weight gain | [4] |
flaxseed (FLX) and sunflower seed (SUN); dog | temporary improvement in hair coat quality | [35] | |
black ginseng; beagle dog | ↑immunity and energy metabolism | [36] | |
black ginseng; beagle dog | ↑levels of glycine and β-alanine | [37] | |
Gastrointestinal health | Yucca schidigera extract (YSE) and chestnut tannins (CT); canine and feline fecal cultures | modify the composition of the fecal microbiota, influence the pattern of volatile fatty acids, ↓the presence of potentially harmful metabolites | [39] |
inulin and scFOS; adult dog | ↑nutrient digestibility and modified fecal metabolites | [40] | |
yeast cell wall and oregano essential oil (YCO); adult dog | ↓dry matter digestibility and enhanced fecal bacterial diversity, ↓concentrations of harmful fecal metabolites like ammonia and histamine | [41] | |
fiber-bound polyphenol ingredients (pecan shells, flax seed, cranberry, citrus, and beet); adult dog | ↑fecal levels of beneficial bioactive metabolites | [42] | |
Immune health | resveratrol; canine peripheral blood phagocytes | was sparing to phagocytosis but significantly reduced the oxidative burst capacity of PMNs, ↑pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6) production, ↓anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) | [49] |
curcumin; beagle dog | ↑total erythrocytes, hematocrit, and hemoglobin levels, ↑total leukocyte count | [4] | |
Echinacea angustifolia, Vaccinium myrtillus, Curcuma longa, and Sylibum marianum; dog (healthy, with arthritis, with liver disease) | modulated gene expression and improved various health markers | [47] | |
Echinacea hydroethanolic extract; 14 dogs that were referred to the veterinary clinic | ↑packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), red and white blood cell counts, lymphocytes, neutrophils, phagocytosis percentage, and IgM levels | [48] | |
Ginseng total saponin (GTS); canine peripheral blood phagocytes | ↑phagocytic capacity of PMNs and monocytes through culture supernatant from GTS-treated PBMCs | [49] | |
Echinacea hydroethanolic extract; healthy household dogs | ↑PCV, Hb, RBC count, WBC count, the percent of phagocytosis, and IgM levels | [50] | |
Cardiovascular health | pomegranate extract and soy isoflavones; in vitro model | ↓cell proliferation and apoptosis | [51] |
Redox balance | curcumin; young beagle dog | ↑CAT activity, SOD activity, GPx activity, ACAP, PSHs, NPSHs, ↓ROS levels | [4] |
quercetin; frozen canine sperm | ↓reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and apoptosis index, ↑motility, survival rates, and mucus penetration | [55] | |
essential oils (clove, rosemary, and oregano) and vitamin E; adult beagle dog | promote feed conservation, ↓reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, ↑antioxidant enzyme activity | [34] | |
Other aspects | phosphatidylserine, Ginkgo biloba, vitamin E, and pyridoxine; aged beagles | improved memory performance | [56] |
Classification | Plant Extract and Animal Subjects | Influence | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Poisoning disease | resveratrol; Chinese Dragon-Li cat | ↑GSH-Px, CAT, and SOD, ↓MDA, ROS, 8-OHdG, CREA, and BUN levels, ↓As2O3-induced oxidative damage and arsenic accumulation in renal tissues, ↑As2O3 metabolism | [58] |
Nutritional metabolic disease | compounds containing quercetin derivatives as main components; healthy mix breed cat and obesity disease cat | ↓TC concentrations, AST and ALT activities | [64] |
green tea polyphenols (GTPs); canines with high-fat-diet-induced obesity | weight loss, ↓TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, ↓the activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway | [65] | |
tea polyphenols (TPs); high fat-fed dogs | ↓TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 expressions, ↓COX-2 and iNOS expression levels | [66] | |
citrus polyphenols (hesperidin and naringin) or highly bioavailable curcumin; obese cat | ↓acute-phase protein (APP) concentration, ↓IFN-γ and IL-2 mRNA levels | [67] | |
Circulatory system disease | resveratrol; greyhound dog | a higher blood volume loss was needed to achieve hypotension in the resveratrol group | [68] |
hawthorn leaves flavonoids (HLFs); male dog with acute myocardial ischemia | ↓the degree and scope of myocardial ischemia, MPO, ↓TNF-α and IL-1 | [69] | |
Digestive system disease | silybin; healthy dog and dog with hepatopathies | ↓activity of serum liver markers, ↓liver-specific miRNA | [71,72] |
bioflavonoids such as baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis and catechins from Acacia catechu; beagle dog | ↓gingivitis, pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, and gum bleeding | [73] | |
grape seed proanthocyanidin (GSP); labrador retrievers with mild IBD | alleviated intestinal inflammation by enhancing anti-inflammatory gut bacteria, including Ruminococcaceae, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus_torques_group, and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and beneficial bile acids | [74] | |
Oxidative stress | grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSE), resveratrol (RES), and their combination (GSE + RES); canine lens epithelial cells | ↓ROS production, ↓stress-induced cell signaling pathways, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) pathways | [75] |
Arctium lappa (burdock) extract; canine dermal fibroblasts | modulates key signaling pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin and chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis, which are crucial for wound healing | [79] | |
gallnut tannic acid (TA); beagle dog | alleviated stress-induced diarrhea, ↓stress hormones such as cortisol, glucocorticoid, and ACTH, ↓the stress marker HSP70 | [77] | |
Clitoria ternatea flower petal extract; canine erythrocytes | preventing lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl formation, and maintaining glutathione levels | [78] | |
Arctium lappa (burdock) root extract; canine dermal fibroblasts | ↑key genes involved in antioxidant defense and cell adhesion, such as superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (CSGALNACT2) | [79] | |
green-lipped mussel, curcumin, and blackcurrant leaf extract; dog and cat with osteoarthritis | ↑locomotion and behavior in partial dogs and cats | [81] | |
Inflammatory responses or other related conditions | flaxseed oil; beagles and greyhounds | ↓HSP90 and IL1β gene expression in greyhounds, but not in beagles | [82] |
fisetin; dog with dry eye disease | did not restore tear fluid production but was benefited by decreasing tear film MMP-9 | [83] | |
silymarin and hydrocortisone; a low-dose canine lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis model | ↑red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels, ↓serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase-MB, and cardiac troponin I | [84] | |
naringin; beagle dog | alleviates LPS-induced inflammation, pulmonary edema, goblet cell hyperplasia, and mucus hypersecretion while also promoting sputum clearance by regulating sputum properties and enhancing ciliary activity | [85] | |
Astragalus polysaccharide (APS); beagle dog | reduced weight gain and improved wound healing | [87] | |
Entelon150® (grape seed extract); male beagle dog | ↓calcium content and attenuated chronic inflammation marked by infiltration of fibroblasts and macrophages | [88] |
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Guo, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhu, Z.; Li, L. The Role of Plant Extracts in Enhancing Nutrition and Health for Dogs and Cats: Safety, Benefits, and Applications. Vet. Sci. 2024, 11, 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11090426
Guo X, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Li L. The Role of Plant Extracts in Enhancing Nutrition and Health for Dogs and Cats: Safety, Benefits, and Applications. Veterinary Sciences. 2024; 11(9):426. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11090426
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Xinzi, Yifei Wang, Zhaoxuan Zhu, and Lian Li. 2024. "The Role of Plant Extracts in Enhancing Nutrition and Health for Dogs and Cats: Safety, Benefits, and Applications" Veterinary Sciences 11, no. 9: 426. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11090426