Veterinary Sciences

19 pages, 2784 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Microbial Community Structure and Function in the Gut of South China Tigers Under Different Dietary Treatments

by Qiguan Qiu, Tengfang Gong, Lin Du, Wenchao Li, Yuanpeng Hu, Dianshu Li, Caiwei Zhou and Wei Liu

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030307 - 23 Mar 2026

Viewed by 193

Abstract

The gut microbiota is a crucial component of a tiger’s health and plays a significant role in adapting to changes in food and the environment. Although extensive studies have been carried out on the gut microbiota of tigers, investigating the responses of gut [...] Read more.

The gut microbiota is a crucial component of a tiger’s health and plays a significant role in adapting to changes in food and the environment. Although extensive studies have been carried out on the gut microbiota of tigers, investigating the responses of gut microbial composition and function to preadaptation to wild predation patterns under captive conditions is particularly significant for South China tigers, given that it is the only tiger subspecies existing solely in captive settings at present. Here, we performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing for a comprehensive analysis of the gut microbiota of South China tigers assigned to two dietary groups (live prey group, LP group; frozen meat group, FM group), thereby generating abundant valuable data for this endangered subspecies. The results indicated that the core intestinal microbial composition was similar between the two dietary groups. Differential analysis revealed associations between dietary treatments and microbial abundance in the intestines of South China tigers. Functional gene analysis revealed that the LP group exhibited upregulation of genes and pathways related to antimicrobial resistance, bacterial infection-related disease, cell motility and proliferation, while the FM group displayed efficient energy metabolism. A total of 1251 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were identified in the gut microbiome of South China tigers. The core resistome mainly included resistance to peptides, glycopeptides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides. In addition, the differences in ARGs between the LP group and FM group may be related to a broader range of animal tissues of live prey and the processing conditions of frozen meat. In summary, although feeding live prey did not change the core framework of the gut microbiota in South China tigers, it was associated with differences in microbial abundance, metabolic pathways, and antibiotic resistance gene profiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Zoo, Aquatic, and Wild Animal Medicine)

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14 pages, 1776 KB

Open AccessArticle

Diseases and Mortality in Confiscated Birds and Reptiles Housed in a Wildlife Rescue Center Under the CITES Directive

by Aurora Martín, Adrián Rabanal Soto, Víctor Hidalgo-Martínez, Adriana Rodríguez Luis, María del Carmen Aranda Vázquez, Paloma Jimena de Andrés Gamazo and María de los Ángeles Jiménez Martínez

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030306 - 23 Mar 2026

Viewed by 490

Abstract

The number of confiscated CITES-listed animals has increased dramatically worldwide, creating significant health, logistical, and resource challenges for responsible authorities. Rescue centers represent a scientific and humanitarian response to this challenge, providing solutions through rehabilitation, research, and environmental education. This postmortem survey provides [...] Read more.

The number of confiscated CITES-listed animals has increased dramatically worldwide, creating significant health, logistical, and resource challenges for responsible authorities. Rescue centers represent a scientific and humanitarian response to this challenge, providing solutions through rehabilitation, research, and environmental education. This postmortem survey provides information on disease and mortality during a four-year period, in confiscated CITES-listed birds and reptiles housed in an authorized rescue center. A total of 29 animals (17 birds and 12 reptiles) were examined by necropsy and histopathology. Infectious disease accounted for the mortality of 58.8% of birds and 49.8% of reptiles, with overrepresentation of bacterial disease in both groups. Lesions consisted mainly of granulomas in multiple organs. Suspected viral disease occurred in 23.3% of birds, and protozoal infections were found in 17.3% of birds. Systemic disease caused by an unknown haemosporozoan was the cause of death in a Lonchura oryzivora. An unknown infectious agent was associated with renal disease in a Ctenosaura sp. Gout secondary to dehydration was overrepresented in reptiles (33.3%). This study highlights the complexity of disease processes affecting confiscated birds and reptiles in CITES rescue settings and provides invaluable information for other rescue centers that may impact the success of conservation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Zoo, Aquatic, and Wild Animal Medicine)

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19 pages, 848 KB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Impact of Malignant Catarrhal Fever on Cattle Production in Lephalale Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa

by Walter Shiba, Itumeleng Matle, Siphe Zantsi and Emmanuel Seakamela

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030305 - 23 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a highly lethal viral disease of cattle that poses a persistent threat to livestock production in wildlife–livestock interface areas of Southern Africa. Despite its recognized clinical severity, the economic burden of the disease remains poorly quantified in South [...] Read more.

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a highly lethal viral disease of cattle that poses a persistent threat to livestock production in wildlife–livestock interface areas of Southern Africa. Despite its recognized clinical severity, the economic burden of the disease remains poorly quantified in South African production systems. This study assessed the long-term economic impact of malignant catarrhal fever on cattle production in Lephalale Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa, using a retrospective analysis covering the period from 2001 to 2021. The study combined confirmed case records, estimated mortalities, and region-specific production parameters to quantify both direct and indirect economic losses. Direct losses included mortality-related financial costs and the expenditure on treatment, while indirect losses encompassed reduced productivity, diminished milk yields, and associated declines in overall herd performance. The results show that MCF imposed substantial financial burdens on cattle producers, with mortality contributing to more than ninety percent of total losses. The total economic losses over the study period were substantial, amounting to approximately R 1.55 million, driven primarily by high mortality-related costs. Annual losses displayed considerable variability, reflecting the sporadic nature of the outbreaks and the fluctuations in the wildlife–livestock interactions. The spatial analysis revealed that most cases occur in wards situated adjacent to wildlife conservation areas, where cattle are exposed to virus-carrying wildebeest populations. Seasonal patterns indicated a higher disease occurrence during the spring and winter, aligning with established transmission dynamics. Although a gradual decline in both cases and associated losses was observed over the study period, episodic outbreaks continued to exert significant economic shocks on affected farming households. The findings reaffirm MCF as a persistent and high-impact constraint to cattle production in interface zones and highlight the need for improved surveillance, integrated land-use planning, and sustained investment in targeted disease control measures. Full article

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18 pages, 1824 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Global Seroprevalence of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Virus (PRRSV) in Pigs and Wild Boars: A Widespread and Impactful Swine Virus

by Giulia Graziosi, Consiglia Longobardi, Caterina Lupini, Elena Catelli and Gianmarco Ferrara

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030304 - 23 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) has a significant clinical and economic impact on pig farming. The purpose of this study was to assess the global seroprevalence of PRRSV in pigs and wild boars using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. Following the [...] Read more.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) has a significant clinical and economic impact on pig farming. The purpose of this study was to assess the global seroprevalence of PRRSV in pigs and wild boars using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review and meta-analysis on global serological data of PRRSV in pigs and wild boars was conducted. Studies published between 1993 and 2025 were searched in three electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. A total of 86 publications, belonging to 41 countries and including 690,771 animals, were deemed eligible. Following the identification and removal of outlier studies, the pooled serological prevalence was 14% (95% CI: 9–19%), and a high between-study heterogeneity was detected (I² = 99.9%, p < 0.000001). Subgroup analyses showed statistically significant differences according to continents, with the highest prevalence found in Asia (P: 29%, 95% CI: 16–43%), and species, with a higher prevalence in domestic pigs (P: 26%, 95% CI: 18–35%) than in wild boars (P: 2%, 95% CI: 1–3%). Overall, the information hereby presented provides an overview of the global PRRSV situation and identifies key factors associated with increased prevalence, primarily related to animal density. These insights could inform future surveillance strategies and help target interventions to mitigate the disease burden and safeguard swine health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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10 pages, 402 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reliable Differentiation of a Bivalent Live Salmonella Vaccine and Field Strains: Multi-Supplier Validation of a Disc Diffusion Method

by Benjamin Bertin, Marie-Hélène Bayon-Auboyer, Mustapha Fellag, Véronique Piot, Sandra Debrouver, Anne-Christine Dufay-Lefort, Marc Henninger, Kévin Hervouet and Doris Mueller-Doblies

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030303 - 23 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Zoonotic Salmonella is one of the most important foodborne zoonoses worldwide, with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) being the most important serovars, which may be transmitted via poultry meat and eggs. Vaccination of breeding- and laying-hen flocks using live vaccines administered [...] Read more.

Zoonotic Salmonella is one of the most important foodborne zoonoses worldwide, with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) being the most important serovars, which may be transmitted via poultry meat and eggs. Vaccination of breeding- and laying-hen flocks using live vaccines administered via drinking water has long been a well-recognized tool and contributed significantly to decreasing cases of salmonellosis in humans and its prevalence in the chicken sector. However, if a vaccine strain is detected in feces from recently vaccinated birds, it is imperative to have methods for reliably distinguishing between field and vaccine strains. In this study, we validated a disc diffusion method based on the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the vaccine strains contained in a live bivalent vaccine conferring protection against SE and ST. Discs from eight suppliers were sourced and tested for their suitability for reliably distinguishing between field and vaccine strains, a requirement fulfilled by discs from four suppliers. This method serves as an alternative approach for laboratories equipped to perform disc diffusion assays, and it is also a more cost-effective solution than real-time PCR assays. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Food Safety and Zoonosis)

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26 pages, 699 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Without Borders? The Impact of Political Barriers and Land Use on the Animal Health Dynamics and Genetic Structures of Large Game Species in the Carpathian Basin and Surrounding Regions—A Systematic Review

by Zoltán Bagi, Renáta Knop, Camelia Tulcan, Roberta Tripon, Răducu Marinaș and Szilvia Kusza

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030302 - 23 Mar 2026

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Abstract

The Carpathian Basin is a coherent biogeographic unit whose wildlife populations and pathogen dynamics are increasingly reshaped by administratively fragmented governance, land-use change and linear infrastructure. This review synthesizes evidence that the permeability patterns governing host movement also structure the transboundary exchange of [...] Read more.

The Carpathian Basin is a coherent biogeographic unit whose wildlife populations and pathogen dynamics are increasingly reshaped by administratively fragmented governance, land-use change and linear infrastructure. This review synthesizes evidence that the permeability patterns governing host movement also structure the transboundary exchange of genes and infections, creating a connectivity substrate for conservation genetics and One Health risk. Focusing on wild boar (Sus scrofa), red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (Dama dama) and the expanding golden jackal (Canis aureus), we integrate population genetic inferences with wildlife epidemiology to examine how highways, border fences and asymmetric management (e.g., supplemental, feeding practices, hunting pressure and surveillance regimes) can generate biological asymmetries across boundaries. We highlight African swine fever as an emblematic disturbance in wild boar populations, discuss cervid risks including tick-borne pathogens and chronic wasting disease (CWD) preparedness and evaluate zoonotic threats associated with carnivore expansion (e.g., Echinococcus spp.). We propose a Carpathian Basin-level monitoring and data-sharing architecture, coupling harmonized passive surveillance, strategic active surveillance for priority pathogens, and standardized genetic marker panels supported by interoperable metadata. A Basin-scale One Health approach is a pragmatic prerequisite for the coordinated prevention, early detection and resilient management of cross-border epizootics and zoonotic threats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

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15 pages, 1804 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Combined Effect of Bm86 and Subolesin Polypeptide Vaccines in Cattle Naturally Infested with Rhipicephalus microplus

by Nancy Mendoza-Martínez, Miguel Ángel Alonso-Díaz, Jose Octavio Merino-Charrez and Rodolfo Lagunes-Quintanilla

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030301 - 22 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Rhipicephalus microplus infestations are a major concern for cattle production in neotropical regions. Anti-tick vaccines represent a sustainable alternative to chemical acaricides; however, improving vaccine efficacy remains challenging. This study evaluated the protective efficacy of polypeptide-based formulations of pBm86 and pSubolesin administered as [...] Read more.

Rhipicephalus microplus infestations are a major concern for cattle production in neotropical regions. Anti-tick vaccines represent a sustainable alternative to chemical acaricides; however, improving vaccine efficacy remains challenging. This study evaluated the protective efficacy of polypeptide-based formulations of pBm86 and pSubolesin administered as co-immunization or as a cocktail in naturally infested cattle. Twelve calves were assigned to three groups: G1: 100 μg pBm86 + 50 μg pSubolesin co-immunized; G2: same formulation in cocktail; and G3: control. The cocktail significantly reduced adult female tick numbers, oviposition, and larvae hatching (p < 0.05), achieving a vaccine efficacy of 75%. In contrast, co-immunization achieved 50% efficacy. Vaccinated cattle developed significantly increased antigen-specific IgG levels against Subolesin than Bm86. IgG antibodies recognized native tick proteins by Western blot, and their efficacy was confirmed in vitro using blood-feeding assays. These results indicate that the cocktail formulation showed improved efficacy compared with co-immunization in this study, possibly by affecting complementary biological processes in ticks. Finally, this study supports the development of multi-antigen, polypeptide-based vaccines as a promising and sustainable approach for the control of R. microplus under natural field conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens: 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 752 KB

Open AccessArticle

Anthrax in Albania: A Comprehensive Analysis of Epidemiology, Laboratory Diagnosis, and National Control Strategies in Animals

by Xhelil Koleci, Erson Dhimospira, Sulejman Kullolli, Mandy Elschner, Heinrich Neubauer and Gamal Wareth

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030300 - 22 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Anthrax is one of the most significant zoonotic diseases in Albania due to its endemic presence in livestock, the potential for occupational exposure, and human cases. Although the implementation of risk-based livestock immunization, animal movement restrictions, and appropriate carcass disposal, the efficacy of [...] Read more.

Anthrax is one of the most significant zoonotic diseases in Albania due to its endemic presence in livestock, the potential for occupational exposure, and human cases. Although the implementation of risk-based livestock immunization, animal movement restrictions, and appropriate carcass disposal, the efficacy of targeted management remains limited in certain outbreaks due to insufficient enforcement of these measures. Their efficacy is specifically diminished by insufficient disinfection, the absence of grazing bans in contaminated pastures, and the absence of designated burial sites for the safe disposal of dead animals. District-level data on animal anthrax control programs were collected and analyzed for the period 2021–2025. In addition, a retrospective analysis of national datasets covering the same period was conducted using data from the national surveillance system, alongside a review of the relevant scientific and grey literature and aggregated program and routine surveillance data. Analysis showed that anthrax affected 149 animals in 97 farms, and the average number of animals per infected farm declined from 1.70 to 1.08, indicating a slight reduction within-farm outbreak. Hotspots for human anthrax were aligned with the animal cases and persisted particularly in the southern districts. The peak of outbreaks was in 2023, primarily driven by cattle (n = 32) and sheep (n = 24). Equine cases appeared only in 2024, with small clusters of 3 cases in both 2024 and 2025. Caprine cases remained consistently low throughout the period. Nevertheless, the number of outbreaks and within-herd cases are decreasing due to more rapid identification and response. Targeted surveillance on animal outbreaks provides critical insights into disease spread and links among affected farms in Albania. Therefore, One Health genomic surveillance and antibiotic susceptibility testing of Bacillus anthracis isolates are essential for understanding its epidemiology, transmission routes, and for tracing the sources of infection across humans, animals, and the environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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15 pages, 283 KB

Open AccessArticle

Behavior in Australian Shepherd Dogs Assessed Using the C-BARQ: A Preliminary Study of Associations with Coat Color, Sex, and Neutering Status

by Valentina Gazzano, Sofia Maria Alessi, Chiara Santoni, Maria Claudia Curadi, Francesca Cecchi, Stefano Cavallo, Luigi Sacchettino, Danila D’Angelo, Francesco Napolitano, Elisabetta Giannessi and Angelo Gazzano

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030299 - 21 Mar 2026

Viewed by 2537

Abstract

Domestic dogs show substantial behavioral variability shaped by genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Although breed-specific behavioral profiles are documented, associations between coat color and behavior within individual breeds remain poorly understood. This preliminary study characterized the behavioral profile of Australian Shepherd dogs and [...] Read more.

Domestic dogs show substantial behavioral variability shaped by genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Although breed-specific behavioral profiles are documented, associations between coat color and behavior within individual breeds remain poorly understood. This preliminary study characterized the behavioral profile of Australian Shepherd dogs and exploratorily investigated associations between behavior, coat color, sex, and neuter status using the validated Italian C-BARQ. A total of 215 Australian Shepherds aged 1–8.5 years were included; behavioral responses were analyzed using ordinal logistic regression with sex, neuter status, and coat color as predictors. Overall, Australian Shepherds showed high trainability and low aggression and fear toward humans. Sex emerged as the most consistent predictor: females showed lower odds of high-intensity responses in attachment- and excitability-related behaviors (OR ~0.44–0.56), with context-dependent differences in dog-directed and environmental responses. Neuter status was selectively associated with increased fear-related reactions to noise and stranger approaches (OR ~1.9–2.2) and reduced restlessness during separation (OR ~0.45). Coat color was not associated with generalized behavioral tendencies; item-level exploratory analyses revealed only a limited number of suggestive, context-specific associations in merle-coated dogs, and most analyses did not yield significant effects. All coat-color findings should be regarded as preliminary and hypothesis-generating. These results underscore the context-dependent nature of behavioral variation in Australian Shepherds and highlight the need for confirmatory studies with larger, coat-color-stratified samples. Full article

60 pages, 7634 KB

Open AccessReview

Canine Cognitive Dysfunction and Alzheimer’s Disease: Pathophysiological Relationships and the Impact of Glymphatic System Impairment on Neurodegeneration

by Maurizio Dondi, Ezio Bianchi, Paolo Borghetti, Rosanna Di Lecce, Giacomo Gnudi, Chiara Guarnieri, Valentina Buffagni, Francesca Ravanetti, Roberta Saleri and Attilio Corradi

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030298 - 21 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder in dogs that shares several pathological and clinical features with human Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In both species, β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulates within the brain parenchyma and cerebral vessel walls and is associated with synaptic [...] Read more.

Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder in dogs that shares several pathological and clinical features with human Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In both species, β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulates within the brain parenchyma and cerebral vessel walls and is associated with synaptic loss, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic neuroinflammation, ultimately leading to progressive cognitive decline. Increasing evidence indicates that impairment of brain clearance mechanisms, particularly the glymphatic system, represents a central pathogenic mechanism in both CCD and AD. The glymphatic system is a glia-dependent perivascular network involved in the clearance of Aβ and other metabolic waste products from the brain. Its function declines with aging, vascular disease, and astrocytic alterations, including changes in aquaporin-4 distribution. Reduced glymphatic and periarterial drainage promotes the retention and aggregation of Aβ and tau proteins. Compared with AD, tau pathology in CCD is generally less extensive, supporting the interpretation of CCD as an Aβ-predominant condition and a partial pathological analog of Alzheimer’s disease. Clinically, CCD is characterized by a constellation of behavioral changes including, disorientation, altered social interactions, sleep–wake cycle disturbances, a loss of housetraining, changes in activity levels, and increased anxiety, commonly summarized by the DISHAA acronym. Overall, CCD represents a valuable spontaneous large-animal model for investigating neurodegenerative mechanisms and clearance-related therapeutic targets relevant to both veterinary and human medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Morphology and Histopathology in Veterinary Medicine)

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27 pages, 892 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of the European Veterinary Medicines Gaps and Needs Compass for Sheep and Goats Based on Online Survey and Expert Knowledge Elicitation

by Nikola Čudina, Marina Marić, Lauren Chambers, Margot Vidalinc, Anne Katrine Aagaard, Javier Balado, Petra Bratić, Martin Ganter, Allan Hägg Grønborg, Hasan Hüseyin Şenyüz, Antonio Spezzigu, Aikaterini Pazarakioti, Clare Phythian, Rianne van Helden, Panagiotis D. Katsoulos, Arturo Anadón, Laure Baduel, Flore Demay, Rens van Dobbenburgh, Shereene Williams, Janos Kovacs, Jobke van Hout, Frane Božić, Nancy De Briyne and Wiebke Jansen Show full author list Hide full author list

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030297 - 21 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Limited availability of veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) for small ruminants is a long-standing challenge. This mixed-methods study provides the first systematic definition and assessment of (i) shortages, (ii) lack of availability and (iii) unmet needs for sheep and goats across Europe. Survey data [...] Read more.

Limited availability of veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) for small ruminants is a long-standing challenge. This mixed-methods study provides the first systematic definition and assessment of (i) shortages, (ii) lack of availability and (iii) unmet needs for sheep and goats across Europe. Survey data from 96 European veterinarians in 13 European countries (the majority of whom were from Spain, Germany, France, and Greece), a market analysis of authorized and available VMPs via the EMA Union Products Database (UPD) and expert knowledge elicitation (EKE) by 23 specialists were combined. Antimicrobials (36.7%) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (19.9%) were identified as the VMP categories most commonly perceived as critically important. Although nearly 5000 VMPs are authorized for small ruminants at the EU level, UPD market research reveals that there is a reported market availability of 28.9% of ovine and 32.7% of caprine authorized VMPs. Validation by EKE confirmed lack of VMP authorization to be the leading root cause of the lack of availability of ovine (31%) and caprine (43%) VMPs at both the national and EU level. The European Veterinary Medicines Gaps and Needs Compass identifies four highest-priority medicine groups lacking in availability for sheep (anthelmintics and endectocides, bacterial and viral vaccines) and two for goats (anthelmintics and bacterial vaccines). Moreover, 13 highest-priority unmet needs were identified for sheep and 14 for goats across antibacterials, analgetics and anti-inflammatories, antiparasitics and vaccines. Potential actionable solutions advised through EKE include harmonized market access pathways and targeted development (especially for vaccines, NSAIDs, and antibiotic teat injectors) to secure animal health, welfare, and One Health objectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology)

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27 pages, 1036 KB

Open AccessReview

A Practical Diagnostic Approach to Non-Drowning Asphyxia in Animals: Forensic Pathology and Biomarkers

by Vittoria Romano, Davide De Biase, Valeria Russo, Evaristo Di Napoli, Orlando Paciello and Giuseppe Piegari

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030296 - 21 Mar 2026

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Abstract

The term asphyxia refers to a disruption in brain function due to rapid and persistent cerebral hypoxia or anoxia as a consequence of accidental or non-accidental injury. Considering the different mechanisms that may determine asphyxiation, such injuries can be referred to different categories: [...] Read more.

The term asphyxia refers to a disruption in brain function due to rapid and persistent cerebral hypoxia or anoxia as a consequence of accidental or non-accidental injury. Considering the different mechanisms that may determine asphyxiation, such injuries can be referred to different categories: strangulation (death by hanging, ligature or manual strangulation), suffocation (smothering, choking, confined spaces and vitiated atmosphere), mechanical asphyxia (positional and traumatic asphyxia) and drowning (submersion or immersion in liquid). In both human and veterinary forensic practice, fatal asphyxia is considered among the most diagnostically challenging categories of sudden death, as it often produces only subtle and non-pathognomonic macroscopic signs, which can be easily covered by post-mortem alterations. Therefore, a wide range of information is often needed for the diagnosis of asphyxiation, including medical history, crime scene analysis, testimonies and physical evidence, along with the macroscopic and histological findings. The following review addresses the main lesions, ancillary tests and diagnostic issues associated with non-drowning asphyxia in veterinary forensic pathology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Morphology and Histopathology in Veterinary Medicine)

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18 pages, 7097 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of N-Acetylneuraminic Acid on Intestinal Microbial Composition and Metabolic Activity in a Piglet Model

by Jiaqi Zhang, Runhan Ye, Xuan Li, Xiaoyi Liu, Kaifeng Lian, Ran Xu, Yahui Chen, Weiyun Zhu and Kaifan Yu

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030295 - 21 Mar 2026

Viewed by 212

Abstract

This study investigates the effects of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) on intestinal microbial composition and metabolic activity in piglets using two complementary approaches: in vitro fermentation and in vivo dietary supplementation with coated Neu5Ac. In vitro fermentation results demonstrated that Neu5Ac stimulates higher production [...] Read more.

This study investigates the effects of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) on intestinal microbial composition and metabolic activity in piglets using two complementary approaches: in vitro fermentation and in vivo dietary supplementation with coated Neu5Ac. In vitro fermentation results demonstrated that Neu5Ac stimulates higher production of formate and acetate by piglet intestinal microbiota compared with other human milk-derived monosaccharides (p < 0.05). In vivo feeding trials showed that dietary coated Neu5Ac significantly increased microbial α-diversity and altered the overall microbial composition in both the jejunum and colon (p < 0.05). For instance, coated Neu5Ac reduced the relative abundances of ASV1 Clostridium and ASV17 Clostridium in the jejunum, while raising the relative abundances of ASV3 Veillonella, ASV4 Veillonella, ASV7 Lactobacillus salivarius, ASV11 Actinobacillus porcitonsillarum in the jejunum, and ASV41 Xylanibacter in the colon (p < 0.05). Furthermore, coated Neu5Ac significantly elevated formate and acetate concentrations in the jejunum (p < 0.05) and exhibited a trend toward increased acetate levels in the colon (0.05 < p < 0.1). Collectively, using piglets as a model, this study demonstrates that Neu5Ac facilitates the intestinal colonization of beneficial microbes (e.g., Lactobacillus), leading to enhanced production of microbial metabolites, particularly formate and acetate, which may contribute to improved gut homeostasis in early life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intestinal Homeostasis and Its Regulatory Role in Animal Growth and Development)

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14 pages, 1082 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pharmacokinetics of Lekethromycin in Swine Following Intramuscular Administration at Different Doses with a Single Intravenous Reference Dose for Absolute Bioavailability and Matrix Comparison

by Qinyao Wu, Zeyu Wen, Jinyan Meng, Runlin Yu, Nuoyu Xu, Lu Zhang, Degang Zhou and Xingyuan Cao

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030294 - 20 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Lekethromycin (LKMS) is a novel macrolide veterinary antimicrobial. Its propensity for intracellular accumulation causes discrepancies between whole blood and plasma concentrations, complicating pharmacokinetic evaluations. This study compared the pharmacokinetic characteristics, dose proportionality, and bioavailability of LKMS in whole blood and plasma following intramuscular [...] Read more.

Lekethromycin (LKMS) is a novel macrolide veterinary antimicrobial. Its propensity for intracellular accumulation causes discrepancies between whole blood and plasma concentrations, complicating pharmacokinetic evaluations. This study compared the pharmacokinetic characteristics, dose proportionality, and bioavailability of LKMS in whole blood and plasma following intramuscular administration in pigs. Forty-two healthy pigs received LKMS via a single intravenous reference dose (5 mg/kg) for absolute bioavailability estimation or intramuscular (1, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) injection. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non-compartmental analysis, and dose proportionality was evaluated via a power model. LKMS exhibited rapid absorption and slow elimination, with a plasma half-life of 49.25 to 67.63 h. Whole blood exposure and peak concentrations were 1.5 to 3 times higher than in plasma, indicating extensive blood cell partitioning. As the intramuscular dose increased, the whole blood-to-plasma concentration ratio decreased from 2.83 to 1.15, suggesting a saturable cell uptake mechanism. Consequently, LKMS exhibited non-linear pharmacokinetics in whole blood but demonstrated linear, dose-proportional pharmacokinetics in plasma. Absolute bioavailability based on plasma ranged from 83.2% to 119.5%. Due to saturable blood cell binding, plasma is the optimal matrix for accurately evaluating LKMS systemic exposure and bioavailability in swine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology: From Molecule to Clinical Practice)

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15 pages, 839 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Early Postpartum Change in Lactoferrin in Bovine Colostrum During the First 12 h Postpartum and Its Relationship with On-Farm Quality Indicators

by Elena Stancheva, Aneliya Milanova, Toncho Penev, Gergana Bachevska and Dimo Dimov

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030293 - 20 Mar 2026

Viewed by 244

Abstract

This pilot study aimed to evaluate the early postpartum dynamics of lactoferrin concentration in bovine colostrum and to investigate its relationship with rapid on-farm quality indicators during the first 12 h after calving. Colostrum samples were collected from six multiparous cows immediately after [...] Read more.

This pilot study aimed to evaluate the early postpartum dynamics of lactoferrin concentration in bovine colostrum and to investigate its relationship with rapid on-farm quality indicators during the first 12 h after calving. Colostrum samples were collected from six multiparous cows immediately after calving (0 h) and again 12 h later. Colostrum specific gravity and % Brix values were measured on-farm, and lactoferrin concentration was determined using LC–MS/MS analysis. Temporal changes were assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and relationships between variables were evaluated using linear regression and Spearman correlation analysis. Lactoferrin concentration decreased significantly between 0 and 12 h after calving (median: 3.350 vs. 2.175 mg/mL; p = 0.031). In parallel, statistically significant decreases were observed in both colostrum specific gravity and % Brix values over the same period (p = 0.031 for both indicators). Linear regression analyses showed positive slopes between lactoferrin concentration and specific gravity and between lactoferrin concentration and % Brix at both 0 and 12 h after calving; however, these relationships did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05 for all models), with explained variance ranging from R² = 0.156 to 0.409. Spearman correlation analysis also revealed moderate positive correlation coefficients (p > 0.05), although none of the correlations reached statistical significance. These results indicate a rapid decline in lactoferrin concentration during the first 12 h after calving, occurring in parallel with significant decreases in widely used on-farm colostrum quality indicators. Despite the lack of statistically significant associations, the observed positive relationships indicate that lactoferrin may represent an additional component of colostrum composition that is not directly reflected by refractometric and density-based indicators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics)

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12 pages, 1749 KB

Open AccessArticle

Primarily Gasless Robot-Assisted Cholecystectomy in Dogs: A Cadaveric Feasibility Study

by Francisco M. Sánchez-Margallo, Mauricio Veloso Brun and Juan A. Sánchez-Margallo

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030292 - 20 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Gallbladder disease is a common cause of morbidity in dogs, and cholecystectomy remains the definitive treatment in many cases. Although minimally invasive approaches offer recognized advantages, their adoption is limited by technical complexity and by the physiological effects of carbon dioxide (CO₂) pneumoperitoneum. [...] Read more.

Gallbladder disease is a common cause of morbidity in dogs, and cholecystectomy remains the definitive treatment in many cases. Although minimally invasive approaches offer recognized advantages, their adoption is limited by technical complexity and by the physiological effects of carbon dioxide (CO₂) pneumoperitoneum. This cadaveric study evaluated the feasibility of performing primarily gasless robot-assisted cholecystectomy under abdominal wall suspension in five canine cadavers. A normobaric operative field was established using a suspension device combined with the VersiusTM robotic platform. “Primarily gasless” was operationally defined as abdominal wall suspension without continuous pneumoperitoneum, allowing short-duration low-pressure CO₂ insufflation (≤8 mmHg) exclusively as a rescue maneuver when exposure was insufficient. Surgical feasibility was assessed through structured case-level reporting, including docking time, operative time, exposure quality of the hepatocystic triangle (predefined ordinal scale), clipping feasibility, intraoperative events, instrument exchanges, and need for rescue CO₂ insufflation. All procedures were completed in the cadaveric specimens. In three cadavers, the procedure was performed entirely without CO₂. In two cadavers, a single short-duration low-pressure CO₂ insufflation (6–8 mmHg for 3–5 minutes) was applied as a rescue maneuver. Adequate or optimal visualization of the hepatocystic triangle was achieved in all cases, and no intraoperative injuries occurred. These findings support the technical feasibility of a primarily gasless robotic approach in a canine cadaveric model. Controlled in vivo studies are required to evaluate the physiological impact, perioperative outcomes, and translational applicability before clinical implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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22 pages, 4982 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hand Musculature of the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus): An Anatomical Study with Reference to the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta)

by Lise E. Collijs, Jolien Horemans, Jaco Bakker and Christophe Casteleyn

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030291 - 19 Mar 2026

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Abstract

The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a New World Monkey that frequently serves as a model in biomedical research. Our knowledge of its anatomy is the fundament of the provision of the correct environment, housing, and care together with provision of [...] Read more.

The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a New World Monkey that frequently serves as a model in biomedical research. Our knowledge of its anatomy is the fundament of the provision of the correct environment, housing, and care together with provision of accurate medical care in the case it gets wounded. In this anatomical research article, the focus is on the hand musculature, as it plays a pivotal role in the interaction with the environment and conspecifics. Surprisingly, anatomical works on the common marmoset are scarce. The available books and atlases are either outdated in terms of illustrations, providing only simplified line drawings, and/or fail to recapitulate the anatomy of the hand using contemporary anatomical nomenclature. The present work describes the myology of the hand, based on dissections of common marmoset cadavers. Color photographs taken during the subsequent steps of the examinations lead the reader through the textual descriptions. Dorsal and palmar views of the antebrachial muscles with influence on the wrist and hand as well as the intrinsic hand musculature are scrutinized. The findings are finally discussed in view of potential contradictions with the available literature. In addition, comparison is made with the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) whose hand musculature was recently revisited. It is concluded that the hand musculature of both species is highly similar, although remarkable differences are present. This work could serve as an anatomical foundation for medical interventions of the injured hand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative and Functional Anatomy in Veterinary and Animal Sciences—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 1132 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sella Turcica Shape as a Marker for Breed and Sex Classification in Sheep

by Eylem Bektaş Bilgiç, Tomasz Szara, Ozan Gündemir, Zuzanna Kaska, Muhammed Taha Temir, Barış Can Güzel, Fatma İşbilir, Emine İrem Deveci, Alexandra-Andreea Cherșunaru and Mihaela-Claudia Spataru

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030290 - 19 Mar 2026

Viewed by 242

Abstract

Recent anatomical and morphometric studies indicate that the sella turcica is a structurally informative region and a distinctive anatomical formation that can exhibit shape variation among individuals. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in three dimensions, the extent to which sella [...] Read more.

Recent anatomical and morphometric studies indicate that the sella turcica is a structurally informative region and a distinctive anatomical formation that can exhibit shape variation among individuals. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in three dimensions, the extent to which sella turcica morphology differs among three sheep breeds (Akkaraman, Morkaraman, Zom) and between sexes. A total of 102 specimens were examined. All skulls were CT-scanned specifically for this study; the sella turcica region was reconstructed as a three-dimensional model, and 12 anatomical landmarks were manually digitized for each specimen. The findings showed that sella turcica size differed among breeds, with the Zom group exhibiting the largest sella turcica size. In contrast, no clear size difference was observed between females and males. Shape assessment also revealed differences among breeds, largely driven by the separation of Zom from Akkaraman and Morkaraman, whereas no distinct sex-related shape pattern was detected. Importantly, the breed-related shape differences persisted after accounting for size effects. Overall, these results suggest that the sella turcica carries a breed-associated morphological signal in sheep, while showing no pronounced sexual differentiation in the present sample. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative and Functional Anatomy in Veterinary and Animal Sciences—2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 1105 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Hair Whorl Patterns Relating to Equine Behavior and Laterality in Hungarian Thoroughbred Racehorses

by Attila Zsolnai, Judit Kis, Boglárka Czinege, László Rózsa, Péter Póti, Ferenc Husvéth and István Anton

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030289 - 19 Mar 2026

Viewed by 345

Abstract

Hair whorl patterns are usually used as a predictor of equine laterality, temperament and reactions to various environmental stimuli. Thus, temperament and motor laterality may be deducted in order to ease the daily work, training, handling and transportation of Thoroughbreds. We aimed to [...] Read more.

Hair whorl patterns are usually used as a predictor of equine laterality, temperament and reactions to various environmental stimuli. Thus, temperament and motor laterality may be deducted in order to ease the daily work, training, handling and transportation of Thoroughbreds. We aimed to identify the number, position and orientation of hair whorl patterns to find the association between environment stimuli and the laterality, affability, trainability and anxiety of 81 individuals. We analyzed hair whorls with SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) accompanied by a laterality paddock test and temperament questionnaire. All of our examined Thoroughbreds showed at least one circular whorl on their head. Mostly, the whorls were located on the top of the head. Compared to previous studies, the presence of linear whorls on the body was also high. We found that the counterclockwise head and clockwise whorls were associated with left and right front leg preference (p < 0.001). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)

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15 pages, 10496 KB

Open AccessArticle

Celecoxib Inhibits Vasculogenic Mimicry and Induces Apoptosis in the D17 Canine Osteosarcoma Cell Line via the COX-2/PGE2 Signaling Axis

by Jungwoo Jo, Jungyun Kim, Jin-Young Chung, Jung-Hoon Choi, Yunho Jeong and Jin-Ok Ahn

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030288 - 19 Mar 2026

Viewed by 208

Abstract

Osteosarcoma is a highly aggressive canine bone tumor characterized by early metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy. Vasculogenic mimicry (VM), the ability of tumor cells to form microvascular channels independent of endothelial cells, can contribute to tumor progression and poor prognosis. In this in [...] Read more.

Osteosarcoma is a highly aggressive canine bone tumor characterized by early metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy. Vasculogenic mimicry (VM), the ability of tumor cells to form microvascular channels independent of endothelial cells, can contribute to tumor progression and poor prognosis. In this in vitro study, we evaluated the effects of celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, on the canine osteosarcoma cell line D17. Celecoxib treatment significantly inhibited cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, induced S-phase cell cycle arrest, and promoted apoptosis. Furthermore, celecoxib effectively disrupted VM formation on Matrigel. Transcriptome analysis revealed that celecoxib downregulated genes associated with angiogenesis and the COX pathway, notably PTGS2. Consistent with this, celecoxib treatment reduced the secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in a dose-dependent manner. Crucially, the addition of exogenous PGE2 restored VM formation in celecoxib-treated cells, confirming that celecoxib-mediated VM suppression is dependent on the reduction of PGE2 levels. These findings establish the COX-2/PGE2 signaling axis as a key regulator of VM in D17 canine osteosarcoma cells and that celecoxib warrants further preclinical evaluation as a strategy to target both tumor growth and alternative vascularization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

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29 pages, 1147 KB

Open AccessReview

Yeast-Derived Postbiotics for Prevention of Enteric Diseases in Farm Animals: Current Insights and Future Perspectives

by Michelle Cerdán-Alduán, Yadira Pastor and Raquel Conde-Álvarez

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030287 - 19 Mar 2026

Viewed by 308

Abstract

Enteric diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and economic loss in livestock production, and the search for effective, antibiotic-free alternatives has intensified in recent years. Among emerging strategies, yeast-derived postbiotics—non-viable microbial cells and their metabolites—have gained attention for their potential to enhance [...] Read more.

Enteric diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and economic loss in livestock production, and the search for effective, antibiotic-free alternatives has intensified in recent years. Among emerging strategies, yeast-derived postbiotics—non-viable microbial cells and their metabolites—have gained attention for their potential to enhance gut health and disease resistance in farm animals. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the composition, mechanisms of action, and practical applications of yeast postbiotics, particularly those derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and related species. Key bioactive components, such as β-glucans, mannan oligosaccharides, peptides, and organic acids, are discussed in the context of their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and pathogen-inhibitory properties. Evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies across multiple livestock species—including poultry, swine, and ruminants—demonstrates beneficial effects on intestinal barrier function, microbial balance, and performance under disease-challenged conditions. Despite promising outcomes, challenges remain in standardizing postbiotic preparations, elucidating dose–response relationships, and tailoring applications to species-specific needs and production systems. This review highlights the potential of yeast postbiotics as a sustainable tool in enteric disease management and outlines research priorities for their broader implementation in animal agriculture. Full article

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15 pages, 1156 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Retrospective Study of Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes and Exploratory Analysis of Implant Failure in Dogs ≤5 kg Treated with Titanium Locking Mini-Plates for Radial and Ulnar Fractures

by Alberto Maria Crovace, Marta Guadalupi, Roberta Belvito, Chiara Monopoli, Alejandro Artiles, Eraldo Sanna Passino and Antonio Crovace

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030286 - 18 Mar 2026

Viewed by 354

Abstract

Radial and ulnar fractures in toy-breed dogs are associated with a high risk of complications due to limited bone stock and soft tissue coverage. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the postoperative clinical and radiographic outcomes in dogs undergoing radial [...] Read more.

Radial and ulnar fractures in toy-breed dogs are associated with a high risk of complications due to limited bone stock and soft tissue coverage. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the postoperative clinical and radiographic outcomes in dogs undergoing radial and ulnar fracture stabilization with a titanium locking mini-plate system. Medical records and radiographs of toy-breed dogs weighing ≤5 kg treated between 2020 and 2025 were reviewed. Twenty-six dogs met the inclusion criteria. Radiographic union after primary fixation was observed in 92.9% of fractures. Implant failure occurred in 7.1% of cases and was successfully addressed with revision surgery, after which fracture healing was achieved. At final follow-up, limb function was graded as excellent in all dogs, including those requiring revision surgery. A shorter distal fragment length was significantly associated with implant failure, whereas implant length and proximal fragment length showed no significant association. These findings indicate that titanium locking mini-plates were associated with favorable clinical and radiographic outcomes. Distal fragment dimensions may influence the risk of implant failure and should be considered during surgical planning. However, the small number of implant failure events limits the robustness of statistical inferences, and the absence of a control group prevents direct comparison with alternative fixation techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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14 pages, 2030 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bacteriostatic Mechanism of the Ethyl Acetate Extract from the Root of Schisandra propinqua (Wall.) Baill. var. sinensis Oliv (Xiao Xue Teng) Against Staphylococcus aureus

by Lingyun Gu, Huifang Zhou, Qunxin Wang, Weidong Sun, Fuxin Chen, Tuo Li and Chenghua He

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030285 - 18 Mar 2026

Viewed by 188

Abstract

Background: The root of Schisandra propinqua (Wall.) Baill. var. sinensis Oliv is a traditional ethnomedicine in China; it was widely used to treat abscesses, sores, carbuncles, rheumatism, and so on. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the bacteriostatic mechanism of the [...] Read more.

Background: The root of Schisandra propinqua (Wall.) Baill. var. sinensis Oliv is a traditional ethnomedicine in China; it was widely used to treat abscesses, sores, carbuncles, rheumatism, and so on. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the bacteriostatic mechanism of the ethyl acetate extract from the root of Schisandra propinqua (Wall.) Baill. var. Sinensis Oliv (Xiao Xue Teng) against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (S. aureus ATCC 25923). Methods: Bioactive bacteriostatic constituents in Xiao Xue Teng were identified through Hybrid Quadrupole-TOF LC/MS/MS. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Xiao Xue Teng against S. aureus ATCC 25923 was determined using the microbroth dilution method. A time–kill curve analysis was used to evaluate the bacteriostatic effects. SDS-PAGE coupled with nano-liquid NanoLC-ESI-MS/MS, real-time PCR, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the bacteriostatic mechanism of Xiao Xue Teng against S. aureus ATCC 25923. Results: The MIC of Xiao Xue Teng against S. aureus ATCC 25923 was determined to be 15.625 µg/mL. The translation initiation factor (IF-2) and elongation factor (EF-Tu) were significantly decreased in S. aureus ATCC 25923 after treatment with Xiao Xue Teng, while the proteins SodA and AhpC were obviously increased. The intracellular levels of total reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) were significantly increased (p < 0.01) after the treatment with Xiao Xue Teng. Concurrently, the activities of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px were significantly increased (p < 0.01). Moreover, cellular swelling and shrinkage were observed using SEM. Conclusions: The bacteriostatic mechanism of Xiao Xue Teng against S. aureus ATCC 25923 was related to eliciting oxidative stress, inhibiting protein synthesis and enhancing cytoplasmic membrane permeability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Livestock Staphylococcus sp.)

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14 pages, 244 KB

Open AccessArticle

Laboratory Surveillance of Bovine Brucellosis: Predictors of Rose Bengal Test Positivity in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa (2021–2024)

by Themba Titus Sigudu, Phoka Caiphus Rathebe, Masilu D. Masekameni, Tintswalo Mercy Hlungwani, Khuthatshelo Vincent Mphaga and James Wabwire Oguttu

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030284 - 18 Mar 2026

Viewed by 521

Abstract

Bovine brucellosis is an endemic zoonotic disease in South Africa with significant consequences for livestock productivity and public health. Although routine laboratory surveillance data from the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) are widely collected, they are seldom used to investigate temporal and spatial patterns [...] Read more.

Bovine brucellosis is an endemic zoonotic disease in South Africa with significant consequences for livestock productivity and public health. Although routine laboratory surveillance data from the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) are widely collected, they are seldom used to investigate temporal and spatial patterns of disease detection. This study aimed to examine temporal, seasonal, and spatial predictors of RBT positivity for bovine brucellosis in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. A retrospective observational study was conducted using routine laboratory records from the Mpumalanga Provincial Veterinary Laboratory between January 2021 and December 2024. The dataset included all bovine serum samples with complete information on testing date, municipality, and RBT results. Laboratory submissions were recorded as batches, defined as groups of serum samples submitted together to the laboratory as part of a single surveillance or investigation event. The primary outcome was batch-level RBT positivity, defined as the presence of at least one RBT-positive serum sample within a submission batch. Temporal (year of testing), seasonal (season of submission), and spatial (local municipality area) variables were evaluated as predictors of RBT positivity using logistic regression models. Mixed-effects logistic regression accounted for the clustering of submissions within municipalities. A total of 568 submission batches comprising 67,974 serum samples were analysed, of which 6182 tested positive, yielding an overall positivity of 9.1%. RBT positivity increased significantly in 2023 compared with 2021 (AOR = 2.47; 95% CI: 2.27–2.68). Seasonal variation was observed, with higher odds of positivity in spring (AOR = 1.80; 95% CI: 1.65–1.97) and lower odds in autumn and winter relative to summer. Mixed-effects modelling indicated significant residual spatial heterogeneity in RBT positivity across municipalities. Routine laboratory surveillance data can provide valuable epidemiological insights into the temporal, seasonal, and spatial dynamics of bovine brucellosis detection and support risk-based surveillance strategies in endemic livestock systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Livestock Health: Microbiota, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Management Practices)

21 pages, 18412 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Transcriptomic Insights into the Combined Pathogenesis of Avian Leukosis Virus and Salmonella pullorum Co-Infection

by Min Tan, Rong Ran, Cheng Liu, Tao Xie, Keshan Zhang, Qigui Wang, Xi Lan and Haiwei Wang

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030283 - 18 Mar 2026

Viewed by 269

Abstract

Co-infection with avian leukemia and Pullorum Disease severely compromises poultry health, yet its pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. We employed transcriptome sequencing to analyze gene expression changes and enriched pathways in kidney, spleen, and liver tissues of Chongqing Chengkou mountain chickens under single-infection (avian [...] Read more.

Co-infection with avian leukemia and Pullorum Disease severely compromises poultry health, yet its pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. We employed transcriptome sequencing to analyze gene expression changes and enriched pathways in kidney, spleen, and liver tissues of Chongqing Chengkou mountain chickens under single-infection (avian leukemia virus or Pullorum Disease) and co-infection conditions. Significant differences were observed in the number and pathways of differentially expressed genes between co-infected and single-infected groups. These genes were predominantly enriched in pathways involving extracellular matrix–receptor interactions, PPAR signaling, and calcium ion signaling. RT-qPCR validation confirmed significant upregulation of MAPK10 and SQLE, alongside downregulation of genes such as FOXG1. This study identifies multiple differentially expressed genes and pathways associated with immunity and tumorigenesis, providing crucial molecular insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying avian leukemia and Pullorum Disease co-infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Immune Responses of Viral Infections in Poultry and Wild Birds)

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18 pages, 859 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Black Soldier Fly Larvae as Replacement of Soybean Meal on the Performance, Meat Quality, and Health Status in Broilers

by Ahmed A. A. Abdel-Wareth, Md Salahuddin, Prantic K. Goswami, Cassandra D. Gray, Adrian M. W. Aviña, Abigail Osei-Akoto, Trahmilla Carr, Alejandro Argueta, Lea Ann Kinman and Jayant Lohakare

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030282 - 18 Mar 2026

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Abstract

This study investigated the potential of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) meal to replace soybean meal in broiler diets by evaluating growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and blood biochemical responses. A total of 160 ten-day old Ross 708 chicks (216.74 ± 0.74, [...] Read more.

This study investigated the potential of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) meal to replace soybean meal in broiler diets by evaluating growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and blood biochemical responses. A total of 160 ten-day old Ross 708 chicks (216.74 ± 0.74, g) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments containing 0%, 20%, 40%, or 60% BSFL meal replacing soybean meal on a 100% equivalent basis, respectively, and evaluated during the starter (10–21 days), grower (21–42 days), and overall (10–42 days) phases. Carcass characteristics, meat color, and blood biochemistry were assessed on day 42. Data was analyzed using polynomial (linear and quadratic) contrasts. Increasing dietary BSFL levels resulted in significant reductions in body weight, average daily gain, and feed intake, while the feed conversion ratio increased linearly. Carcass yield decreased to higher inclusion levels, accompanied by a marked increase in gizzard weight. Meat color (L*, a*, b*) remained largely unchanged across treatments. Blood biochemical analysis revealed linear and quadratic shifts in key metabolites, enzymes, and electrolytes, including reductions in aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, and creatine phosphokinase, as well as altered calcium and phosphorus concentrations. Overall, BSFL meal inclusion as 20% replacement improved growth performance and stimulated beneficial lipid and protein metabolism adaptations in broilers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine)

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11 pages, 392 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Teaching Reform Practice to Improve Research Literacy of Veterinary Postgraduate Students Based on Evidence-Based Veterinary Medicine

by Wanglong Zheng, Penggang Liu, Bin Li, Huiling Zhang, Xinyuan Liu and Tangjie Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030281 - 18 Mar 2026

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Abstract

Despite the importance of researcher literacy in veterinary postgraduate education, conventional training often overlooks the methodologies of evidence synthesis. This study assessed an evidence-based veterinary medicine (EBVM) pathway that integrates structured meta-analysis practice into the curriculum. Veterinary postgraduates were assigned to either an [...] Read more.

Despite the importance of researcher literacy in veterinary postgraduate education, conventional training often overlooks the methodologies of evidence synthesis. This study assessed an evidence-based veterinary medicine (EBVM) pathway that integrates structured meta-analysis practice into the curriculum. Veterinary postgraduates were assigned to either an EBVM-intensive training group or a comparison group receiving routine instruction. Pre- and post-intervention assessments using a structured questionnaire revealed that the training group achieved superior proficiency in literature retrieval, critical appraisal, and methodological rigor. Notably, this pedagogical approach yielded nine peer-reviewed meta-analyses between 2021 and 2025, while no comparable output was observed in the comparison group. This evidence suggests that integrating hands-on meta-analysis into EBVM instruction serves as a catalyst, transforming theoretical learning into tangible, high-quality scholarly output. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)

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10 pages, 343 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Finishing Performance, Meat Quality, and Economic Efficiency of Retired Thoroughbred Versus Belgian-Cross Geldings Under an Identical Total Mixed Ration: A Pilot Study

by Chanwool Park, Chansung Jeong, Miyeon Son and Junkoo Yi

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030280 - 18 Mar 2026

Viewed by 192

Abstract

This study evaluated a 181-day finishing system for horses entering the Korean meat chain by comparing retired thoroughbred geldings and Belgian-crossbred geldings under identical management and an ad libitum forage-based total mixed ration. Ten geldings (n = 5 per group) were individually [...] Read more.

This study evaluated a 181-day finishing system for horses entering the Korean meat chain by comparing retired thoroughbred geldings and Belgian-crossbred geldings under identical management and an ad libitum forage-based total mixed ration. Ten geldings (n = 5 per group) were individually housed, with body weight and feed intake recorded monthly. After slaughter, carcass traits and meat quality grade were assessed, and longissimus thoracis et lumborum samples were analyzed for proximate composition. Belgian-crossbreds consumed more dry matter (18.68 vs. 13.60 kg DM/day), corresponding to 2.3% vs. 2.4% of body weight, but showed markedly greater growth (average daily gain 1.063 vs. 0.290 kg/day) and higher gain-to-feed (0.059 vs. 0.024) than retired Thoroughbreds. Carcass weight and marbling-related traits favored Belgian-crossbreds, including higher intramuscular fat in longissimus thoracis et lumborum (9.15% vs. 3.22%). Despite higher total feed cost per head, the economic feed conversion ratio was substantially lower in Belgian-crossbreds (13,133 vs. 35,088 KRW/kg gain), resulting in a positive gross margin estimate, whereas retired Thoroughbreds showed a negative margin under the same system. These results suggest that meat-type horses may be better suited to short, intensive finishing, while alternative utilization or tailored finishing strategies may be needed for retired racehorses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Behavior, Management, and Welfare of Horses)

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24 pages, 3707 KB

Open AccessArticle

A High-Coverage Epitope-Based Vaccine Design for EIAV Envelope Polyprotein Using an Immunoinformatic Approach

by Ernesto Garay, Alberto S. Garay, Carolina Veaute and Adriana Soutullo

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030279 - 17 Mar 2026

Viewed by 231

Abstract

Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) is a retroviral disease of equids, for which there is no vaccine particularly adapted to American viral strains. In this work we searched for possible epitope regions for the surface proteins gp90 and gp45, rationally employing the latest available [...] Read more.

Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) is a retroviral disease of equids, for which there is no vaccine particularly adapted to American viral strains. In this work we searched for possible epitope regions for the surface proteins gp90 and gp45, rationally employing the latest available bioinformatics tools that constitute the state of the art in the field. We selected eight regions that contain numerous overlapping epitopes that have a high coverage amongst American viral strains and designed a chimeric envelope protein with those proteins fused in tandem as a novel vaccine candidate. In silico predictors were used to analyze chimeric protein physicochemical and immunogenic properties, as well as its allergenicity and toxicity. Protein structure was predicted and validated, and its ability to trigger cytotoxic immune responses was predicted by molecular docking to ELA alleles. The proposed sequence is predicted to be highly immunogenic and sets the base for a novel EIAV vaccine that could be used to protect against several American field strains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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12 pages, 261 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Thyroid Profile in the Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus)

by Adriana Maia, Rodrigo Serra, Ana C. Silvestre-Ferreira, Jaume Ródon, Guillermo López and Felisbina Pereira Queiroga

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(3), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13030278 - 17 Mar 2026

Viewed by 255

Abstract

The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), once considered the most endangered felid, has shown demographic recovery thanks to intensive conservation measures. Over the past two decades, large physiological datasets have supported both clinical management and research, yet thyroid function has remained comparatively [...] Read more.

The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), once considered the most endangered felid, has shown demographic recovery thanks to intensive conservation measures. Over the past two decades, large physiological datasets have supported both clinical management and research, yet thyroid function has remained comparatively underexplored. This study provides the first reference intervals (RI) for total thyroxine (TT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in captive and wild lynxes, and assesses the effects of age, sex, and environment. Serum samples from 71 individuals (32 captive, 39 wild; 32 females, 39 males) were analysed, including 32 young adults, 14 adults, and 25 geriatric animals. TT4 was measured by enzyme immunoassay, and TSH using chemiluminescence. TT4 RI was 0.80–2.00 µg/dl (captive) and 0.70–2.20 µg/dl (wild) (p = 0.065). TSH RI was 0.00–1.10 ng/ml (captive) and 0.00–0.10 ng/ml (wild), showing a significant difference (p < 0.001). Captive males had higher TT4 than females (p = 0.018), while no sex difference appeared in wild lynxes (p = 0.408). Age had no significant effect on TT4 (p = 0.462) or TSH (p = 0.739). Findings confirmed that environment and sex (captivity) influenced thyroid parameters, while age did not. These values are crucial for health monitoring and endocrine assessment in this endangered species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wildlife Health and Disease in Conservation—2nd Edition)

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Vet. Sci., Volume 13, Issue 3 (March 2026) – 98 articles

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