Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis DNA and Antibodies in Dairy Goat Colostrum and Milk
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection of Samples
- (I)
- Colostrum samples (n = 120) were collected from a convenience sample of dairy goats from each of the six dairy goat herds. It was intended to collect at least 150 samples, as this would allow to conclude with a level of confidence of 95% that the true proportion contaminated samples did not exceed a designMAP prevalence of 2% if none of the samples tested MAP positive. Preferably between 20 to 30 goats per herd were sampled by the farmer, of which 10 were one year old first lactation goats and the rest a representative representation of ages and/or lactations were collected as per written instruction. Samples were collected in provided vials, stored in the fridge, and picked up on farm by the first author for cooled transport to the GD-Animal Health laboratory.
- (II)
- Colostrum samples (n = 22) were collected from a convenience sample of ELISA-positive dairy goats with clinical signs consistent with paratuberculosis from two dairy goat herds (herds A and I). These samples were collected by the farmers as described above.
- (III)
- Milk samples (n = 202) from a convenience sampling of dairy goats from a single herd (herd B). These samples were collected by the farmers as described above.
- (IV)
- Post mortem collected milk samples (n = 27) from goats designated to be slaughtered from three herds (herd B, G, and H). These goats were selected by the dairy goat farmers based on clinical signs consistent with paratuberculosis and were euthanized on farm by the local veterinarian. After euthanisation, the cadavers were transported to the post mortem facility at GD-Animal Health. Milk samples were collected by milking both udder halves separately after disinfection and removal of the first milk. In addition, tissue samples were collected from the distal ileum, mid jejunum, ileocecal valve, draining mesenteric lymph nodes, as well as bilateral mammary tissue, and mammary lymph nodes. For each individual, four pooled tissue samples were created, consisting of samples from the intestines (distal ileum, mid jejunum, ileocecal valve), the draining mesenteric lymph nodes, bilateral mammary tissue, and the bilateral mammary lymph nodes, respectively.
2.2. Laboratory Analyses
2.3. Data Analyses
2.4. Animal Welfare and Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Colostrum
3.2. Milk
3.3. Milk and Tissue Samples Collected Post Mortem
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Herd | Herd Size | MAP History | Age at MAP Vaccination | Sample Type | Age at Sampling (no. of Goats × Age in Years) | Lactation at Sampling (no. of Goats × Lactation) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 840 Total 411 > 1 yo 429 < 1 yo | Known (post mortem) | At approx. 2 months | Colostrum | Colostrum: 10 × 1, 4 × 2, 1 × 3, 2 × 4, 1 × 5, 2 × 6. | 10 × 1st, 5 × 2nd, 1 × 3rd, 3 × 4th, 1 × 5th. |
B | 962 Total 662 > 1 yo 300 < 1 yo | Known (post mortem and serology) | Between 1 to 8 months | Colostrum Milk Goats for post mortem | Colostrum: 6 × 1, 2 × 3, 2 × 4, 4 × 5, 2 × 6, 3 × 8. Mortem: 1 × 2, 1 × 5, 1 × 6, 1 × 8, 1 × 9. | 6 × 1st, 6 × 2nd, 3 × 3rd, 5 × 4th. |
Cnv | 1727 Total 1292 > 1 yo 435 < 1 yo | Unsuspected | Not applicable | Colostrum | Colostrum: 10 × 1. | 10 × 1st |
D | 1673 Total 1287 > 1 yo 386 < 1 yo | Known (post mortem) | At approx. 3 months of age | Colostrum | Colostrum: 11 × 1, 8 × 2, 1 × 3. | 19 × 1st, 1 × 2nd. |
E | 1533 Total 1153 > 1 yo 380 < 1 yo | Suspected | 18 as goat kids 12 as adults | Colostrum | Colostrum: 8 × 1, 22 × 2. | 30 × 1st |
Fpv | 1226 Total 878 > 1 yo 348 < 1 yo | Known (serology) | Unknown | Colostrum | 17 × no age data provided | 17 × no lactation data provided |
G | 577 Total 453 > 1 yo 124 < 1 yo | Known (post mortem and serology) | Partly | Goats for post mortem | Post mortem: 1 × 4, 1 × 6, 1 × 9, 2 × 10, 1 × 11, 1 × 13. | Unknown |
H | 554 Total 435 > 1 yo 119 < 1 yo | Known (serology and post mortem) | Not applicable | Goats for post mortem | Post mortem: 1 × 2, 3 × 3, 1 × 4, 3 × 7, 1 × 9, and 6 × unknown. | Unknown |
I | 902 Total 676 > 1 yo 226 < 1 yo | Known (serology and post mortem) | As goat kids | Colostrum | 22 × no age data provided | 22 × no lactation data provided |
PCR Negative | PCR Dubieus | PCR Positive | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ELISA negative | 102 | 2 | 2 | 106 |
ELISA dubious | 22 | 0 | 1 | 23 |
ELISA positive | 70 | 3 | 0 | 73 |
Total | 194 | 5 | 3 | 202 |
Pooled Tissue Samples | Milk L | Milk R | Number of Goats | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Results Combination | Intestines | Mesenteric Lnn | Mammary Lnn | Mammary Tissue | |||
1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
6 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
7 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
8 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
9 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
10 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
11 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Total: 19 | Total: 22 | Total: 9 | Total: 7 | Total: 4 | Total: 3 | Total no. of goats: 27 |
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Lievaart-Peterson, K.; Luttikholt, S.; Gonggrijp, M.; Ruuls, R.; Ravesloot, L.; Koets, A.P. Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis DNA and Antibodies in Dairy Goat Colostrum and Milk. Vet. Sci. 2019, 6, 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6040096
Lievaart-Peterson K, Luttikholt S, Gonggrijp M, Ruuls R, Ravesloot L, Koets AP. Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis DNA and Antibodies in Dairy Goat Colostrum and Milk. Veterinary Sciences. 2019; 6(4):96. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6040096
Chicago/Turabian StyleLievaart-Peterson, Karianne, Saskia Luttikholt, Maaike Gonggrijp, Robin Ruuls, Lars Ravesloot, and Ad P. Koets. 2019. "Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis DNA and Antibodies in Dairy Goat Colostrum and Milk" Veterinary Sciences 6, no. 4: 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6040096
APA StyleLievaart-Peterson, K., Luttikholt, S., Gonggrijp, M., Ruuls, R., Ravesloot, L., & Koets, A. P. (2019). Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis DNA and Antibodies in Dairy Goat Colostrum and Milk. Veterinary Sciences, 6(4), 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci6040096