Calcium Enrichment in Edible Mushrooms: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Effects of Various Factors on Calcium Enrichment in Edible Mushrooms
3. Effect of Calcium Enrichment on Nutritive Value of Edible Mushrooms
3.1. Polysaccharides
3.2. Phenolics and Flavonoids
3.3. Enzymes
3.4. Other Bioactive Compounds
4. The Mechanisms of Calcium Enrichment in Edible Mushrooms
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Edible Mushrooms | Levels (μg/g) | References |
---|---|---|
Agrocybe aegerita | 203.99 ± 6.47 | Lin et al., 2015 [48] |
Flammulina velutipes | 890.34 ± 17.80 | |
Hypsizygus marmoreus | 1279.12 ± 25.58 | |
Lentinus edodes | 840.39 ± 5.23 | |
Pleurotus eryngii | 796.03 ± 15.92 | |
Agaricus blazei murrill | 425.81-703.79 | Liu et al., 2018 [49] |
Agrocybe cylindracea | 115.21-564.40 | |
Auricularia auricula | 1971.83-6103.99 | |
Coprinus comatus | 1014.67-1874.72 | |
Cyptotrama chrysopeplum | 58.25-259.83 | |
Dictyophora indusiata | 86.35-475.48 | |
Flammulina velutipes | 32.62-164.09 | |
Hericium erinaceus | 13.49-25.23 | |
Lentinus edodes | 154.96-650.09 | |
Pholiota nameko | 282.76-740.47 | |
Pleurotus eryngii | 23.29-47.50 | |
Pleurotus ostreatus | 681.56-1143.17 | |
Tremella fuciformis | 88.03-691.07 | |
Volvariella volvacea | 925.59-1613.94 |
Edible Mushrooms | Calcium Source | Optimized Ca Content for Enrichment (mg/L *) | Calcium-Enriched Amount (mg/100 g **) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ganoderma lucidum | CaCl2 | 200 | 100.6 | Lee et al., 2006 [82] |
Hypsizygus marmoreus | CaCl2 | 100 | 2239.8 | Zhang et al., 2022 [57] |
Inonotus obliquus | Ca(NO3)2 | 1000 | 21 | Yu et al., 2016 [83] |
Pleurotusnebrodensis | CaCl2 | 6000 | 790.6 | Bu et al., 2009 [18] |
Pleurotusostreatus | CaCl2 | 6000 | 491.67 | He et al., 1998 [84] |
Poria cocos | CaCl2 | 2000 | 89.11 | Wang et al., 2007 [76] |
Edible Mushrooms | Results | References |
---|---|---|
Pleurotus eryngii | Calcium enrichment improved the total soluble sugars and protein in fruiting bodies, whereas calcium accumulation did not show a significant impact on fat and free amino acids in fruiting bodies. | He et al., 2020 [69] |
Pleurotus djamor | The maximum crude polysaccharide content was obtained as calcium content was varied from 0.05 to 0.10 mg/mL | Ji et al., 2017 [122] |
Ganoderma lucidum | Calcium enrichment could improve the content of extracellular polysaccharide. | Xiong et al., 2009 [82] |
Inonotus obliquus | The highest crude fiber content of 41.72% in calcium-enriched sample was observed. Furthermore, the highest total triterpene content of 0.058 mg/mL was obtained under calcium-enriched conditions. | Yu et al., 2016 [83] Guo et al., 2015 [123] |
Flammulina velutipes | The highest polysaccharide content was achieved with Ca2+ content of 5000 mg/L, whereas polysaccharide accumulation was inhibited with Ca2+ content of 12,000 mg/L. Additionally, the amylase activity was the highest with Ca2+ content of 1000 mg/L. | Chen et al., 2020 [79] |
Laetiporus sulphureus | Dentate acid content of 18.34 mg/g was obtained when calcium content in liquid culture was 100 mg/L. | He et al., 2023 [54] |
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Tang, Z.-X.; Shi, L.-E.; Jiang, Z.-B.; Bai, X.-L.; Ying, R.-F. Calcium Enrichment in Edible Mushrooms: A Review. J. Fungi 2023, 9, 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9030338
Tang Z-X, Shi L-E, Jiang Z-B, Bai X-L, Ying R-F. Calcium Enrichment in Edible Mushrooms: A Review. Journal of Fungi. 2023; 9(3):338. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9030338
Chicago/Turabian StyleTang, Zhen-Xing, Lu-E. Shi, Zhong-Bao Jiang, Xue-Lian Bai, and Rui-Feng Ying. 2023. "Calcium Enrichment in Edible Mushrooms: A Review" Journal of Fungi 9, no. 3: 338. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9030338