Sporothrix brasiliensis: Epidemiology, Therapy, and Recent Developments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Sporotrichosis Caused by S. brasiliensis Outside of Brazil
3.2. Drugs Tested (In Vitro and In Vivo) against This Pathogen
3.2.1. In Vitro Studies
3.2.2. Combination Therapy
3.2.3. In Vivo Studies
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Drug | Range of Concentrations | N * | Range MIC | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
22-hydrazone-imidazolin-2-yl-chol-5-ene-3β-ol | 0.06–4 µg/mL | 16 | 0.03–0.5 µg/mL | [66] |
Tacrolimus | 0.008–16 µg/mL | 1 | 1 µg/mL | [51] |
Cyclosporine A | 0.125–16 µg/mL | 1 | 1 µg/mL | |
Diphenyl Diselenide | 0.25 to 128 µg/mL | 40 | 4–32 µg/mL | [48] |
Pentamidine | 0.03–16 µg/mL | 10 | 0.13–1 µg/mL | [58] |
Miltefosine | 0.0312–16 µg/mL | 48 | 0.5–2 µg/mL | [59] |
0.25–16 µg/mL | 13 | 1–2 µg/mL | [62] | |
0.0313–16 µg/mL | 10 | 1–4 µg/mL | [60] | |
0.03−16 µg/mL | 3 | 0.5–4 µg/mL | [78] | |
Pyrazinoic acid | 0.006–3.18 mg/mL | 1 | 1.59 mg/mL | [67] |
Pyrazinoic acid derivatives | 0.005–5.1 mg/mL | 5 | 0.05–3.06 mg/mL | |
Dihydrofuranaphthoquinone derivatives (n = 9) | 0.06–32 μM | 1 | 4–32 μM | [69] |
Nikkomycin Z | 6.25–400 µg/mL | 3 | 100–400 µg/mL | [53] |
Acylhydrazone derivatives (n = 3) | 0.06–4 µg/mL | 1 | 0.25–2 µg/mL | [71] |
Buparvaquone | 0.005–2.61 µg/mL | 20 | 0.005–0.16 µg/mL | [61] |
Ibuprofen | 2–1.024 µg/mL | 7 | 128–512 µg/mL | [49] |
0.06–8 mg/mL | 6 | 0.12–8 mg/mL | [75] | |
Naphthoquinone derivative (n = 5) | 0.06–32 μM | 1 | 2–32 μM | [63] |
Acetylsalicylic acid | 0.06–8 mg/mL | 6 | 0.25–8 mg/mL | [75] |
Diclofenac sodium | 0.06–8 mg/mL | 2 | <0.06–2 mg/mL | |
Complexes coordinated with cobalt (n = 3) | 4–256 µg/mL | 27 | 32–128 µg/mL | [76] |
Hydrazone derivatives (n = 3) | Data not shown | 7 | 2.7–13.3 µg/mL | [77] |
Quinone derivatives (n = 11) | 32–128 µg/mL | |||
Olorofilm | 0.0002–1 μM | 1 | 0.06 μM | [64] |
Chitosan | 2–512 µg/mL | 10 | 16–128 µg/mL | [74] |
Pentathiepin derivatives (n = 3) | Data not shown | 8 | 0.5–8 µg/mL | [68] |
Zinc ITZ complexes | 0.04–204 μM | 1 | 0.08–0.3 μM | [72] |
Metal complexes with KTZ and CTZ | 0.008–4 μM | 1 | 0.25 μM | [73] |
Diaminoquinazoline derivative | 0.0002–1 μM | 5 | 0.25–1 μM | [65] |
Iodoquinol | 5 | 0.5 μM | ||
Azole derivative | 5 | 0.25–1 μM | ||
Silver nanoparticles Silver nanoparticles with chitosan | 0.12–16 μg/mL | 1 | 0.12 µg/mL | [70] |
0.5 µg/mL |
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Xavier, M.O.; Poester, V.R.; Trápaga, M.R.; Stevens, D.A. Sporothrix brasiliensis: Epidemiology, Therapy, and Recent Developments. J. Fungi 2023, 9, 921. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9090921
Xavier MO, Poester VR, Trápaga MR, Stevens DA. Sporothrix brasiliensis: Epidemiology, Therapy, and Recent Developments. Journal of Fungi. 2023; 9(9):921. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9090921
Chicago/Turabian StyleXavier, Melissa Orzechowski, Vanice Rodrigues Poester, Mariana Rodrigues Trápaga, and David A. Stevens. 2023. "Sporothrix brasiliensis: Epidemiology, Therapy, and Recent Developments" Journal of Fungi 9, no. 9: 921. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9090921