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Article

Evaluation of Tyromyces chioneus Production Using Sawdust Supplemented with Corncobs

by
Chunge Sheng
,
Fei Wang
,
Lei Shi
,
Jinhe Wang
,
Zitong Liu
,
Peng Zhang
,
Haiyang Yu
,
Jing Zhao
and
Yanfeng Wang
*
Mudanjiang Branch, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mudanjiang 157000, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040367
Submission received: 5 February 2025 / Revised: 26 March 2025 / Accepted: 27 March 2025 / Published: 28 March 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Propagation and Cultivation of Mushroom)
Browse Figure
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Tyromyces chioneus fruiting bodies could potentially be used for food and medicine; however, we still have limited knowledge about their optimal cultivation conditions and nutritional quality. In this study, we cultivated a wild strain of T. chioneus collected from Sandaoguan National Forest Park in Mudanjiang City. We compared the growth and yield of fruiting bodies on a sawdust substrate alone or in combination with corncobs, soybean straw, or corn straw. We also determined the contents of crude protein, crude polysaccharide, dietary fiber, total flavonoids, and other nutrients in the fruiting bodies and the ability of T. chioneus to degrade cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin when grown on a sawdust–corncob substrate. T. chioneus produced two flushes of fruiting bodies on all tested substrates, but the mycelial colonization time, primordial initiation time, and time interval between flushes varied among the substrates, with ranges of 28.00 ± 1.00–30.67 ± 0.58 d, 9.33 ± 0.58–11.67 ± 0.58 d, and 11.33 ± 0.5–13.00 ± 1.00 d, respectively. The sawdust–corncob substrate resulted in a substantially higher biological efficiency (BE) of 35.14 ± 0.93% compared to the previously reported 19.15%, along with the highest yield of 196.80 ± 5.21 g bag−1. The contents of total flavonoids, crude protein, dietary fiber, and calcium of the fruiting bodies produced on the sawdust–corncob substrate were 708 mg 100 g−1, 16.30 g 100 g−1, 18.82 g 100 g−1, and 554 mg kg−1, respectively. The degradation rates of lignin and cellulose in the sawdust–corncob substrate by T. chioneus were 33.93% and 37.72%, respectively. This study suggests that sawdust–corncob could be a promising substrate to cultivate T. chioneus.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Tyromyces chioneus (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Polyporales, Polyporaceae) is an ecologically and economically important fungus [1]. It is widely distributed in extratropical and cool temperate zones in Asia, Europe, and North America [2]. T. chioneus usually grows on fallen wood in broad-leaved forests [3,4]. In China, it is mainly distributed in Hebei, Shanxi, and Heilongjiang Provinces [5].
As a fungus that causes the white decay of wood [6], T. chioneus can secrete non-specific extracellular enzymes, such as laccase, lignin peroxidase, and manganese peroxidase, degrade lignocellulose, and degrade industrial and agricultural wastes [7]. In addition, the extracellular enzymes of white-rot fungi are extremely important in sewage treatment, biofilm, and papermaking and have received a lot of interest in the fields of enzyme engineering and environmental protection [8,9]. Li et al. found that T. chioneus has high laccase activity and conducted degradation experiments on corn straw cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin using this species. They found that T. chioneus is a good lignin-degrading fungus [10]. Furthermore, Cao (2015) isolated a novel laccase (Tyclac) from T. chioneus that demonstrated the efficient degradation of metalaxyl (70% within 12 h) [11].
Current research on T. chioneus mainly focuses on compound identification and the biological activity of its fermentation broth [12,13]. While extracts of T. chioneus are known to have anti-HIV activity [6,14], there are few reports on the chemical constituents of the Tyromyces genus [15]. T. chioneus was analyzed for its biological characteristics and potential domestication. T. chioneus fruiting bodies were successfully cultivated on broad-leaved sawdust substrates [16]. However, it is unclear if the fungus can be cultivated on other substrates.
Corn, rice, and soybean are the three major grain crops in Heilongjiang Province [17]. In 2022, straw production from these main crops in Heilongjiang Province was 85.44 million tons [18]. Straw is an agricultural waste product that is cheap and has high availability. Therefore, recent research has focused on its use as a high-value product. Straw is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin [19] and therefore is a potential substrate for the cultivation of edible fungi [20,21]. Using straw to cultivate edible fungi is an effective way to utilize this potential waste and reduce environmental pollution.
In this study, we evaluated the suitability of sawdust, crop straw, and corncobs as substrates for the growth and development of mycelia and fruiting bodies of T. chioneus. We also determined the nutritional quality of T. chioneus fruiting bodies and the ability of T. chioneus to degrade lignocellulose when grown on a sawdust–corncob substrate. Our results provide insights for the development and utilization of T. chioneus.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Tyromyces chioneus Strain

This study investigated a strain of T. chioneus isolated from a sample collected from Sandaoguan National Forest Park (Mudanjiang, China) in 2019. It was deposited in the Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC) (Guangzhou, China) under GDMCC NO.65077. Pure cultures were inoculated on potato dextrose agar (PDA; 200 g L−1 potato, 20 g L−1 glucose, 15 g L−1 agar) at 25 °C.

2.2. Substrate Preparation

Crop straw was provided by the Mudanjiang Branch of the Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Mudanjiang, China). Corn straw, soybean straw, and corncobs were cut into 1 cm pieces using a crusher (9F40-28, Xingyang, China). All materials used in this study were dried in the sun. Sawdust, wheat bran, gypsum, and lime were purchased from a local market. Four substrate treatments were used to cultivate T. chioneus. The composition of each treatment is provided in Table 1.

2.3. Fruiting Body Cultivation

The corncobs, soybean straw, corn straw, and sawdust were pre-wet with water for 24 h and then mixed with the wheat bran, gypsum, and lime, as shown in Table 1. Then, the substrate mixtures were adjusted to a 55–65% (w/w) water content and placed in polyethylene bags (17 × 33 cm). The wet weight of each bag was 1.4 kg, equivalent to about 0.63 kg of dry material. The bags were sterilized at 126 °C for 2.5 h. The sterilized bags were cooled to 25 °C and then inoculated using grain spawn at a rate of 8% (w/w) of the substrate dry weight.
The inoculated bags were placed in the dark at 25 °C and <40% relative humidity (RH). The bags were kept under these conditions for 5–10 d after mycelia had completely colonized the substrate. Then, the mycelia were considered physiologically mature, and the bags were moved into a greenhouse maintained at 18–22 °C and an 80–85% RH for the initiation of primordia and 22–25 °C and a 80–90% RH for the growth of fruiting bodies. The light intensity in the greenhouse was controlled at 300–500 Lx.

2.4. Agronomic Trait Determination

Each treatment consisted of 90 polyethylene bags divided into three replicates. Analyses were conducted on more than 80% of the bags per replicate. The mycelial colonization time (the number of days from inoculation to the complete colonization of the substrate) and primordium initiation time (the number of days from the physiological maturity of mycelia to pinhead fruiting bodies) were recorded. The time interval (number of days) between the first and second flush of fruiting bodies was determined.
The fruiting bodies were weighed after harvest and the total number of harvested bags was counted. These data were used to calculate the average fruiting body harvest (Equation (1)) and biological efficiency (BE; Equation (2)).
Average fruiting body harvest (g bag−1) = Total weight of harvested fresh fruiting bodies/total number of harvested bags
BE (%) = Weight of fresh fruiting bodies harvested per bag/weight of dry substrate per bag × 100

2.5. Chemical Composition Analysis

The first flush of fruiting bodies produced on the sawdust–corncob substrate was collected in full. Fruiting bodies were randomly collected in equal numbers (10 fruiting bodies) from each replicate, dried in an oven (OVEN-324, Jiangsu, China) at 60 °C to a constant weight, and then kept at 4 °C for later use. The contents of crude protein [22], crude fat [23], crude polysaccharide [24], and dietary fiber [25] were determined. The contents of calcium [26], iron [27], zinc [28], and selenium [29] were determined as described in the National Food Safety Standards. For each of the eight analyzed compounds, three replicate measurements were performed, and the results were averaged. All results referred to dry weight.
For flavonoid content determination, first, a flavonoid sample solution was prepared according to Fu et al. [30] and Acharya et al. [31]. In short, fruiting bodies collected from each treatment in the first flush were dried at 40 °C overnight and then ground to a fine powder. Dried powder (0.5 g) was added to 25 mL of methanol and the mixture was transferred to a 50 mL centrifugal tube with a plug. The tubes were weighed and subjected to sonication in a water bath using a KQ-250DE ultrasonic device (Kunshan, China) with a power of 250 W and a frequency of 40 kHz for 30 min. The suspension was maintained at 30 °C throughout this process. The tubes were returned to room temperature and any lost weight was made up with methanol. The tubes were then centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 20 min, and the supernatant was used to determine the total flavonoid content.
The total flavonoid content was determined according to the method described by Ibrahim et al. [32]. Rutin (0.06–0.5 mg L−1) was used as a standard. The results were the average of three repetitions and expressed as the rutin dry weight in mg g−1. The above analysis was conducted by Beijing Jinyan Innovation Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China).

2.6. Determination of Lignocellulose

The cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents of the original sawdust–corncob substrate (before inoculation) and the spent sawdust–corncob substrate (after the second fruiting body flush was harvested) were determined. First, ash-free neutral detergent fiber (NDF) [33], ash-free acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and lignin [34] were determined as described. The hemicellulose content was calculated as the difference between NDF and ADF, and that of cellulose was calculated as the difference between ADF and ADL [35]. The degradation rate of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in the substrates was calculated according to the following Equations (3)–(5).
Lignin degradation rate (%) = (lignin content in the original substrate − lignin content in the spent substrate)/lignin content in the original substrate × 100
Cellulose degradation rate (%) = (cellulose content in the original substrate − cellulose content in the spent substrate)/cellulose content in the original substrate × 100
Hemicellulose degradation rate (%) = (hemicellulose content in the original substrate − hemicellulose content in the spent substrate)/hemicellulose content in the original substrate × 100

2.7. Statistical Analysis

One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the least significant difference (LSD) multiple-range test were used to analyze differences among the four treatments at the 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0 for Windows (IBM, Inc., Armonk, NY, USA).

3. Results

3.1. Mycelium Growth and Development

The growth and development of T. chioneus mycelia differed among the four treatments (Table 2). The T1 treatment had the longest mycelial colonization time (30.67 ± 0.58 d), followed by CK (28.33 ± 1.15 d), T3 (28.00 ± 1.00 d), then T2 (26.67 ± 0.58 d). The mycelial colonization time was significantly longer for T1 than for the other treatments and significantly shorter for T2 than for CK.
The primordial initiation time ranged from 9.33 ± 0.58 d in T1 to 11.67 ± 0.58 d in T2. T1 had a significantly shorter primordial initiation time than T2 and T3, and T2 had a significantly longer primordial initiation time than CK.
The time interval between flushes ranged from 11.33 ± 0.58 d in T3 to 13.00 ± 1.00 d in T1. The only significant difference observed was between T1 and T3.

3.2. Yield and BE of Tyromyces chioneus

The yield and BE of T. chioneus differed among the treatments (Table 3). T1 resulted in the highest yield from the first flush (115.43 ± 3.71 g bag−1), followed by T2 (100.10 ± 8.55 g bag−1), CK (98.60 ± 11.69 g bag−1), and T3 (92.60 ± 4.61 g bag−1). The yield of T1 from the first flush was significantly higher than that of the other treatments, including CK. There were no significant differences among CK, T2, and T3.
For the second flush, the yield was in the following order: T1 (81.37 ± 2.44 g bag−1) > T2 (74.27 ± 4.14 g bag−1) > T3 (71.37 ± 3.85 g bag−1) > CK (67.33 ± 3.20 g bag−1). The second-flush yield of T1 was significantly higher than that of other treatments, and the second-flush yield of T2 was significantly higher than that of CK. There was no significant difference between T2 and T3 or between T3 and CK.
T1 also had the highest total yield (196.80 ± 5.21 g bag−1) and BE (35.14 ± 0.93%), significantly higher than those of the other three treatments. There were no significant differences in yield or BE among CK, T2 and T3.

3.3. Chemical Composition

To explore the possibility of using T. chioneus as medicine or food, we determined the contents of crude protein, crude polysaccharide, crude fat, dietary fiber, calcium, iron, zinc, selenium, and total flavonoids in the fruiting bodies (Table 4). The contents of crude protein, crude polysaccharide, and crude fat in T. chioneus were 16.3 g 100 g−1, 4.58 g 100 g−1, and 1.4 g 100 g−1, respectively, and the content of dietary fiber was 18.82 g 100 g−1. The contents of calcium, iron and zinc in the fruiting bodies were 554 mg kg−1, 55.6 mg kg−1, and 19.4 mg kg−1, respectively. The selenium content of the T. chioneus fruiting bodies was below the detection limit (0.006 mg kg−1). The total flavonoid content was 708 mg 100 g−1.

3.4. Degradation of Lignocellulose

The degradation of lignocellulose on the sawdust–corncob substrate by T. chioneus mycelia is shown in Table 5. The degradation rates of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose were 33.93%, 37.72%, and 28.96%, respectively.

4. Discussion

In this study, we examined T. chioneus growth, yield, and BE on various substrates. We also analyzed the nutritional components of T. chioneus fruiting bodies and the ability of T. chioneus to degrade lignocellulose. Our results provide support for the development and utilization of T. chioneus.
The mycelial colonization and primordial initiation times of T. chioneus were 26.67 ± 0.58–30.67 ± 0.58 d and 9.33 ± 0.58–10.67 ± 0.58 d, respectively. The mycelial colonization time in our study was slightly longer and the primordial initiation time was similar compared with a previous study in which T. chioneus was cultivated on sawdust (21 d and 9 d, respectively) [16]. Differences in cultivation substrates, environmental conditions, and strain characteristics can lead to differences in mycelial colonization and primordial initiation times, as shown in other mushroom species [19,36].
We showed that various combinations of crop straw, corncobs, and sawdust could be successfully used to cultivate T. chioneus, producing two fruiting body flushes. The total yield and BE of T. chioneus were 163.97 ± 4.40–196.80 ± 5.21 g bag−1 and 29.63 ± 2.64%–35.14 ± 1.92%, respectively, which were higher than those reported by Qi et al. [16]. In their study, only one flush of T. chioneus fruiting bodies was produced on a sawdust substrate, and the yield and BE were 99.58 g and 19.15%, respectively. Future research should focus on further optimizing cultivation conditions with the aim of producing a third flush.
In our study, the crude protein content of T. chioneus fruiting bodies was 16.3 g 100 g−1, which was slightly lower than that of Pleurotus ostreatus (18.36 g 100 g−1) [37] and Pholiota nameko (21.04 ± 0.23 g 100 g−1) [38]. The crude polysaccharide content of T. chioneus was 4.58 g 100 g−1, which was much lower than that of Lepista sordida (25.64 ± 0.38 g 100 g−1) [39]. The content of dietary fiber in T. chioneus was 18.82 g 100 g−1, which was much lower than that in Hericium erinaceus mushrooms (87.35 g 100 g−1) [40]. The zinc content of T. chioneus fruiting bodies was 19.4 mg kg−1, which was 57.26% lower than that of Flammulina velutipes (45.39 mg kg−1) [41]. The iron content of T. chioneus fruiting bodies was 55.6 mg kg−1, which was higher than that of Pleurotus eryngii (29.3–44.1 mg kg−1) [42] but lower than that of Auricularia heimuer (known as the champion of iron in edible fungi; 89.97 mg kg−1) [43]. Notably, the total flavonoid content of T. chioneus fruiting bodies was 708 mg 100 g−1. This is comparable to the total flavonoid content of Phellinus igniarius as determined by Xie et al. (717 mg 100 g−1) [44] but lower than that in P. igniarius as determined by Shi et al. (1502 mg 100 g−1) [45]. P. igniarius, known as “Sanghuang” in Chinese, is considered a medicinal fungus and is known for its high flavonoid content. However, the content of nutrients in mushrooms is greatly affected by cultivation conditions (substrate, environment, and strain type) [46,47,48]. Researchers can improve the yield of target nutrients by optimizing cultivation [49,50] and extraction methods [40].
Future research should focus on terpenoids, amino acid profiles, and vitamin content and other biological activities in this species in order to fully tap the pharmaceutical potential of T. chioneus. In addition, studies should analyze the secondary metabolites (alkaloids, glycosides, and other endogenous toxins) and heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, etc.) of T. chioneus to further assess the potential health benefits or risks of this species. The T. chioneus strain used in this study was previously shown to have a strong ability to degrade lignin [10]. However, our study revealed that it degraded cellulose (37.72%) more than lignin (33.93%).
Our research shows that various substrate mixtures can provide sufficient nutrition for the growth and development of T. chioneus. Corncobs, soybean straw, and corn straw are commonly used for mushroom cultivation in Northeast China. Using these waste materials to cultivate T. chioneus alleviates environmental pressure. In particular, the corncob–sawdust substrate (T1) resulted in the highest yield, which could have been due to the physical and chemical properties of corncobs. Compared with the other two substrates, corncobs have a better physical structure and stronger water holding capacity, both of which are key for high mushroom yields [39].
At present, research on the cultivation of T. chioneus is still in the preliminary stage. Our study provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the cultivation of T. chioneus and is expected to promote the industrialization of the fungus.
Future research should focus on optimizing the cultivation substrate of T. chioneus, including the proportion and combination of different materials, to develop the most effective, low-cost substrate. In addition, environmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity, pH, and light, during the cultivation process should be optimized, such as by using intelligent equipment and technology, real-time monitoring, and the automatic adjustment of environmental parameters. Furthermore, research is needed to understand the potential pests and diseases of T. chioneus and how to control them. Technology needs to be developed to ensure the quality and safety of T. chioneus products. In addition, genetic improvements to T. chioneus could be explored and the fermentation process could be studied to provide more possibilities for its application in medicine, food, and other fields.

5. Conclusions

We evaluated the effects of various substrates on the growth and yield of T. chioneus and determined its nutritional value and ability to degrade lignocellulose when grown on a sawdust–corncob substrate. Of the substrates examined, the sawdust–corncob substrate resulted in the highest total yield. Nutritional analysis showed that T. chioneus fruiting bodies grown on a sawdust–corncob substrate have potential to be used in medicine and food. Further optimization of the cultivation substrate could improve the yield and quality of this species.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, C.S. and Y.W.; methodology, F.W.; software, C.S.; validation, J.W.; formal analysis, L.S.; investigation, P.Z.; resources, H.Y. and Z.L.; data curation, F.W.; writing—original draft, C.S.; writing—review and editing, C.S. and Z.L.; visualization, L.S.; supervision, J.Z. and F.W.; project administration, C.S.; funding acquisition, Y.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Projects of the Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences (No. CX23GG19).

Data Availability Statement

Data are contained within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Table 1. Composition of substrate treatments for Tyromyces chioneus cultivation (w/w).
Table 1. Composition of substrate treatments for Tyromyces chioneus cultivation (w/w).
MaterialTreatment
CKT1T2T3
Corncobs (DM)04000
Soybean straw (DM)00400
Corn straw (DM)00040
Sawdust (DM)83434343
Wheat bran (DM)15151515
Gypsum (DM)1111
Lime (DM)1111
Note: w, weight; DM, dry matter.
Table 2. Growth and development of Tyromyces chioneus in each treatment.
Table 2. Growth and development of Tyromyces chioneus in each treatment.
TreatmentMycelial Colonization Time (d)Primordial Initiation Time (d)Time Interval Between Flushes (d)
CK28.33 ± 1.15 b10.33 ± 0.58 bc12.33 ± 0.58 ab
T130.67 ± 0.58 a9.33 ± 0.58 c13.00 ± 1.00 a
T226.67 ± 0.58 c11.67 ± 0.58 a12.67 ± 0.58 ab
T328.00 ± 1.00 bc10.67 ± 0.58 ab11.33 ± 0.58 b
Note: Means ± SD are shown. SD, standard deviation; CK, control; T, treatment. Different lowercase letters (a, b, c) indicate significant differences while the same letters indicate no significant difference in each column (α = 0.05; ANOVA, LSD test). CK: 83% sawdust, 15% wheat bran, 1% gypsum, 1% lime; T1: 40% corncobs, 43% sawdust, 15% wheat bran, 1% gypsum, 1% lime; T2: 40% soybean straw, 43% sawdust, 15% wheat bran, 1% gypsum, 1% lime; T3: 40% corn straw, 43% sawdust, 15% wheat bran, 1% gypsum, 1% lime.
Table 3. Fresh weight and biological efficiency of Tyromyces chioneus fruiting bodies grown on different substrates (means ± SD).
Table 3. Fresh weight and biological efficiency of Tyromyces chioneus fruiting bodies grown on different substrates (means ± SD).
TreatmentFruiting Body Fresh Weight (g bag−1)BE (%)
First FlushSecond FlushTotal Yield
CK98.60 ± 11.69 b67.33 ± 3.20 c165.93 ± 14.81 b29.63 ± 2.64 b
T1115.43 ± 3.71 a81.37 ± 2.44 a196.80 ± 5.21 a35.14 ± 0.93 a
T2100.10 ± 8.55 b74.27 ± 4.14 b174.37 ± 10.77 b31.14 ± 1.92 b
T392.60 ± 4.61 b71.37 ± 3.85 bc163.97 ± 4.40 b29.28 ± 0.79 b
Note: SD, standard deviation; CK, control; T, treatment. BE, biological efficiency. Different lowercase letters (a, b, c) indicate significant differences while the same letters indicate no significant difference in each column (α = 0.05; ANOVA, LSD test). CK: 83% sawdust, 15% wheat bran, 1% gypsum, 1% lime; T1: 40% corncobs, 43% sawdust, 15% wheat bran, 1% gypsum, 1% lime; T2: 40% soybean straw, 43% sawdust, 15% wheat bran, 1% gypsum, 1% lime; T3: 40% corn straw, 43% sawdust, 15% wheat bran, 1% gypsum, 1% lime.
Table 4. Chemical composition of Tyromyces chioneus fruiting bodies grown on sawdust–corncob substrate.
Table 4. Chemical composition of Tyromyces chioneus fruiting bodies grown on sawdust–corncob substrate.
ComponentValue
Crude protein (g 100 g−1 DW)16.3
Crude polysaccharide (g 100 g−1 DW)4.58
Crude fat (g 100 g−1 DW)1.4
Dietary fiber (g 100 g−1 DW)18.82
Calcium (mg kg−1 DW)554
Iron (mg kg−1 DW)55.6
Zinc (mg kg−1 DW)19.4
Selenium (mg kg−1 DW)<0.006
Total flavonoids (mg 100 g−1 DW)708
Note: DW, dry weight.
Table 5. The degradation of lignocellulose on the sawdust–corncob substrate by Tyromyces chioneus mycelia.
Table 5. The degradation of lignocellulose on the sawdust–corncob substrate by Tyromyces chioneus mycelia.
LigninCelluloseHemicellulose
Original substrate (%)28.045.625.9
Spent substrate (%)18.528.418.4
Degradation rate (%)33.9337.7228.96
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MDPI and ACS Style

Sheng, C.; Wang, F.; Shi, L.; Wang, J.; Liu, Z.; Zhang, P.; Yu, H.; Zhao, J.; Wang, Y. Evaluation of Tyromyces chioneus Production Using Sawdust Supplemented with Corncobs. Horticulturae 2025, 11, 367. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040367

AMA Style

Sheng C, Wang F, Shi L, Wang J, Liu Z, Zhang P, Yu H, Zhao J, Wang Y. Evaluation of Tyromyces chioneus Production Using Sawdust Supplemented with Corncobs. Horticulturae. 2025; 11(4):367. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040367

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sheng, Chunge, Fei Wang, Lei Shi, Jinhe Wang, Zitong Liu, Peng Zhang, Haiyang Yu, Jing Zhao, and Yanfeng Wang. 2025. "Evaluation of Tyromyces chioneus Production Using Sawdust Supplemented with Corncobs" Horticulturae 11, no. 4: 367. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040367

APA Style

Sheng, C., Wang, F., Shi, L., Wang, J., Liu, Z., Zhang, P., Yu, H., Zhao, J., & Wang, Y. (2025). Evaluation of Tyromyces chioneus Production Using Sawdust Supplemented with Corncobs. Horticulturae, 11(4), 367. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040367

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