Horticulturae

15 pages, 1327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of Effects of Some Summer Pruning Applications on Yield and Quality Characteristics of Alphonse Lavallée (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Variety

by Osman Doğan

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040445 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

Grapes, one of the most delicious and refreshing fruits in the world, are a source of sugar, minerals, and vitamins. Summer pruning affects ripening, disease control, yield, and quality parameters by controlling the vine microclimate. In our study, leaf removal, fruit thinning, and [...] Read more.

Grapes, one of the most delicious and refreshing fruits in the world, are a source of sugar, minerals, and vitamins. Summer pruning affects ripening, disease control, yield, and quality parameters by controlling the vine microclimate. In our study, leaf removal, fruit thinning, and cluster thinning and their combination were applied to the Alphonse Lavallée grape variety, aiming to improve yield, cluster, and berry characteristics. As a result of the applications, cluster and berry characteristics, SSC, pH, titratable acidity (TA), total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and color parameters were examined. In our study, all summer pruning applications and their combinations caused increases in cluster and berry parameters (weight, length, and width) compared to the control. In addition to these, the SSC, pH, and maturity index increased and TA decreased. All these applications also increased berry detachment and skin rupture force, which have an important place in road resistance in table grape varieties. Significant improvements were also seen in the quality parameters of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. In addition, there were increases in the lightness and chroma values that determine the fruit quality in table grapes. Considering all these data, the summer pruning applications we made had significant effects on yield and quality. It is thought that cutting a part of the clusters instead of the whole cluster will especially prevent the yield loss experienced in cluster thinning applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viticulture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 8558 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nitrogen Forms and Nitrogen Deficiency Regulate Theanine Accumulation Patterns in Tea Plants (Camellia sinensis) During Winter Dormancy

by Yi Chen, Jingwen Li, Ni Yang, Zhihang Hu, Wei Luo, Chen Chen, Yuhua Wang, Xuan Chen, Xinghui Li and Jing Zhuang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040444 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

Theanine, a unique non-protein amino acid, is specifically accumulated in tea plants during winter. This study explored the theanine accumulation patterns in ‘Longjing 43’ and ‘Huangjinya’ under different N supply conditions and analyzed the expression of genes involved in theanine biosynthesis during winter [...] Read more.

Theanine, a unique non-protein amino acid, is specifically accumulated in tea plants during winter. This study explored the theanine accumulation patterns in ‘Longjing 43’ and ‘Huangjinya’ under different N supply conditions and analyzed the expression of genes involved in theanine biosynthesis during winter dormancy. We found that the two tea plant cultivars shared similar theanine accumulation patterns in winter. After 30 d of cultivation with various N forms and N deficiency, the theanine content in the tissues of both cultivars was highest in the control group, followed by NH₄⁺ treatment. Furthermore, we noted that root growth of tea plants was inhibited to varying degrees under different N sources and N-deficient conditions. Gene expression analysis revealed that both N forms can induce the transcription of key genes, including CsADC, CsALT, CsCuAO, CsGDH2, CsPAO, CsNiR, CsNR, and CsTS1 in ‘Longjing 43’ and ‘Huangjinya’. The expression of these genes was strongly correlated with theanine levels under the N treatments. The winter theanine accumulation was finely tuned by the interplay of multiple related genes, with expression levels varying across different cultivars and tissues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection The Correlation of Stress Response and Organ Development in Horticultural Crops)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 4317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Seed Germination and RAPD Variation in Three Populations of Cerastium candidissimum Correns, a Promising Ornamental Species

by Konstantinos Bertsouklis, Stella Tsopela, Apostolos-Emmanouil Bazanis and Epameinondas Kartsonas

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040443 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the germination characteristics and genetic variability of Cerastium candidissimum, a Greek endemic species with potential for ornamental horticulture. The seeds were collected from three populations of Mount Hymettus, M. Parnitha, and M. Parnassos. The cardinal temperatures for germination, the [...] Read more.

This study investigated the germination characteristics and genetic variability of Cerastium candidissimum, a Greek endemic species with potential for ornamental horticulture. The seeds were collected from three populations of Mount Hymettus, M. Parnitha, and M. Parnassos. The cardinal temperatures for germination, the effect of seed storage duration, and population-specific germination responses were examined. Germination trials were conducted in vitro on half-strength Murashige and Skoog medium, with seeds tested after dark and dry room storage periods of 6, 18, and 30 months. Seeds from Mount Parnitha exhibited high germination rates (81–94%) within a temperature range of 10–20 °C after 6 and 18 months of storage. Similarly, seeds from Mount Parnassos demonstrated optimal germination (81.3–94.0%) at 10–20 °C after 6 months of storage, though an 18-month storage period shifted the optimal range to 15–20 °C (67–71%). In contrast, the Mount Hymettus population exhibited the lowest germination percentages, with 6-month-old seeds reaching only 47.3% germination at 20 °C, declining to 34% at 15 °C after 18 months, and near-zero germination after 30 months. The time required for 50% germination (T₅₀) ranged from 4 to 8 days at 20 °C across all populations but increased as incubation temperature decreased (4–18 days at 15 °C; 8–18 days at 10 °C). The molecular analysis revealed that the primers used presented high polymorphism (49.0%), and a total of 136 amplified markers were produced. Individuals from different populations were grouped in three different branches. These findings indicate population-level variability in germination traits, likely reflecting genetic and ecological differences. The high germination rates of Parnitha and Parnassos’ populations support their potential use in floriculture. Conversely, the low germination success of the Hymettus population suggests higher environmental stress or genetic constraints, warranting further investigation into its possible classification as a distinct ecotype. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Vitro Propagation and Biotechnology of Horticultural Plants, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

23 pages, 4539 KiB

Open AccessReview

Interactions of Fe and Zn Nanoparticles at Physiochemical, Biochemical, and Molecular Level in Horticultural Crops Under Salt Stress: A Review

by Jinyang Weng, Lu Xu, Pengli Li, Wei Xing, Saeed ur Rahman, Naveed Ahmad, Muhammad Naeem, Jun Lu and Asad Rehman

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040442 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that affects the growth and yield of horticultural crops. By raising the levels of sodium and chlorine ions in plant cells, salinity disrupts various morphological, physiological, epigenetic, and genetic traits, leading to excessive oxidative stress production. Through [...] Read more.

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that affects the growth and yield of horticultural crops. By raising the levels of sodium and chlorine ions in plant cells, salinity disrupts various morphological, physiological, epigenetic, and genetic traits, leading to excessive oxidative stress production. Through a variety of redox methods, the plants can partially alleviate this disorder and restore the cell to its initial state. At cell level, cellular redox adaptation plays a potential role coping with salinity stress in all plants; however, if the salt dose is excessive, the plants might not be able to respond appropriately and may even perish from salt stress. Scientists have proposed many solutions to this issue in recent years. One of the newest and most effective technologies to enter this field is nanotechnology, which has produced some extremely impressive outcomes. However, the molecular mechanism and interaction between nanoparticles in horticultural crops remains unclear. In order to take a step toward resolving the current doubts for researchers in this field, we have attempted to conclude the most recent articles regarding how iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO-NPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO–NPs) could aid salt-stressed plants in restoring cellular function under saline conditions in horticulture crops. Further, different inoculation modes of NPs mediated changes in physiological attributes; biochemical and genetic expressions of plants under salt stress have been discussed. This article also discussed the limitations, risk, and challenges of NPs in the food chain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticulture Plants Stress Physiology—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 3242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis Identified Genes/Proteins Involved in the Regulation of Leaf Color in Paulownia fortunei

by Hu Li, Weili Tian and Yongming Fan

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040441 - 21 Apr 2025

Abstract

Paulownia fortunei are economically important trees in China. A greening mutant was used to study greening by comparative transcriptomics and proteomics using leaf tissues from wild-type and greening mutant growing under normal conditions. Chlorophyll content analysis showed a decrease in the chlorophyll b [...] Read more.

Paulownia fortunei are economically important trees in China. A greening mutant was used to study greening by comparative transcriptomics and proteomics using leaf tissues from wild-type and greening mutant growing under normal conditions. Chlorophyll content analysis showed a decrease in the chlorophyll b content in the mutant line. Non-parametric transcriptome and proteome analyses were performed to screen for genes and proteins active in the regulation of P. fortunei greening. qRT-PCR was carried out to confirm 10 genes identified in the transcriptome. In the transcriptome analysis, the pathways associated with the yellow phenotype included tRNA amino acid biosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and circadian rhythm as represented by the genes encoding Vals, gltx, aspS, NR, GluL, gdhA, phyB, CSNK2A and CSNK2B. The iTRAQ-based proteomics analysis indicated that photosynthesis and carotenoid biosynthesis were altered in the chlorophyll-deficient P. fortunei and petH, petF, atpF and Z-ISO were the key proteins dysregulated in the greening mutants compared to the wild-type. Together, the transcriptomic and iTRAQ analyses identified 10 DEGs that were perturbed in the greening mutants in the main pathways of photosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, glutathione metabolism and peroxisome functions. PetJ, E3.2.1.21, GST and CAT were differentially regulated in the chlorophyll-deficient mutant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 6163 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Bruising Characteristics of Large-Stone Fruits upon Impact Using Finite Element Method—A Case Study of Postharvest Loquats

by Chunxiang Liu, Baiqiu Li and Changsu Xu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040440 - 20 Apr 2025

Viewed by 37

Abstract

The bruising of fruits occurs at various stages, including picking, transportation, and sale. For fruits with large kernels that occupy a significant portion of their overall volume, considering the impact of the kernel is crucial in elucidating the mechanisms of bruising and controlling [...] Read more.

The bruising of fruits occurs at various stages, including picking, transportation, and sale. For fruits with large kernels that occupy a significant portion of their overall volume, considering the impact of the kernel is crucial in elucidating the mechanisms of bruising and controlling bruise formation. This study employs reverse engineering to develop a composite finite element model of loquat peel, flesh, and kernels. Bruise formation during collisions is analyzed from the perspectives of contact force, equivalent stress, energy, bruise volume, and bruise susceptibility, aiming to reveal the significant role of the fruit core in the bruise formation process. In this paper, we propose the use of 3D printing technology to accurately quantify bruise measurement for fruits with large kernels. The results showed that the maximum contact force, equivalent stress, and internal energy between loquat and steel/wood were essentially consistent, but all exceeded those observed when using rubber. Due to the blocking of stress transmission by the kernel, the susceptibility of loquats to bruising increases with height before decreasing. This study elucidates the mechanism of bruise formation in fruits with large kernels and provides methods and ideas for the research and precise measurement of complex fruit bruising characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements in Postharvest Fruit Quality and Physiological Mechanism: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 1283 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Synthesis and Application of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) for Upcycling Horticulture Residues

by Udodinma Jude Okeke, Matteo Micucci, Dasha Mihaylova and Achille Cappiello

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040439 - 19 Apr 2025

Viewed by 66

Abstract

Upcycling horticulture residues offers a sustainable solution to reduce environmental impact, maximize resource utilization, mitigate climate change, and contribute to the circular economy. We synthesized and characterized 14 natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) and applied them to upcycle horticulture residues, offering an innovative [...] Read more.

Upcycling horticulture residues offers a sustainable solution to reduce environmental impact, maximize resource utilization, mitigate climate change, and contribute to the circular economy. We synthesized and characterized 14 natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) and applied them to upcycle horticulture residues, offering an innovative valorization approach. Using an initial many-factors-at-a-time (MFAT) screening followed by a rotatable central composite response surface methodology (RCCRSM) for optimization, quadratic models fitted the response data for all the synthesized NADESs given: TPC (R² = 0.984, p < 0.0001), TFC (R² = 0.9999, p < 0.0001), AA-CUPRAC (R² = 0.918, p < 0.0001), FRAP (R² = 1.000, p < 0001), and DPPH (R² = 0.9992, p < 0.0001). An ultrasound temperature of 45 °C, extraction time of 5 min, solvent volume of 25 mL, and solvent concentration of 90% (v/v) were considered the optimal conditions for achieving maximum desirability (0.9936) for TPC yield. For TFC and CUPRAC, the optimal conditions were 30 °C, 5 min, 25 mL, and 90% (v/v), with maximum desirability values of 0.9003 and 1.00, respectively. The maximum desirability for FRAP (0.9605) was achieved under conditions of 45 °C, 25 min, 25 mL, and 50%, while DPPH had a maximum desirability of 0.9313, with 50 °C, 15 min, 15 mL, and 70% (v/v) as the optimized conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnological Approaches and Technology Processes Used in the Agro-Industry to Create Value-Added Products)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 1692 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seed Priming with PEG 6000 and Silicic Acid Enhances Drought Tolerance in Cowpea by Modulating Physiological Responses

by Guilherme Félix Dias, Rayanne Silva de Alencar, Priscylla Marques de Oliveira Viana, Igor Eneas Cavalcante, Emmanuelly Silva Dias de Farias, Semako Ibrahim Bonou, Jonnathan Richeds da Silva Sales, Hermes Alves de Almeida, Rener Luciano de Souza Ferraz, Claudivan Feitosa de Lacerda, Sérgio de Faria Lopes and Alberto Soares de Melo

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040438 - 19 Apr 2025

Viewed by 52

Abstract

Cowpea is a nutritionally and economically valuable legume, known for its adaptability to adverse conditions. However, water stress negatively affects its development, requiring technologies to enhance resilience. This study aimed to induce tolerance to water deficit in cowpea through seed priming with polyethylene [...] Read more.

Cowpea is a nutritionally and economically valuable legume, known for its adaptability to adverse conditions. However, water stress negatively affects its development, requiring technologies to enhance resilience. This study aimed to induce tolerance to water deficit in cowpea through seed priming with polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) and silicic acid. A completely randomized experiment was conducted in a phytotron chamber with two water regimes (W50 and W100) and six seed priming treatments, with four replications. Priming consisted of three water potentials induced by PEG 6000 (0 MPa, −0.4 MPa, and −0.8 MPa) and two silicon concentrations (0 and 200 mg L⁻¹). Gas exchange parameters, including photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEi), and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (iCE), were evaluated. Seed priming with PEG 6000 and silicon improved A, WUEi, and iCE under water deficit. Treatments 2 (0 MPa + 200 mg L⁻¹ Si), 3 (−0.4 MPa + 0 mg L⁻¹ Si), and 4 (−0.4 MPa + 200 mg L⁻¹ Si) enhanced gas exchange, suggesting an effective strategy for improving drought tolerance in cowpea and ensuring food security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tolerance of Horticultural Plants to Abiotic Stresses)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 37585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interpretable and Robust Ensemble Deep Learning Framework for Tea Leaf Disease Classification

by Ozan Ozturk, Beytullah Sarica and Dursun Zafer Seker

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040437 - 19 Apr 2025

Viewed by 144

Abstract

Tea leaf diseases are among the most critical factors affecting the yield and quality of tea harvests. Due to climate change and widespread pesticide use in tea cultivation, these diseases have become more prevalent. As the demand for high-quality tea continues to rise, [...] Read more.

Tea leaf diseases are among the most critical factors affecting the yield and quality of tea harvests. Due to climate change and widespread pesticide use in tea cultivation, these diseases have become more prevalent. As the demand for high-quality tea continues to rise, tea has assumed an increasingly prominent role in the global economy, thereby rendering the continuous monitoring of leaf diseases essential for maintaining crop quality and ensuring sustainable production. In this context, developing innovative and sustainable agricultural policies is vital. Integrating artificial intelligence (AI)-based techniques with sustainable agricultural practices presents promising solutions. Ensuring that the outputs of these techniques are interpretable would also provide significant value for decision-makers, enhancing their applicability in sustainable agricultural practices. In this study, advanced deep learning architectures such as ResNet50, MobileNet, EfficientNetB0, and DenseNet121 were utilized to classify tea leaf diseases. Since low-resolution images and complex backgrounds caused significant challenges, an ensemble learning approach was proposed to combine the strengths of these models. The generalization performance of the ensemble model was comprehensively evaluated through statistical cross-validation. Additionally, Grad-CAM visualizations demonstrated a clear correspondence between diseased regions and disease types on the tea leaves. Thus, the models could detect diseases under varying conditions, highlighting their robustness. The ensemble model achieved high predictive performance, with precision, recall, and F1-score values of 95%, 94%, and 94% across folds. The overall classification accuracy reached 96%, with a maximum standard deviation of 2% across all dataset folds. Additionally, Grad-CAM visualizations demonstrated a clear correspondence between diseased regions and specific disease types on tea leaves, confirming the ability of models to detect diseases under varying conditions accurately and highlighting their robustness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Pathology and Disease Management (PPDM))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 5270 KiB

Open AccessArticle

When Tomatoes Hit the Winter: A Counterattack to Overwinter Production in Soft-Shell Solar Greenhouses in North China

by Hongrun Liu, He Zhao, Song Liu, Yanan Tian, Wei Li, Binghua Wang, Xiaoyi Hu, Dan Sun, Tianqun Wang, Shangjun Wu, Fudong Wang, Ning Zhu, Yuan Tao and Xihong Lei

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040436 - 19 Apr 2025

Viewed by 36

Abstract

In North China, the overwintering production of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) encounters difficulties posed by extreme weather conditions and the high costs of traditional greenhouses. Soft-shell solar greenhouses present a viable alternative because of their low cost and excellent heat-retaining properties. [...] Read more.

In North China, the overwintering production of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) encounters difficulties posed by extreme weather conditions and the high costs of traditional greenhouses. Soft-shell solar greenhouses present a viable alternative because of their low cost and excellent heat-retaining properties. This study establishes a technical framework for high-yield and high-quality winter tomato production in soft-shell greenhouses through analyzing dynamic light, temperature, and humidity parameters, cultivar responses, and optimized production–marketing models. Field experiments monitored microclimate data in soft-shell solar greenhouses during different growth stages of six cherry tomato and three large tomato varieties, combined with yield, quality, and economic return analysis. The results showed that (1) soft-shell greenhouses increased average daily temperatures by 10–15 °C, reduced low-temperature stress duration by 25%, achieved 82% light saturation compliance, and decreased humidity fluctuations by 23%; (2) the yield per cluster of cherry tomatoes increased first and then decreased for early maturing varieties, and decreased for middle and late maturing varieties, while the yield of large tomatoes decreased first and then increased; (3) light intensity was positively correlated with Brix accumulation, and humidity was negatively correlated with yield; (4) cherry tomato yields were more temperature-sensitive, whereas large-fruited tomatoes were more influenced by light intensity; (5) a “variety optimization + scenario-based sales” model integrating multi-cultivar layouts and gift-box marketing strategies improved economic returns. This research provides an integrated environmental regulation and market adaptation solution for North China’s protected agriculture, offering a reference value for greenhouse agriculture development in global cold regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivation and Production of Greenhouse Horticulture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 4100 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of a Soil Water Balance Controlled Irrigation on the Cultivation of Acer pseudoplatanus Forest Tree Liners Under Non-Limiting and Limiting Soil Water Conditions

by Paulien De Clercq, Aster De Vroe, Pieter Janssens, Kathy Steppe, Dominique Van Haecke, Bruno Gobin, Marie-Christine Van Labeke and Emmy Dhooghe

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040435 - 18 Apr 2025

Viewed by 167

Abstract

Over the past years, we experienced more extreme weather conditions during the growing season, April till October, with prolonged droughts. Rain-fed production of high-quality forest trees was possible, but recent droughts proved to have an economic impact on the plant quality. Therefore, the [...] Read more.

Over the past years, we experienced more extreme weather conditions during the growing season, April till October, with prolonged droughts. Rain-fed production of high-quality forest trees was possible, but recent droughts proved to have an economic impact on the plant quality. Therefore, the hardy nursery sector demands irrigation thresholds and suitable tools including soil and plant sensors to schedule irrigation based on crop water demand. Two trials were conducted with Acer pseudoplatanus liners (1 + 0) grown in a sandy soil in 2022 and 2023 at Viaverda (Destelbergen, Belgium). A rain-fed treatment was compared with a sprinkler irrigation treatment in both trials. Irrigation doses were evaluated with a soil water balance model, which is based on reference crop evapotranspiration (ET₀), rainfall, and soil hydraulic properties. The soil water balance model was calibrated based on the measurements of soil sensors and soil samples. Simultaneously, stem water potential at solar noon, tree length, and growth were measured. The irrigation treatment had a positive effect on the stem water potential of Acer in both trials with a less negative value, ±0.7 MPa, compared to the rain-fed treatment. Irrigation increased growth with 28.4% in 2022 and 5.8% in 2023 compared to the rain-fed treatment, resulting in trees of higher commercial quality that could even be classified into a superior grading range in 2022. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Efficient Irrigation and Water Use in Horticultural Crops)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 3716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of SNP Markers and Core Collection Construction of Berberis L. Based on SLAF-Seq in Xinjiang, China

by Ruxue Li, Yan Song, Zilong Wang, Long Zhou, Xiyu Yang and Meiri Aheihati

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040434 - 18 Apr 2025

Viewed by 144

Abstract

Berberis L. (Berberidaceae) are important medicinal and edible plants in Xinjiang, China, and genetic diversity research and the construction of core collection will help to elucidate the genetic background of Berberis L. and is of great significance for exploitation and utilisation. In this [...] Read more.

Berberis L. (Berberidaceae) are important medicinal and edible plants in Xinjiang, China, and genetic diversity research and the construction of core collection will help to elucidate the genetic background of Berberis L. and is of great significance for exploitation and utilisation. In this study, 150 samples of Berberis L. from Xinjiang in China were used for Sequencing of Specific Locus Amplified Fragments (SLAF-seq), obtaining 207,786 SNP markers, of which 36,353 had integrity > 0.5 and minor allele frequency (MAF) > 0.05. We constructed a phylogenetic tree based on these high-quality SNPs, which divided Berberis L. into three groups. Further, we divided them into five groups through population structure analysis. Extensive genetic exchange was observed among Berberis L. from different regions. Core Hunter II software was used to screen 45 core collections from 150 Berberis L., which could represent 99.8% genetic diversity of Berberis L. in Xinjiang, China. The core collection in Tekes and Wensu had the largest distribution, which can be used as key conservation areas to provide basic materials for the conservation and utilisation of Berberis L. in Xinjiang, China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Neglected and Underutilized Plant Species in Horticultural and Ornamental Systems: Perspective for Biodiversity, Nutraceuticals and Agricultural Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 1771 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Sustainable Agriculture Through Compost Tea: Production, Application, and Impact on Horticultural Crops

by Emanuela Campana, Michele Ciriello, Matteo Lentini, Youssef Rouphael and Stefania De Pascale

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040433 - 18 Apr 2025

Viewed by 213

Abstract

As part of the European Green Deal, the Farm to Fork strategy was introduced with the idea that environment, agriculture and food are interconnected topics. Reducing the use of synthetic fertilizers by 20% before 2030 through the adoption of circular economy principles is [...] Read more.

As part of the European Green Deal, the Farm to Fork strategy was introduced with the idea that environment, agriculture and food are interconnected topics. Reducing the use of synthetic fertilizers by 20% before 2030 through the adoption of circular economy principles is one of the goals to be achieved. There are several bioproducts that can be obtained from the valorization of agro-industrial wastes used to increase crop yields under low-fertilizer applications. However, the aim of this review is to describe production methods and the use of compost tea on horticultural crops to understand its real potential in providing plant growth support. The effects of compost tea on crops can vary widely depending on the waste material used, compost quality, compost tea production process and parameters, and the interaction between horticultural species and compost tea application dose. Therefore, because of this heterogeneity, it is possible that we would achieve real, positive impacts on the environment and horticultural production if there were more collaboration between the research sector and private farms. This collaboration would allow the development of protocols for compost tea production and customized use according to real farm needs. This would reduce both the costs associated with the disposal of waste produced on the farm and reduce the costs associated with the supply of synthetic fertilizers. The adoption of on-farm guidelines for compost tea use would achieve a balanced trade-off between agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. The literature review shows that the most-used dilution ratios, regardless of the type of starting compost, range from 1:5 to 1:10 compost–water (v/v). Although a complete understanding of the biostimulatory mechanisms activated by compost tea is lacking, the application of this bioproduct would improve the physiological and productive performance of many horticultural species of interest, especially under suboptimal conditions such as organic production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Horticulturae—Recent Outcomes and Perspectives)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2656 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fruit Quality and Antioxidant Content in Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) cv. ‘Monthong’ in Different Maturity Stages

by Naruemon Yongyut, Phormporn Baopa, Somyot Meetha, Supat Isarangkool Na Ayutthaya, Chun-I Chiu, Yuwatida Sripontan, Jetsada Posom and Supatchaya Nampila

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040432 - 18 Apr 2025

Viewed by 219

Abstract

Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) is a major economic crop in Thailand, with the ‘Monthong’ cultivar being particularly valued for its commercial significance and extensive cultivation in northern Thailand. However, the thick, hard shell of durian complicates ripeness assessment based on external appearance, [...] Read more.

Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) is a major economic crop in Thailand, with the ‘Monthong’ cultivar being particularly valued for its commercial significance and extensive cultivation in northern Thailand. However, the thick, hard shell of durian complicates ripeness assessment based on external appearance, often leading to premature harvesting and unripe fruit sales. Variations in consumer preferences for different ripeness stages present challenges in meeting market demands. Due to the absence of a definitive harvest index for ‘Monthong’ durian, this study aims to (1) evaluate the potential of fruit shell color composition as an indicator of maturation stage and (2) assess the impact of harvest maturity on fruit quality and antioxidant content. A completely randomized design (CRD) was employed in the experiment. Fruits were collected at intervals of 15 days from 15 to 135 days after full bloom (DAFB). The results showed that fruit circumference and length increased progressively with age, with maximum fruit size observed at 90–135 DAFB. Fruit weight, firmness, dry matter, total phenolics, flavonoids, β-carotene, lycopene, and antioxidant activity peaked at 120 DAFB. The values recorded at this stage were: fruit weight (3652.30 g), firmness (42.08 N/cm²), dry matter (37.13%), total phenolics (43.98 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW)), flavonoids (8.33 mg catechin/100 g FW), β-carotene (1.35 mg/100 g FW), lycopene (53.98 mg/100 g FW), and antioxidant activity (6.32 mg TE/100 g FW). The highest total soluble solids (TSS) content was observed at 135 DAFB, with a value of 25 °Brix. These findings indicate that: (1) maturation stages can be effectively differentiated using shell color; (2) ‘Monthong’ durians reach their maximum size at 90 DAFB; (3) fruits harvested at 90–105 DAFB exhibit high firmness and low sweetness, making them suitable for markets prioritizing texture; (4) fruits harvested at 105–120 DAFB exhibit lower firmness and higher sweetness, making them preferable for direct consumption; and (5) total soluble solids, acidity, phenolics, flavonoids, β-carotene, lycopene, and antioxidant activity increase with maturation. These insights provide a valuable reference for optimizing harvest timing to meet specific market and consumer preferences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruit Tree Physiology, Sustainability and Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biogenic Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Protect Tomato Plants Against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato

by Benedetta Orfei, Anna Scian, Daniele Del Buono, Michela Paglialunga, Ciro Tolisano, Dario Priolo, Chiaraluce Moretti and Roberto Buonaurio

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040431 - 17 Apr 2025

Viewed by 150

Abstract

The control of bacterial plant diseases is very challenging and often relies on the application of copper compounds, although the frequent emergence and spread of resistant bacterial strains compromise their efficacy. Additionally, copper-based compounds raise environmental and human health concerns, leading to their [...] Read more.

The control of bacterial plant diseases is very challenging and often relies on the application of copper compounds, although the frequent emergence and spread of resistant bacterial strains compromise their efficacy. Additionally, copper-based compounds raise environmental and human health concerns, leading to their inclusion in the European Commission’s list of candidates for substitution. As a promising and sustainable alternative, we investigated the efficacy of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in protecting tomato plants against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst), the causal agent of bacterial speck disease. ZnO-NPs exhibited significant in vitro antibacterial activity (EC₉₅ = 17.0 ± 1.1 ppm) against the pathogen. Furthermore, when applied to the foliage of tomato plants at 100 ppm before or following Pst inoculation, they induced significant reductions in symptom severity and bacterial growth in planta, which were comparable to those shown by plants treated with acibenzolar-S-methyl, a plant defense inducer. Gene expression assessed by qPCR revealed the involvement of the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) pathway in tomato plants treated with ZnO-NPs before inoculation, suggesting that the observed protection could be due to a priming effect. Finally, infected plants showed oxidative stress, with higher H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. ZnO-NPs reverted this effect, containing the content of the above molecules, and stimulated the production of metabolites involved in dealing with oxidative perturbations (carotenoids and phenols), while unaffecting flavonoids and anthocyanins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Control of Bacterial Pathogens in Horticultural Crops)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 5571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Insights into Seed Germination Mechanisms of the Bamboo Qiongzhuea tumidinoda

by Feiyi Huang, Jiaxin Wang, Xu Zhang and Shuyan Lin

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040430 - 17 Apr 2025

Viewed by 89

Abstract

Seed germination is a complex developmental process and a critical stage in plant development. The mechanism of seed germination in Qiongzhuea tumidinoda remains unclear. In this study, the transcriptomic analysis of four germination stages was conducted to reveal the regulatory mechanism. Totals of [...] Read more.

Seed germination is a complex developmental process and a critical stage in plant development. The mechanism of seed germination in Qiongzhuea tumidinoda remains unclear. In this study, the transcriptomic analysis of four germination stages was conducted to reveal the regulatory mechanism. Totals of 2352, 5523, and 4533 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in S2 vs. S1, S3 vs. S1, and S4 vs. S1, respectively. A total of 998 DEGs were identified during seed germination. Enrichment studies indicated that the DEGs were mainly involved in plant hormone signal transduction and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. In addition, 131 transcription factors were differentially expressed, of which ERFs and MYBs may play pivotal roles in seed germination. To sum up, TGA4, IAA24, SAUR32, AHK4, and HCT4 may regulate seed germination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shaping the Future of Horticultural Crops: Omics and Biotechnological Tools for Resilience to Abiotic Stress)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Different Irrigation Programs and Nitrogen Doses on Vegetative and Generative Development Characteristics of Cyclamen persicum Mill.

by Cenk Küçükyumuk and Zeliha Küçükyumuk

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040429 - 17 Apr 2025

Viewed by 76

Abstract

Ornamental plant growing is carried out in relatively small areas compared to other agricultural production areas, but the use of basic inputs such as water and fertilizer is intensive. Quality in cyclamen and for other similar ornamental plants is related to the amount [...] Read more.

Ornamental plant growing is carried out in relatively small areas compared to other agricultural production areas, but the use of basic inputs such as water and fertilizer is intensive. Quality in cyclamen and for other similar ornamental plants is related to the amount and quality of the flowers. Irrigation and fertilization are very effective applications of these parameters. This study was conducted in Türkiye to detect the effects of different irrigation programs and nitrogen doses on Cyclamen persicum Mill. in 2023–2024. There were 12 treatments in total. Three different irrigation programs were used. When 20% (I₁), 40% (I₂), and 60% (I₃) of the available water holding capacity (AWHC) in the mixed soil were used, the irrigation water was applied in each irrigation until the available soil water reached the field capacity. There were four nitrogen doses for each irrigation program: N₀: 0, N₁: 10 kg N da⁻¹, N₂: 20 kg N da⁻¹, and N₃: 30 kg N da⁻¹. All the parameters were affected negatively by water stress. The 20 kg da⁻¹ nitrogen doses increased the number of flowers. Increasing water stress levels negatively affected the Pn. The zero nitrogen dose treatments (N₀) provided the lowest average Pn with 7.53 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. The I₁ (frequency irrigation) irrigation program and N₃ nitrogen dose can be applied together to obtain the best vegetative growth. As another option to obtain the most generative growth, the I₁ (frequency irrigation) irrigation program and the N₂ nitrogen dose can be applied together. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ornamental Plants under Abiotic Stresses)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 4605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetized Saline Water Modulates Soil Salinization and Enhances Forage Productivity: Genotype-Specific Responses of Lotus corniculatus L.

by Aurelio Pedroza-Sandoval, Luis Ángel González-Espíndola, María del Rosario Jacobo-Salcedo, Isaac Gramillo-Ávila and José Antonio Miranda-Rojas

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040428 - 17 Apr 2025

Viewed by 79

Abstract

Irrigation water salinity poses escalating threats to agricultural sustainability in degraded agroecosystems. This study has investigated the effects of magnetized versus non-magnetized saline water on the soil physicochemical properties and forage productivity of three Lotus corniculatus L. genotypes (salt-sensitive ecotype 232098, moderately salt-tolerant [...] Read more.

Irrigation water salinity poses escalating threats to agricultural sustainability in degraded agroecosystems. This study has investigated the effects of magnetized versus non-magnetized saline water on the soil physicochemical properties and forage productivity of three Lotus corniculatus L. genotypes (salt-sensitive ecotype 232098, moderately salt-tolerant San Gabriel, and salt-tolerant Estanzuela Ganador) in arid northern Mexico. A split-plot randomized block design with three replicates assigned saline water treatments (magnetized [MWT] vs. non-magnetized [NMWT]) to main plots and genotypes to subplots. After one year of irrigation, MWT significantly attenuated soil salinization, evidenced by 23% lower electrical conductivity (5.8 vs. 7.2 dS·m⁻¹), a 26% reduced sodium adsorption ratio (6.2 vs. 8.4), and a 41% decreased sodium concentration (20.7 vs. 35.4 meq·L⁻¹) compared to NMWT (p < 0.05). Although agronomic traits (stem dimensions, leaf area index, and rhizome proliferation) exhibited salt sensitivity from the third season onward, fresh biomass yield remained unaffected by water treatment. Genotypic differences dominated productivity. Estanzuela Ganador achieved superior biomass in both seasons (288.9 g/rhizome in fall; 184.2 g in winter), outperforming San Gabriel by 15.8% and ecotype 232098 by 56.8% (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that magnetized saline water irrigation effectively mitigates soil salinity progression, while genotype selection critically determines forage productivity under arid conditions. Estanzuela Ganador emerges as the optimal cultivar for saline irrigation systems in water-scarce regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimized Irrigation and Water Management in Horticultural Production)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 6777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interspecies Conservation of Gene Expression Patterns in Brassica Reproductive Organs Unveiled by Comparative Transcriptomics

by Haixu Chen, Xu Cai, Jian Wu, Xilin Hou and Xiaowu Wang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040427 - 16 Apr 2025

Viewed by 121

Abstract

Brassica species evolved through recurrent polyploidization and chromosomal rearrangements, forming diploid progenitors that hybridize into allopolyploids. These plants exhibit remarkable morphological diversity, with specialized edible organs including leaf-, stem-, root-, and oil-type cultivars, yet cross-species multi-organ transcriptomic studies elucidating their gene expression similarities [...] Read more.

Brassica species evolved through recurrent polyploidization and chromosomal rearrangements, forming diploid progenitors that hybridize into allopolyploids. These plants exhibit remarkable morphological diversity, with specialized edible organs including leaf-, stem-, root-, and oil-type cultivars, yet cross-species multi-organ transcriptomic studies elucidating their gene expression similarities and divergences remain lacking. To address this gap, we analyzed publicly available transcriptomes (downloaded from NCBI SRA) from eight organs (embryo, seed coat, silique, root, stem, leaf, flower and seedling) across six U’s Triangle species (Brassica rapa, B. nigra, B. oleracea, B. juncea, B. napus, B. carinata), revealing that (1) reproductive organs show higher gene expression conservation (GEC), particularly embryos (p < 0.05); (2) lineage-specific subgenome dominance patterns (BnaC/BjuB/BcaC) persist across organs; and (3) ancestral subgenomes functionally specialize, with MF2-subgenome transcription factors (YABBY/GRF) regulating embryogenesis and LF/MF1-subgenome MYBs controlling seed coat development. Comparative analyses demonstrate floral GEC exceeds that of the Arabidopsis thaliana homologs, while also exhibiting seed-specific divergence patterns. This study establishes a comprehensive Brassica multispecies expression atlas, elucidating organ-specific evolutionary conservation principles and providing molecular insights into subgenome functional partitioning, which offers valuable perspectives for understanding Brassica evolutionary mechanisms and crop improvement strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2201 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects Elicited by Compost Tea on the Primary Metabolome and the Nutraceutical Quality of Radish Root

by Adele Fasolino, Maria Luisa Graziano, Massimo Zaccardelli, Valentina Tranchida Lombardo and Pierluigi Mazzei

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040426 - 16 Apr 2025

Viewed by 171

Abstract

It is desirable to find and evaluate innovative sustainable products guaranteeing and increasing the quality and productivity of radish (Raphanus sativus). Compost tea (CT) represents a natural organic preparation providing benefits to the soil–plant system, including a biostimulant action against climate [...] Read more.

It is desirable to find and evaluate innovative sustainable products guaranteeing and increasing the quality and productivity of radish (Raphanus sativus). Compost tea (CT) represents a natural organic preparation providing benefits to the soil–plant system, including a biostimulant action against climate change. Therefore, we evaluated whether CT can influence radish nutraceutical properties and its primary metabolism. In particular, the roots resulting from CT treatment were examined via conventional (total antioxidant and phenol contents) and spectroscopic techniques (high-resolution NMR and NIR) and compared with controls. It was proved that CT exerted a positive effect on the radish quality, which led to a significantly larger size in those treated (TRT), accompanied by higher contents of total antioxidants and phenols. The assignment of ¹H and ¹³C signals in the NMR spectra allowed the delineation of the NMR fingerprint of the radish primary metabolome, which was processed by multivariate statistical analyses (PCA, PLS-DA, and heatmap clusterisation). TRT metabolites exhibited a peculiar profile, characterized by higher levels of glutamine and malic acid, along with lower levels of glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactic acid, and tryptophan. NIR spectroscopy also identified a recognisable profile in TRT, confirming its role as an alternative and accessible technique to appreciate the organic treatment’s effects on radish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Productivity and Quality of Vegetable Crops under Climate Change)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Variability and Trend of Harvest Dates of Table and Pisco Grapes in Northern Chile Are Independently Influenced by Bioclimatic Indices

by Nicolás Verdugo-Vásquez, Antonio Ibacache-González and Gastón Gutiérrez-Gamboa

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040425 - 16 Apr 2025

Viewed by 179

Abstract

(1) Background: The variability and trend in harvest dates of table and Pisco grapes have been scarcely studied. This can be closely influenced by bioclimatic indices since they account for the interactions between climatic factors and vine phenology. Understanding the environmental factors influencing [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The variability and trend in harvest dates of table and Pisco grapes have been scarcely studied. This can be closely influenced by bioclimatic indices since they account for the interactions between climatic factors and vine phenology. Understanding the environmental factors influencing harvest timing has become increasingly critical to perform specific viticultural practices. (2) Methods: The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of bioclimatic indices on variability and trend of harvest date from the 2002–2003 to 2017–2018 seasons in Flame Seedless, Thompson Seedless, Muscat of Alexandria, and Moscatel Rosada growing in Northern Chile. (3) Results: The harvest date of Flame Seedless advanced significantly with an increasing Growing Season Temperature (GST) (from 1 October to 31 December), while Thompson Seedless showed a significant advancement in harvest date with rising the Maximum Springtime Temperature Summation SON_max (from 1 September to 30 November) values. Similarly, the harvest date of Muscat of Alexandria was significantly earlier with higher Heliothermal Index (HI) (from 1 July to 31 January and from 1 August to 30 April) values, whereas Moscatel Rosada exhibited a significant advancement in harvest date as the GST (from 1 July to 31 December and from 1 July to 31 January) increased. The trend in the harvest date of Thompson Seedless was statistically significant, reaching a coefficient of determination of 0.42. (4) Conclusions: Understanding the influence of bioclimatic indices on harvest date in long-term periods is critical in the context of climatic variability since producers can make more informed decisions to optimize grape quality and maintain sustainability in production systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viticulture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 3859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Biostimulant from Kappaphycus alvarezii Enhances the Growth and Development of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Plants

by Aline Nunes, Felipe de Souza Dutra, Lohan Rodrigues Brandão Santos, Camila Pimentel Martins, Alex Ricardo Schneider, Eva Regina Oliveira, Milene Stefani Pereira-Vasques, Gadiel Zilto Azevedo, Jorge Luiz Barcelos Oliveira, Valéria Cress Gelli, Alex Alves dos Santos, Marcelo Maraschin and Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040424 - 16 Apr 2025

Viewed by 321

Abstract

This study evaluated the efficacy and optimal concentrations of Kappaphycus alvarezii biostimulant from São Paulo (Kal-SP) and Santa Catarina (Kal-SC) for the hydroponic cultivation of basil (Ocimum basilicum). Basil plants were grown with 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% concentrations of each [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the efficacy and optimal concentrations of Kappaphycus alvarezii biostimulant from São Paulo (Kal-SP) and Santa Catarina (Kal-SC) for the hydroponic cultivation of basil (Ocimum basilicum). Basil plants were grown with 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% concentrations of each extract using distilled water as a control. The extracts were applied via weekly foliar sprays. Morphological and biochemical parameters, in addition to the biogenic amine profile, were evaluated. Morphologically, 3% Kal-SP increased plant height by 17.1% and length of the roots by 54.8%, while 3% and 5% Kal-SC enhanced node number by 95.2% and 120.2%, respectively. Biochemically, 5% Kal-SP and 1% and 7% Kal-SC maximized chlorophyll and carotenoid content, 5% Kal-SP and 5–7% Kal-SC increased soluble sugars, and 7% Kal-SP and 3–7% Kal-SC elevated starch. Amino acid levels were the highest with 7% Kal-SP and 5% Kal-SC. The biogenic amine profile was also modulated by the K. alvarezii extracts, demonstrating their ability to influence compounds of interest. The results suggest that 3% or higher concentrations of these extracts can be beneficially applied to basil cultivation, with potential variations depending on the seaweed’s geographic origin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Selenium Application for Enhanced Quality and Nutritional Value of Spring Tea (Camellia sinensis)

by Qing Liao, Pan-Xia Liang, Ying Xing, Zhuo-Fan Yao, Jin-Ping Chen, Li-Ping Pan, Yao-Qiu Deng, Yong-Xian Liu and Dong-Liang Huang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040423 - 16 Apr 2025

Viewed by 204

Abstract

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is a globally cherished beverage, valued for its flavor and health benefits, largely attributed to bioactive compounds like polyphenols and amino acids. Selenium (Se), an essential trace element for humans and animals, plays a dual role in promoting [...] Read more.

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is a globally cherished beverage, valued for its flavor and health benefits, largely attributed to bioactive compounds like polyphenols and amino acids. Selenium (Se), an essential trace element for humans and animals, plays a dual role in promoting plant growth and enhancing human health, yet its impact on tea quality remains underexplored. In this work, the effects of selenium application rate (with 0, 150, 225, and 300 g·ha⁻¹ of Se) on soil selenium availability, enzyme activity, and the biochemical composition of spring tea, including chlorophyll, polyphenols, free amino acids, and polysaccharides, were studied. Results show that selenium application significantly increased soil selenium availability, with higher rates promoting its conversion into bioavailable forms. Soil enzyme activities, such as sucrase and urease, were notably influenced by selenium. In tea leaves, selenium content and glutathione peroxidase activity increased, while chlorophyll content initially rose but declined at higher application rates, with the Se225 treatment (225 g·ha⁻¹ of Se) yielding optimal results. Selenium reduced polyphenol content, increased free amino acids, and lowered the phenol-to-amino acid ratio, improving tea sensory quality. Polysaccharide content also peaked at the Se225 treatment. These findings highlight the potential of selenium-enriched tea as a functional food and provide a scientific basis for optimizing selenium application in tea cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Developmental Biology and Cultivation Techniques of Tea Plants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 11275 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role and Regulatory Mechanism of Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase (Msr) in the Process of Chilling Injury of Fruits and Vegetables: A Review

by Feilong Yin, Liang Shuai, Mohd Termizi Yusof, Nurul Shazini Ramli, Azizah Misran, Yunfen Liu, Meiying He, Yuanli Liang and Mohd Sabri Pak Dek

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040422 - 15 Apr 2025

Viewed by 194

Abstract

The failure to promptly eliminate excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to the oxidation of biological macromolecules such as proteins, which is a key factor in chilling injury (CI) in harvested fruits and vegetables. Methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) is a class of redox [...] Read more.

The failure to promptly eliminate excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to the oxidation of biological macromolecules such as proteins, which is a key factor in chilling injury (CI) in harvested fruits and vegetables. Methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) is a class of redox proteins that reduce methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) in oxidized proteins back to methionine (Met), thereby restoring protein function. In recent years, the role of Msr in protecting fruits and vegetables from CI has attracted increasing research interest. This review summarizes the classification, distribution, and subcellular localization of Msr in plants and examines its roles and regulatory mechanisms in mitigating CI. The discussion focuses on postharvest CI, ROS dynamics, and Msr-related regulatory pathways. This review provides insights into improving plant quality and enhancing cold resistance through genetic engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Postharvest Fresh-Keeping Technology and Metabolomics of Horticultural Plants—Second Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 8680 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Environmental Variables in Chinese Solar Greenhouses in the Summer Season

by Md Nafiul Islam, Md Nasim Reza, Md Zafar Iqbal, Kyu-Ho Lee, Moon-Ki Jang and Sun-Ok Chung

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040421 - 15 Apr 2025

Viewed by 151

Abstract

To ensure a high crop profit in Chinese solar greenhouses (CSGs), it is crucial to effectively manage major environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, and CO₂ concentrations, among others, to mitigate harmful effects on crop growth. The objectives of this study were [...] Read more.

To ensure a high crop profit in Chinese solar greenhouses (CSGs), it is crucial to effectively manage major environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, and CO₂ concentrations, among others, to mitigate harmful effects on crop growth. The objectives of this study were to assess the spatial, vertical, and temporal variability of major environmental variables in CSGs during summer, and to provide fundamental information that could facilitate the monitoring and control of environmental factors in CSGs. The experiments were conducted in two CSGs: one with crops and another without crops. The measured environmental variables included air temperature, humidity, CO₂ concentration, light intensity, and wind conditions. Significant variations in the spatial, vertical, and temporal distribution of environmental factors were observed in both greenhouses. The results revealed significant diurnal patterns in temperature and humidity, with higher daytime temperatures and lower humidity levels. The greenhouse with crops exhibited warmer bottom layers due to restricted air mobility. CO₂ concentrations peaked at night, aligning with plants’ respiration and photosynthesis cycles, whereas light intensity showed substantial daytime peaks, slightly affected by the presence of crops. The study emphasized the necessity of stratified control of the environment and dynamic management of CO₂. The deployment of a wireless sensor network (WSN) and placement of an error-based sensor ensured precise monitoring, highlighting the importance of continuous data collection and adaptive management for optimal greenhouse conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivation and Production of Greenhouse Horticulture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1449 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Induction of Resistance Against Verticillium Wilt of Olive by Previous Inoculation with a Low-Virulence Isolate of the Pathogen

by Consuelo Martos-Moreno, Antonio Santos-Rufo, María del Carmen Raya-Ortega, Francisco Javier López-Escudero and Miguel Angel Blanco-López

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040420 - 15 Apr 2025

Viewed by 191

Abstract

Verticillium wilt of olive, caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb., is a serious disease with no highly effective control methods currently available. Consequently, biological control strategies are being explored as viable and environmentally friendly alternatives. A natural recovery phenomenon has been observed in certain [...] Read more.

Verticillium wilt of olive, caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb., is a serious disease with no highly effective control methods currently available. Consequently, biological control strategies are being explored as viable and environmentally friendly alternatives. A natural recovery phenomenon has been observed in certain olive varieties following infection by low-virulence isolates of the pathogen, likely due to plant resistance mechanisms that may enhance defense against more virulent isolates. Based on these findings, a study was conducted to determine whether plants that had recovered from infection by a low-virulence isolate could exhibit increased resistance to highly virulent isolates. ‘Picual’ plants were first inoculated with a non-defoliating isolate, followed by inoculation with a defoliating isolate at different time intervals. The results demonstrate that prior infection with a non-defoliating isolate reduced disease severity caused by a defoliating isolate, particularly in susceptible cultivars like ‘Picual’. Treated plants exhibited slower disease progression and no mortality, whereas untreated plants developed severe symptoms and showed high mortality rates. A minimum interval of four months between inoculations with isolates of different virulence was crucial for achieving a significant reduction in disease severity. While this methodology has proven effective, further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and identify additional biocontrol agents to enhance disease management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Genetics, Breeding, and Quality Improvement of Olive)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 14505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

RSWD-YOLO: A Walnut Detection Method Based on UAV Remote Sensing Images

by Yansong Wang, Xuanxi Yang, Haoyu Wang, Huihua Wang, Zaiqing Chen and Lijun Yun

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040419 - 14 Apr 2025

Viewed by 142

Abstract

Accurate walnut yield prediction is crucial for the development of the walnut industry. Traditional manual counting methods are limited by labor and time costs, leading to inaccurate walnut quantity assessments. In this paper, we propose a walnut detection method based on UAV (UAV [...] Read more.

Accurate walnut yield prediction is crucial for the development of the walnut industry. Traditional manual counting methods are limited by labor and time costs, leading to inaccurate walnut quantity assessments. In this paper, we propose a walnut detection method based on UAV (UAV means Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) remote sensing imagery to improve the walnut yield prediction accuracy. Based on the YOLOv11 network, we propose several improvements to enhance the multi-scale object detection capability while achieving a more lightweight model structure. Specifically, we reconstruct the feature fusion network with a hierarchical scale-based feature pyramid structure and implement lightweight improvements to the feature extraction component. These modifications result in the RSWD-YOLO network (RSWD means remote sensing walnut detection; YOLO means ‘You Only Look Once’, and it is the specific abbreviation used for a series of object detection algorithms), which is specifically designed for walnut detection. Furthermore, to optimize the detection performance under hardware resource constraints, we apply knowledge distillation to RSWD-YOLO, thereby further improving the detection accuracy. Through model deployment and testing on small edge devices, we demonstrate the feasibility of our proposed method. The detection algorithm achieves 86.1% mean Average Precision on the walnut dataset while maintaining operational functionality on small edge devices. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed UAV remote sensing-based walnut detection method has a significant practical application value and can provide valuable insights for future research in related fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 5239 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Hyperhydricity-Induced Physiological Changes and Catechin Accumulation in Blueberry Hybrids (Vaccinium corymbosum × V. angustifolium)

by Rajesh Barua, Sayani Kundu, Abir U. Igamberdiev and Samir C. Debnath

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040418 - 14 Apr 2025

Viewed by 232

Abstract

Hyperhydricity is a significant challenge in the tissue culture of blueberry plantlets, affecting their propagation, survival and quality, which results in economic losses for industrial blueberry micropropagation. The in vitro liquid propagation of two half-highbush blueberry hybrids, HB₁ and HB₂, [...] Read more.

Hyperhydricity is a significant challenge in the tissue culture of blueberry plantlets, affecting their propagation, survival and quality, which results in economic losses for industrial blueberry micropropagation. The in vitro liquid propagation of two half-highbush blueberry hybrids, HB₁ and HB₂, showed that a Growtek stationary bioreactor culture system containing a liquid medium exhibited a higher hyperhydricity percentage than a Sigma glass culture system with a semi-solid medium. The percentage of hyperhydricity (75.21 ± 1.89%) and water content (72%) of HB₂ was more than that of HB₁. A scanning electron microscopy study revealed that hyperhydric plantlets from both genotypes developed slowly, had closed stomata, and displayed enlarged intercellular spaces between the palisade and spongy parenchyma layers. Disrupted vascular bundles, underdeveloped sieve elements and a weak connection between phloem and xylem tissue were also observed in hyperhydric plantlets. An analysis of mesophyll and stem tissues highlighted a compressed adaxial epidermis, which led to compact palisade parenchyma, with irregularly shaped mesophyll cells. Hyperhydric plants showed strong nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals in the aliphatic, aromatic, and sugar regions, specifically at peaks of 2.0, 2.5, 4.0, 4.5, 6.0, and 6.7 ppm. These signals were attributed to the presence of catechin (C₁₅H₁₄O₆), a flavonoid compound, suggesting its significant role or accumulation in these plants under hyperhydric conditions. Despite the negative effects of hyperhydricity on commercial propagation, hyperhydric plants were found to contain higher levels of valuable untargeted metabolites, such as β-P-arbutin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, epicatechin, 2-O-caffeoyl arbutin, various fatty acids, β-glucose, linolenic acid, and acetyl than both in vitro and ex vitro conditions. The enrichment of bioactive compounds in blueberry enhances its antioxidant properties, nutritional profile, and potential health benefits, making them significant for plant defense mechanisms and stress adaptation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Insights into Horticultural Crop Ecophysiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Establishment of an Efficient Regeneration and Genetic Transformation System for Hemerocallis middendorffii Trautv. & C. A. Mey.

by Jinxue Du, Jingbo Shi, Nan Zhang, Yingzhu Liu and Wei Liu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040417 - 14 Apr 2025

Viewed by 217

Abstract

Hemerocallis middendorffii is widely used in the landscaping of Northern China for its exceptional ornamental and ecological attributes. It is also the focus of a substantial body of germplasm development and stress tolerance research. However, the absence of an efficient regeneration and genetic [...] Read more.

Hemerocallis middendorffii is widely used in the landscaping of Northern China for its exceptional ornamental and ecological attributes. It is also the focus of a substantial body of germplasm development and stress tolerance research. However, the absence of an efficient regeneration and genetic transformation system has been a critical barrier to conducting gene function studies on this species. In this research, the aerial parts of seed-derived H. middendorffii plantlets were used as explants, and the callus induction, proliferation, subculture, differentiation, and rooting conditions in the in vitro regeneration process were optimized. A callus induction rate of 95.6% was achieved, with a regeneration rate of 84.4%. Based on this procedure, a simple and effective Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation system was preliminarily developed using a hygromycin-based selection system. The system comprised an Agrobacterium tumefaciens culture solution optical density at 600 nm (OD₆₀₀) of 0.6, an acetosyringone concentration of 100 μmol·L⁻¹ in both the A. tumefaciens infection solution and the co-cultivation medium, a sterilization culture with Timentin at 300 mg·L⁻¹, and a selection culture with hygromycin at 9 mg·L⁻¹. Transgenic H. middendorffii T0 rooted plants were produced within a 5-month period, with a transformation rate of 11.9% and positive rate of 32.8%. The regeneration and genetic transformation system established in this study should help advance functional gene research and genetic improvement in H. middendorffii. However, the genetic transformation was only validated in the T0 plants. To confirm stable integration and long-term transgene stability, future research on the phenotypic and molecular characterization of T1 progeny, including segregation analysis and Southern blot verification, will be conducted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 4331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Secondary Metabolite-Induced Osmo-Protection and Host Antioxidant Systems in Banana in Waterlogged Sodic Soils

by Damodaran Thukkaram, Muthukumar Manoharan, Prasenjit Debnath, Sangeeta Kumari, Sandeep Kumar, Maneesh Mishra, Sunil Kumar Jha and Chhedi L. Verma

Horticulturae 2025, 11(4), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11040416 - 14 Apr 2025

Viewed by 267

Abstract

Banana is a commercially important crop widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, but its cultivation in the canal command basins is challenged due to the development of waterlogged sodic soils. The present study aimed to induce sodicity tolerance through the integration of [...] Read more.

Banana is a commercially important crop widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, but its cultivation in the canal command basins is challenged due to the development of waterlogged sodic soils. The present study aimed to induce sodicity tolerance through the integration of secondary metabolites in the plants during the tissue culture organogenesis phase. Secondary-metabolite-treated plants were assessed for their performance in the waterlogged sodic soil areas of Samesee block in Lucknow district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Metabolite-treated (MT) plants exhibited significantly better growth and yield compared to untreated control (UTC) plants. Key physiological enhancements in MT plants included increased activities of defense-related enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), and proline along with a reduced Na⁺/K⁺ ratio. The metabolic profile of MT plants showed higher expression of antioxidants, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. MT plants exhibited production of the metabolites such as trihydroxy methylene–di-oxyflavone, rush flavanone, rutin, anthocyanins, neodiosmin, arachidonic acid, and trigalloyl-HHDP-glucose, which belongs to the subclasses of flavonoids, anthocyanins, and sugar alcohols. Consequently, MT plants produced a significantly higher yield (20.85 kg per plant) compared to UTC plants (8.35 kg) and greater biomass. These results suggest that treatments using secondary metabolite extracted from salt-tolerant bacteria can be used as an effective strategy for enhancing sodicity tolerance in banana plants, contributing to sustainable production and economic viability in waterlogged sodic soil conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Stress Tolerance of Horticultural Crops)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Horticulturae, Volume 11, Issue 4 (April 2025) – 105 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI