Experimental Study on Thermal Runaway Characteristics of High-Nickel Ternary Lithium-Ion Batteries under Normal and Low Pressures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Battery Samples
2.2. Experimental Setup
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Criteria for Thermal Runaway and Venting
3.2. Thermal Runaway Behavior
- Stage I (Heating stage): The cell is heated, and the temperature increases with an average temperature rise rate of 0.50 °C/s at 80 kPa and of 0.49 °C/s at 40 kPa. Unstable chemical reactions occur inside the cell, gradually raising the surface temperature while the voltage drops sharply.
- Stage II (Venting stage): When internal reactions accelerate and internal temperature rises to a certain level, the safety valve of the cell breaks, entering stage II, which is marked by a decrease in the temperature rise rate. It should be noted that venting does not always lead to a decrease in temperature [15,20,21,22,23]. A more accurate description is a decrease in the temperature rise rate, which will be further discussed below. The surface temperature of the cell rises relatively quickly during this stage, with an average temperature rise rate of 1.05 °C/s at 80 kPa and of 0.87 °C/s at 40 kPa. This stage is very brief, typically lasting within 1 min.
- Stage III (Thermal runaway occurrence stage): The inside of the cell is entirely out of control, with surface temperature rising rapidly to a maximum rate of 235.44 °C/s at 80 kPa and of 72.88 °C/s at 40 kPa, releasing significant energy, finally causing fire or explosion.
3.3. Venting and Thermal Runaway Events
3.4. Open Circuit Voltage
- Stage I (Voltage stabilization stage): This stage spans from a surface temperature of 28 °C to 55 °C. Before thermal runaway, there is a period during which the voltage remains stable. During this stage, the voltage may exhibit slight fluctuations due to minor heat accumulation, but these changes are not significant. The voltage slightly increases from (3.9973 V) to (3.9998 V).
- Stage II (Voltage rise stage): This stage spans from a surface temperature of 55 °C to 113 °C. During the accelerated heating phase, the voltage rises above its initial value, reaching a peak at (4.0042 V). This may be attributed to the enhanced ionic conductivity of the electrolyte and reduced internal resistance as the temperature increases [40], resulting in a temporary voltage rise.
- Stage III (Voltage decline stage): This stage spans from a surface temperature of 113 °C to 177 °C. After reaching the peak voltage, the voltage begins to sharply decline as severe chemical and structural degradation occurs within the cell. Internal short circuits are caused by the collapse of the separator [41,42]. This sharp voltage drop is an advanced characteristic indicator that the cell is approaching thermal runaway in contrast to the sharp surface temperature rise.
- Stage IV (Voltage collapse stage): At the onset of thermal runaway, the voltage collapses to an extremely low level, reaching (−0.0006 V). This indicates that the internal chemical reactions are almost entirely out of control and the internal structure of the battery is completely destroyed.
3.5. Comparison of Characteristic Parameters
3.6. Mass Loss
3.7. Post Testing Analysis
3.8. Heat Transfer Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Specification |
---|---|
Height | 65.05 ± 0.15 mm |
Diameter | 18.35 ± 0.15 mm |
Weight | 46 ± 2 g |
Anode material | Graphite |
Cathode material | LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 |
Nominal capacity | 2600 mAh |
Nominal voltage | 3.6 V |
Charge cut-off voltage | 4.2 V |
Discharge cut-off voltage | 2.75 V |
Charging cut-off current | 0.02 C (52 mA) |
Testing Group | Testing No. | SOC | Ambient Pressure (kPa) | Heating Power (W) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1/2/3/4 | 75% | 101/80/60/40 | 150 |
2 | 5/6/7/8 | 100% | 101/80/60/40 |
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Jin, Y.; Meng, D.; Zhao, C.-X.; Yu, J.-L.; Wang, X.-H.; Wang, J. Experimental Study on Thermal Runaway Characteristics of High-Nickel Ternary Lithium-Ion Batteries under Normal and Low Pressures. Batteries 2024, 10, 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10080287
Jin Y, Meng D, Zhao C-X, Yu J-L, Wang X-H, Wang J. Experimental Study on Thermal Runaway Characteristics of High-Nickel Ternary Lithium-Ion Batteries under Normal and Low Pressures. Batteries. 2024; 10(8):287. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10080287
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Ye, Di Meng, Chen-Xi Zhao, Jia-Ling Yu, Xue-Hui Wang, and Jian Wang. 2024. "Experimental Study on Thermal Runaway Characteristics of High-Nickel Ternary Lithium-Ion Batteries under Normal and Low Pressures" Batteries 10, no. 8: 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10080287