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Batteries
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Advances in Lithium-Ion Battery Safety and Fire
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Advances in Lithium-Ion Battery Safety and Fire

A special issue of Batteries (ISSN 2313-0105). This special issue belongs to the section "Battery Performance, Ageing, Reliability and Safety".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 March 2025 | Viewed by 4302

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Zhi Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221000, China
Interests: thermal runaway and propagation; battery safety after ageing; multi-scale battery fire; thermal management; safety monitoring and mitigation strategy; fire dtection and extinguishing
Dr. Tong Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221000, China
Interests: battery hazard control; thermal runaway early warning; water mist fire extinguishing; battery fire extinguishing agent
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Mingzhi Jiao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
CUMT-IoT Perception Mine Research Center, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221000, China
Interests: electrochemical electrode; battery safety monitoring; gas sensors and sensing systems; sensing signal recognition; low-power and high-performance sensors and sensor arrays
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Lithium-ion batteries have become one of the most competitive energy storage media for electric vehicles, energy storage power stations, novel energy storage systems, and so on. The safety issues associated with batteries, including thermal runaway, thermal runaway propagation, ageing degradation, fire and explosion, have caused widespread concern. These issues have not been satisfactorily unveiled and resolved. To this end, this Special Issue focuses on advances in the fundamental science and key technologies for thermal safety and management with regard to the related fire and explosion of batteries, including mechanisms, modelling, characteristics, monitoring, control, standard, etc.

Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Intrinsic design for battery safety (flame retardant electrolyte, self-closing separator, high stability electrode, etc.);
  • Insights into thermal runaway/propagation mechanisms and numerical modelling analysis;
  • Advanced thermal management strategies;
  • Multi-scale battery fire tests (cell, module, vehicle, energy storage station, etc.);
  • Process safety and emergency disposal of batteries during transportation;
  • Ageing mechanisms, diagnostic method and regulation measures under different paths;
  • Characteristics and evaluation of battery fire and explosion;
  • Detection, monitoring and early warning of battery thermal runaway and fire;
  • Explosion suppression and fire extinguishing involving battery fire;
  • Safety standards for battery production, storage, transportation, and usage processes.

We are delighted to invite you to publish an original research paper or a review paper in this Special Issue. Share your results to enhance the safety of batteries.

Dr. Zhi Wang
Dr. Tong Liu
Dr. Mingzhi Jiao
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Batteries is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • safety battery
  • thermal runaway
  • fire and explosion
  • thermal propagation
  • thermal management
  • battery ageing
  • multi-scale test and modelling
  • monitoring and early waring
  • fire detection
  • fire extinguishing
  • explosion suppression
  • accident investigation
  • safety standards and guidelines

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

14 pages, 2847 KiB  
Article
The Multi-Parameter Fusion Early Warning Method for Lithium Battery Thermal Runaway Based on Cloud Model and Dempster–Shafer Evidence Theory
by Ziyi Xie, Ying Zhang, Hong Wang, Pan Li, Jingyi Shi, Xiankai Zhang and Siyang Li
Batteries 2024, 10(9), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10090325 - 13 Sep 2024
Viewed by 268
Abstract
As the preferred technology in the current energy storage field, lithium-ion batteries cannot completely eliminate the occurrence of thermal runaway (TR) accidents. It is of significant importance to employ real-time monitoring and warning methods to perceive the battery’s safety status promptly and address [...] Read more.
As the preferred technology in the current energy storage field, lithium-ion batteries cannot completely eliminate the occurrence of thermal runaway (TR) accidents. It is of significant importance to employ real-time monitoring and warning methods to perceive the battery’s safety status promptly and address potential safety hazards. Currently, the monitoring and warning of lithium-ion battery TR heavily rely on the judgment of single parameters, leading to a high false alarm rate. The application of multi-parameter early warning methods based on data fusion remains underutilized. To address this issue, the evaluation of lithium-ion battery safety status was conducted using the cloud model to characterize fuzziness and Dempster–Shafer (DS) evidence theory for evidence fusion, comprehensively assessing the TR risk level. The research determined warning threshold ranges and risk levels by monitoring voltage, temperature, and gas indicators during lithium-ion battery overcharge TR experiments. Subsequently, a multi-parameter fusion approach combining cloud model and DS evidence theory was utilized to confirm the risk status of the battery at any given moment. This method takes into account the fuzziness and uncertainty among multiple parameters, enabling an objective assessment of the TR risk level of lithium-ion batteries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Lithium-Ion Battery Safety and Fire)
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13 pages, 2633 KiB  
Article
Pyrrolidinium-Based Ionic Liquids as Advanced Non-Aqueous Electrolytes for Safer Next Generation Lithium Batteries
by Antía Santiago-Alonso, José Manuel Sánchez-Pico, Raquel San Emeterio, María Villanueva, Josefa Salgado and Juan José Parajó
Batteries 2024, 10(9), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10090319 - 10 Sep 2024
Viewed by 292
Abstract
In the current context of increasing energy demand, ionic liquids (ILs) are presented as possible candidates to replace conventional electrolytes and to develop more efficient energy storage devices. The IL 1-Methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide has been selected for this work, due to the good thermal [...] Read more.
In the current context of increasing energy demand, ionic liquids (ILs) are presented as possible candidates to replace conventional electrolytes and to develop more efficient energy storage devices. The IL 1-Methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide has been selected for this work, due to the good thermal and chemical stabilities and good electrochemical performance of the pyrrolidinium cation based ILs. Binary mixtures of this IL and lithium salt with the same anion, [TFSI], have been prepared with the aim of assessing them, as possible electrolytes for lithium batteries. These mixtures were thermally and electrochemically characterised through DSC and dielectric spectroscopy studies. The ionic conductivity decreases as the salt concentration increases, finding values ranging between 0.4 S/m and 0.1 S/m at room temperature. Additionally, a wide liquid range was found for the mixtures, which would reduce or even eliminate some of the most common problems of current electrolytes, such as their crystallisation at low temperatures and flammability. Finally, the toxicity of pure IL and the intermediate salt concentration was also evaluated in terms of the bioluminescence inhibition of the Alivibrio Fischeri bacteria, observing that, although the toxicity increases with the salt addition, both samples can be classified as practically harmless. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Lithium-Ion Battery Safety and Fire)
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21 pages, 9440 KiB  
Article
Investigation on Thermal Runaway Hazards of Cylindrical and Pouch Lithium-Ion Batteries under Low Pressure of Cruise Altitude for Civil Aircraft
by Qiang Sun, Hangxin Liu, Zhi Wang, Yawei Meng, Chun Xu, Yanxing Wen and Qiyao Wu
Batteries 2024, 10(9), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10090298 - 24 Aug 2024
Viewed by 428
Abstract
Thermal runaway characteristics and hazards of lithium-ion batteries under low ambient pressure in-flight conditions are studied in a dynamic pressure chamber. The influence of ambient pressures (95 kPa and 20 kPa) and packaging forms (cylindrical and pouch commercial batteries) were especially investigated. The [...] Read more.
Thermal runaway characteristics and hazards of lithium-ion batteries under low ambient pressure in-flight conditions are studied in a dynamic pressure chamber. The influence of ambient pressures (95 kPa and 20 kPa) and packaging forms (cylindrical and pouch commercial batteries) were especially investigated. The results show that the values of heat release, temperature, and CO2 concentration decrease with the reduction in pressure from 95 kPa to 20 kPa, while the total hydrocarbon and CO  increase. Without violent fire, explosion, and huge jet flames, the thermal hazards of TR fire under 20 kPa are lower, but the amount of toxic/flammable gas emissions increases greatly. The amount of CO and hydrocarbons varies inversely with the thermal hazards of fire. Under low-pressure environments of cruise altitude, the thermal hazards of TR fire for pouch cells and the toxic/potentially explosive hazards of gas emissions of cylindrical cells need more attention. The performance of TR hazards for two packaging types of battery is also different. Pouch cells have higher thermal hazards of fire and lower combustible/toxic emitted gases than cylindrical cells. The thermal runaway intensity of individual cells decreases under lower ambient pressure, but the burning intensity increases dramatically when thermal runaway occurs in a battery pack. The open time of a safety valve (rupture of the bag) is shortened, but the trigger time for a thermal runaway varies for different formats of batteries under 20 kPa. Those results may be helpful for the safety warning and hazard protection design of Li batteries under low-pressure conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Lithium-Ion Battery Safety and Fire)
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18 pages, 18755 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on Thermal Runaway Characteristics of High-Nickel Ternary Lithium-Ion Batteries under Normal and Low Pressures
by Ye Jin, Di Meng, Chen-Xi Zhao, Jia-Ling Yu, Xue-Hui Wang and Jian Wang
Batteries 2024, 10(8), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10080287 - 12 Aug 2024
Viewed by 684
Abstract
High-nickel (Ni) ternary lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in low-pressure environments such as in the aviation industry, but their attribute of high energy density poses significant fire hazards, especially under low pressure where thermal runaway behavior is complex, thus requiring relevant experiments. [...] Read more.
High-nickel (Ni) ternary lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in low-pressure environments such as in the aviation industry, but their attribute of high energy density poses significant fire hazards, especially under low pressure where thermal runaway behavior is complex, thus requiring relevant experiments. This study investigates the thermal runaway characteristics of LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NCM811) 18650 LIBs at different states of charge (SOCs) (75%, 100%) under various ambient pressures (101 kPa, 80 kPa, 60 kPa, 40 kPa). The results show that, as the pressure is decreased from 101 kPa to 40 kPa, the onset time of thermal runaway is extended by 28.2 s for 75% SOC and by 40.8 s for 100% SOC; accordingly, the onset temperature of thermal runaway increases by 19.3 °C for 75% SOC and by 33.5 °C for 100% SOC; the maximum surface temperature decreases by 70.8 °C for 75% SOC and by 68.2 °C for 100% SOC. The cell mass loss and loss rate slightly decrease with reduced pressure. However, ambient pressure has little impact on the time and temperature of venting as well as the voltage drop time. SEM/EDS analysis verifies that electrolyte evaporates faster under low pressure. Furthermore, the oxygen concentration is lower under low pressure, which consequently leads to a delay in thermal runaway. This study contributes to understanding thermal runaway characteristics of high-Ni ternary LIBs and provides guidance for their safe application in low-pressure aviation environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Lithium-Ion Battery Safety and Fire)
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18 pages, 43757 KiB  
Article
Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Runaway: Experimental Analysis of Particle Deposition in Battery Module Environment
by Sebastian Hoelle, Hyojeong Kim, Sascha Zimmermann and Olaf Hinrichsen
Batteries 2024, 10(6), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10060173 - 23 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1261
Abstract
In this paper, a novel experimental setup to quantify the particle deposition during a lithium-ion battery thermal runaway (TR) is proposed. The setup integrates a single prismatic battery cell into an environment representing similar conditions as found for battery modules in battery packs [...] Read more.
In this paper, a novel experimental setup to quantify the particle deposition during a lithium-ion battery thermal runaway (TR) is proposed. The setup integrates a single prismatic battery cell into an environment representing similar conditions as found for battery modules in battery packs of electric vehicles. In total, 86 weighing plates, positioned within the flow path of the vented gas and particles, can be individually removed from the setup in order to determine the spatial mass distribution of the deposited particles. Two proof-of-concept experiments with different distances between cell vent and module cover are performed. The particle deposition on the weighing plates as well as the particle size distribution of the deposited particles are found to be dependent on the distance between cell vent and cover. In addition, the specific heat capacity of the deposited particles as well as the jelly roll remains are analyzed. Its temperature dependency is found to be comparable for both ejected particles and jelly roll remains. The results of this study help researches and engineers to gain further insights into the particle ejection process during TR. By implementing certain suggested improvements, the proposed experimental setup may be used in the future to provide necessary data for simulation model validation. Therefore, this study contributes to the improvement of battery pack design and safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Lithium-Ion Battery Safety and Fire)
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Review

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29 pages, 10356 KiB  
Review
Review of Flame Behavior and Its Suppression during Thermal Runaway in Lithium-Ion Batteries
by Yikai Mao, Yin Chen and Mingyi Chen
Batteries 2024, 10(9), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10090307 - 30 Aug 2024
Viewed by 614
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are extensively utilized in electric vehicles (EVs), energy storage systems, and related fields due to their superior performance and high energy density. However, battery-related incidents, particularly fires, are increasingly common. This paper aims to first summarize the flame behavior of [...] Read more.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are extensively utilized in electric vehicles (EVs), energy storage systems, and related fields due to their superior performance and high energy density. However, battery-related incidents, particularly fires, are increasingly common. This paper aims to first summarize the flame behavior of LIBs and then thoroughly examine the factors influencing this behavior. Based on these factors, methods for suppressing LIB flames are identified. The factors affecting flame behavior are categorized into two groups: internal and external. The paper then reviews the flame behavior within battery modules, particularly in confined spaces, from both experimental and simulation perspectives. Furthermore, methods for suppressing battery flames are classified into active and passive techniques, allowing for a more comprehensive analysis of their effectiveness. The paper concludes with a summary and outlook, offering new insights for future research and contributing to the development of safer and more efficient battery systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Lithium-Ion Battery Safety and Fire)
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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

Title: The effect of ambient pressure from 95 kPa to 20 kPa on thermal runaway early warning behaviors and hazards of lithium-ion battery
Authors: Qiang Sun 1*, Maoyong Zhi1, Pengfei Lv1, He Yuanhua2
Affiliation: 1College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, Sichuan, 618307, China. 2 Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, Sichuan, 618307, China.

Title: Ageing and thermal safety of lithium-ion batteries under complex operating conditions
Authors: Zhi Wang 1,2*, Qingjie Zhao 1, Yuchen Song 1, Shaojia Wang 1 and Bobo Shi1
Affiliation: 1 School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China 2 Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Guanghan, Sichuan, China * Correspondence: [email protected]

Title: A comprehensive investigation on fire and toxic/flammable gas hazards of lithium-ion batteries under a low ambient pressure
Authors: Xiantao Chen 1*, Haibin Wang 2, Song Xie 2, Jingyun Jia 1
Affiliation: 1College of Economic and Management, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, Sichuan, 618307, China. 2College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, Sichuan, 618307, China. * Correspondence: [email protected]

Title: Multiphysics Modeling of Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Juan Manuel Paz Garcia, Maria del Mar Cerrillo Gonzalez, Jose Miguel Rodriguez Maroto, María Villen-Guzman Corresponding authors: Juan Manuel Paz Garcia
Affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain

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