Exploring Biofouling Control by the California Sea Cucumber (Apostichopus californicus) in Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) with Organic Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area, Farm Parameters, and Source of Sea Cucumbers
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Analysis of Net Percent Cleanliness
2.4. Stable Isotopes
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Net Percent Cleanliness
3.2. Stable Isotopes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factor | Mean ± SD (%) | ART Two-Way ANOVA | |
---|---|---|---|
Trial month | August | 59.2 ± 25.8 | NS |
September | 70.8 ± 16.5 | ||
October | 72.8 ± 24.3 | ||
Site | Dawley Pass | 68.8 ± 23.0 | NS |
Warne Island | 66.3 ± 24.9 | ||
Trial month × site | NS | ||
Cage type | Fish only (F) | 64.6 ± 25.5 | NS |
Sea cucumbers only (S) | 79.4 ± 16.9 | ||
Fish + sea cucumbers (F + S) | 62.1 ± 24.9 | ||
Empty cage (E) | 64.2 ± 21.6 | ||
Net depth * | Top (0–5 m) | 46.3 ± 33.5 A | F2,60 = 8.28, p < 0.01 |
Middle (5–10 m) | 79.0 ± 18.1 B | ||
Bottom (10–15 m) | 77.5 ± 20.0 B | ||
Cage type × net depth | NS |
Net Depth | Cage Type, Mean ± SD (%) | ART One-Way ANOVA | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Empty Cage (E) | Fish (F) | Fish + Sea Cucumbers (F + S) | Sea Cucumbers (S) | ||
Top (0–5 m) | 33.0 ± 37.1 | 49.1 ± 37.9 | 45.5 ± 26.4 | 57.5 ± 35.8 | NS |
Middle (5–10 m) | 76.3 ± 18.5 | 79.4 ± 13.0 | 73.7 ± 28.6 | 86.7 ± 8.2 | NS |
Bottom (10–15 m) * | 83.2 ± 9.2 AB | 65.3 ± 25.8 A | 67.2 ± 19.5 A | 94.2 ± 6.8 B | F3,20 = 4.32, p = 0.02 |
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Montgomery, E.M.; Cannon, B.L.; Pearce, C.M. Exploring Biofouling Control by the California Sea Cucumber (Apostichopus californicus) in Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) with Organic Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Fishes 2023, 8, 430. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090430
Montgomery EM, Cannon BL, Pearce CM. Exploring Biofouling Control by the California Sea Cucumber (Apostichopus californicus) in Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) with Organic Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Fishes. 2023; 8(9):430. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090430
Chicago/Turabian StyleMontgomery, Emaline M., Barb L. Cannon, and Christopher M. Pearce. 2023. "Exploring Biofouling Control by the California Sea Cucumber (Apostichopus californicus) in Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) with Organic Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)" Fishes 8, no. 9: 430. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090430