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J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., Volume 9, Issue 2 (June 2024) – 52 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Understanding muscle forces during exercise helps prevent injuries, especially in women prone to knee issues. Our study examined lower leg muscle forces during back squats, good mornings, and split squats, focusing on women. Eight participants were analyzed using advanced tools like musculoskeletal models, EMG, and motion capture systems. The results showed the back squat exerted the most force on quadriceps, particularly the rectus femoris, and the back leg in split squats. Gluteal muscles were most active during good mornings and the front leg of split squats, especially the gluteus maximus. Hamstrings, particularly the semimembranosus, were also heavily engaged. Our study highlights the need for personalized exercise guidance to make strength training safer and more effective for women. View this paper
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14 pages, 2717 KiB  
Article
Upper-Limb Muscle Fatigability in Para-Athletes Quantified as the Rate of Force Development in Rapid Contractions of Submaximal Amplitude
by Gennaro Boccia, Paolo Riccardo Brustio, Luca Beratto, Ilaria Peluso, Roberto Ferrara, Diego Munzi, Elisabetta Toti, Anna Raguzzini, Tommaso Sciarra and Alberto Rainoldi
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020108 - 20 Jun 2024
Viewed by 989
Abstract
This study aimed to compare neuromuscular fatigability of the elbow flexors and extensors between athletes with amputation (AMP) and athletes with spinal cord injury (SCI) for maximum voluntary force (MVF) and rate of force development (RFD). We recruited 20 para-athletes among those participating [...] Read more.
This study aimed to compare neuromuscular fatigability of the elbow flexors and extensors between athletes with amputation (AMP) and athletes with spinal cord injury (SCI) for maximum voluntary force (MVF) and rate of force development (RFD). We recruited 20 para-athletes among those participating at two training camps (2022) for Italian Paralympic veterans. Ten athletes with SCI (two with tetraplegia and eight with paraplegia) were compared to 10 athletes with amputation (above the knee, N = 3; below the knee, N = 6; forearm, N = 1). We quantified MVF, RFD at 50, 100, and 150 ms, and maximal RFD (RFDpeak) of elbow flexors and extensors before and after an incremental arm cranking to voluntary fatigue. We also measured the RFD scaling factor (RFD-SF), which is the linear relationship between peak force and peak RFD quantified in a series of ballistic contractions of submaximal amplitude. SCI showed lower levels of MVF and RFD in both muscle groups (all p values ≤ 0.045). Despite this, the decrease in MVF (Cohen’s d = 0.425, p < 0.001) and RFDpeak (d = 0.424, p = 0.003) after the incremental test did not show any difference between pathological conditions. Overall, RFD at 50 ms showed the greatest decrease (d = 0.741, p < 0.001), RFD at 100 ms showed a small decrease (d = 0.382, p = 0.020), and RFD at 150 ms did not decrease (p = 0.272). The RFD-SF decreased more in SCI than AMP (p < 0.0001). Muscle fatigability impacted not only maximal force expressions but also the quickness of ballistic contractions of submaximal amplitude, particularly in SCI. This may affect various sports and daily living activities of wheelchair users. Early RFD (i.e., ≤50 ms) was notably affected by muscle fatigability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports)
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12 pages, 301 KiB  
Article
Key Performance Indicators Predictive of Success in Soccer: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Greek Soccer League
by Andreas Stafylidis, Athanasios Mandroukas, Yiannis Michailidis, Lazaros Vardakis, Ioannis Metaxas, Angelos E. Kyranoudis and Thomas I. Metaxas
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020107 - 17 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3302
Abstract
Previous research emphasizes the significance of key performance metrics in determining match outcomes. The purpose of this study is to enhance the understanding of success in professional soccer by analyzing the relationship between match outcomes (win, lose, draw) and various Performance Indicators extracted [...] Read more.
Previous research emphasizes the significance of key performance metrics in determining match outcomes. The purpose of this study is to enhance the understanding of success in professional soccer by analyzing the relationship between match outcomes (win, lose, draw) and various Performance Indicators extracted from the Greek soccer league, as well as to develop a regression model of success in soccer. The sample consisted of all 91 matches from the first round of the 2020–2021 season of the Greek Football League. Utilizing Kruskal–Wallis tests, significant differences were found in goals scored, shots, and shots on target, ball possession, passing metrics, touches in the penalty area, and average shot distance (p < 0.05), with winning teams having demonstrated superior performance metrics. Moreover, winning teams engaged more in positional attacks and counterattacks with shots (p < 0.05). The binary logistic regression model applied to predict match outcomes identified shots on target, counterattacks, passes metrics, offensive duels and set pieces (penalties, free kicks) as key factors influencing the likelihood of winning (p < 0.05). These findings collectively highlight the importance of effective offensive play, including goal scoring, shooting accuracy, and ball possession, in determining the outcomes of soccer matches, with the regression model offering a nuanced understanding of these relationships. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimizing Strength and Resistance Training: Best Practices Applied to Sports Disciplines and Performance)
23 pages, 1230 KiB  
Review
Are Surface Electromyography Parameters Indicative of Post-Activation Potentiation/Post-Activation Performance Enhancement, in Terms of Twitch Potentiation and Voluntary Performance? A Systematic Review
by Philip Gallardo, Giannis Giakas, Giorgos K. Sakkas and Panagiotis V. Tsaklis
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020106 - 17 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1858
Abstract
The aim was to identify if surface electromyography (sEMG) parameters are indicative of post-activation potentiation (PAP)/post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE), in terms of twitch potentiation and voluntary performance. Three databases were used in April 2024, with the following inclusion criteria: (a) original research, assessed [...] Read more.
The aim was to identify if surface electromyography (sEMG) parameters are indicative of post-activation potentiation (PAP)/post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE), in terms of twitch potentiation and voluntary performance. Three databases were used in April 2024, with the following inclusion criteria: (a) original research, assessed in healthy human adults, and (b) sEMG parameters were measured. The exclusion criteria were (a) studies with no PAP/PAPE protocol and (b) non-randomized control trials. The following data were extracted: study characteristics/demographics, PAP/PAPE protocols, sEMG parameters, twitch/performance outcomes, and study findings. A modified physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale was used for quality assessment. Fifteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs), with a total of 199 subjects, were included. The M-wave amplitude (combined with a twitch torque outcome) was shown to generally be indicative of PAP. The sEMG amplitudes (in some muscles) were found to be indicative of PAPE during ballistic movements, while a small decrease in the MdF (in certain muscles) was shown to reflect PAPE. Changes in the Hmax/Mmax ratio were found to contribute (temporally) to PAP, while the H-reflex amplitude was shown to be neither indicative of PAP nor PAPE. This review provides preliminary findings suggesting that certain sEMG parameters could be indicative of PAP/PAPE. However, due to limited studies, future research is warranted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Athletic Training and Human Performance)
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16 pages, 1794 KiB  
Review
Strategies for Improving Firefighter Health On-Shift: A Review
by Kealey J. Wohlgemuth, Michael J. Conner, Grant M. Tinsley, Ty B. Palmer and Jacob A. Mota
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020105 - 15 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1755
Abstract
The fire service suffers from high rates of cardiovascular disease and poor overall health, and firefighters often suffer fatal and non-fatal injuries while on the job. Most fatal injuries result from sudden cardiac death, while non-fatal injuries are to the musculoskeletal system. Previous [...] Read more.
The fire service suffers from high rates of cardiovascular disease and poor overall health, and firefighters often suffer fatal and non-fatal injuries while on the job. Most fatal injuries result from sudden cardiac death, while non-fatal injuries are to the musculoskeletal system. Previous works suggest a mechanistic link between several health and performance variables and injury risk. In addition, studies have suggested physical activity and nutrition can improve overall health and occupational performance. This review offers practical applications for exercise via feasible training modalities as well as nutritional recommendations that can positively impact performance on the job. Time-efficient training modalities like high-intensity interval training and feasible modalities such as resistance training offer numerous benefits for firefighters. Also, modifying and supplementing the diet and can be advantageous for health and body composition in the fire service. Firefighters have various schedules, making it difficult for planned exercise and eating while on shift. The practical training and nutritional aspects discussed in this review can be implemented on-shift to improve the overall health and performance in firefighters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Public Health)
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15 pages, 2315 KiB  
Article
Comparative Bilateral Measurements of Vastus Lateralis Muscle Oxygen Desaturation Kinetics during 30 S Sprint Cycling Exercise: Effects of Age and Performance
by Karmen Reinpõld, Indrek Rannama and Kristjan Port
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020104 - 13 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1283
Abstract
The study assessed vastus lateralis oxygen desaturation kinetics (SmO2) in 32 male cyclists (16 Seniors, 16 Juniors) during a 30 s sprint, examining effects of age and performance. An incremental test was used to determine ventilatory thresholds (VT1, VT2) and maximal [...] Read more.
The study assessed vastus lateralis oxygen desaturation kinetics (SmO2) in 32 male cyclists (16 Seniors, 16 Juniors) during a 30 s sprint, examining effects of age and performance. An incremental test was used to determine ventilatory thresholds (VT1, VT2) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2kg), followed by a sprint test to evaluate anaerobic performance. Cyclists’ performance phenotype was determined as the ratio of power at VT2 to 5 s peak sprint power. Juniors exhibited sprinter-like traits, excelling in all functional tests except for lactate levels post-sprint. SmO2 data showed no age-related or bilateral differences across participants. The combined mean response time (MRT) revealed stronger bilateral goodness of fit (R2 = 0.64) than individual time delay (TD) and time constant (τ). Higher VO2kg at VT2, peak power, and maximal uptake were linked to longer TD, while shorter TD correlated with higher lactate production and increased fatigue. Bilaterally averaged SmO2 kinetics distinguished between sprint and endurance athletes, indicating the potential to reflect the alactic anaerobic system’s capacity and depletion. Age did not affect desaturation rates, but younger cyclists showed greater response amplitude, attributed to a higher initial baseline rather than maximal desaturation at the end of the exercise. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strength Training and Performance Enhancement in Athletes)
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11 pages, 704 KiB  
Article
Sit-to-Stand Power Is a Stronger Predictor of Gait Speed than Knee Extension Strength
by Garrett M. Steinbrink, Julian Martinez, Ann M. Swartz and Scott J. Strath
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020103 - 13 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1497
Abstract
With a growing aging population, the routine assessment of physical function may become a critical component of clinical practice. The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to compare two common assessments of muscular function: (1) isometric knee extension strength (KES) and (2) sit-to-stand [...] Read more.
With a growing aging population, the routine assessment of physical function may become a critical component of clinical practice. The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to compare two common assessments of muscular function: (1) isometric knee extension strength (KES) and (2) sit-to-stand (STS) muscle power tests, in predicting objective physical function (i.e., gait speed) in aging adults. 84 adults (56% female, mean (SD) age = 66.6 (9.4) years) had their relative KES, STS power, usual gait speed (UGS), and fast gait speed (FGS) assessed. Multiple linear regression examined the associations between KES, STS power, and gait outcomes. When entered in separate models, KES and STS power were both independently associated with UGS and FGS (Std. β = 0.35–0.44 and 0.42–0.55 for KES and STS power, respectively). When entered in the same model, STS power was associated with UGS and FGS (Std. β = 0.37 [95%CI: 0.15, 0.58] and 0.51 [95%CI: 0.31, 0.70], respectively), while KES was only associated with FGS (Std. β = 0.25 [95%CI: 0.02, 0.48]). STS power seems to be a valid indicator of function in aging adults. Its feasibility as a screening tool for “low” function in the primary care setting should be explored. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Movement Analysis in Sports and Physical Therapy)
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13 pages, 310 KiB  
Article
Ten-Minute Physical Activity Breaks Improve Attention and Executive Functions in Healthcare Workers
by Francesco Fischetti, Ilaria Pepe, Gianpiero Greco, Maurizio Ranieri, Luca Poli, Stefania Cataldi and Luigi Vimercati
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020102 - 12 Jun 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1617
Abstract
Occupational health is a major problem in modern work environments. Physical activity breaks (PABs), short exercise periods delivered during working hours, incorporating exergames or outdoor activities, have emerged as a novel approach that could be used to improve work efficiency and workplace wellbeing. [...] Read more.
Occupational health is a major problem in modern work environments. Physical activity breaks (PABs), short exercise periods delivered during working hours, incorporating exergames or outdoor activities, have emerged as a novel approach that could be used to improve work efficiency and workplace wellbeing. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of PABs on attention levels and executive functions in healthcare workers. A total of 27 healthcare workers (M = 14, W = 13; 49.55 ± 12.46 years), after 4 h of work, randomly performed one of three 10 min conditions weekly in a counterbalanced order: No Physical Activity Break (NPAB); Outdoor Physical Activity Break (OPAB); Physical Activity Break with Exergame (PABEx). After the conditions, executive functions and selective attention were assessed by the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT), and the Trail Making A,B test (TMT A,B), respectively. Significant differences between OPAB and NPAB as well as between PABEx and NPAB in the TMT-A test χ2(2) = 44.66 (p < 0.001) and TMT-B test χ2(2) = 48.67 (p < 0.001) were found, respectively. TMT-A and SCWT interference/time scores of the PABEx and OPAB conditions were significantly lower than those of NPAB (p < 0.001). In the SCWT interference/error score, no significant difference was found between the PABEx and NPAB (p > 0.05), but the score was statistically lower in the OPAB condition than PABEx (p = 0.001) and PABEx condition compared to OPAB for TMT-A (p = 0.001). Findings showed that the OPAB and PABEx conditions are effective in improving selective attention and executive functions in healthcare workers. Employers can foster a healthier and more productive workforce by promoting a culture of movement and prioritizing employee health, which in turn can enhance patient care outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health and Performance through Sports at All Ages 3.0)
13 pages, 465 KiB  
Article
An Assessment of Existing Sport-Related Concussion Guidelines in Ireland: The Need for a United Approach
by Ayrton Walshe, Ed Daly and Lisa Ryan
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020101 - 10 Jun 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1411
Abstract
In 2014, an Irish parliament white paper called for greater addressing of sport-related concussions (SRCs) in Ireland, requesting the adoption of the Concussion in Sport Group’s (CISGs) guidelines and greater consistency in SRC return to play (RTP) management. Ten years later, it is [...] Read more.
In 2014, an Irish parliament white paper called for greater addressing of sport-related concussions (SRCs) in Ireland, requesting the adoption of the Concussion in Sport Group’s (CISGs) guidelines and greater consistency in SRC return to play (RTP) management. Ten years later, it is unclear how these requests have been addressed. Recently, the United Kingdom’s government centralised guidelines to one SRC document for all grassroots sports. This study aimed to investigate all publicly available SRC guidance in Irish sports and national governing bodies (NGBs) to determine if centralised guidelines are warranted. Sport Ireland and the Irish Federation of Sports were searched for all recognised NGBs and sports in Ireland. Websites were searched for any information pertaining to SRCs and data were extracted and collated in Microsoft Excel. In total, 15 of 83 sports and/or NGBs included SRC guidance, nine of which provided RTP protocols. Various iterations of the CISGs guidance and tools were implemented. Several sports with a documented SRC risk had no guidelines present. The findings indicate disjointed and outdated guidance across Irish sport. Additionally, there are sports with a documented concussion risk that have no SRC guidance available. This study provides support for centralised guidelines to be adopted in Irish grassroots sports. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sports Medicine and Nutrition)
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15 pages, 872 KiB  
Review
Intervention Hypothesis for Training with Whole-Body Vibration to Improve Physical Fitness Levels: An Umbrella Review
by Luca Petrigna, Alessandra Amato, Martina Sortino, Bruno Trovato, Marta Zanghì, Federico Roggio and Giuseppe Musumeci
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020100 - 6 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1439
Abstract
Whole-body vibration (WBV) is a training modality, and it seems to be a safe and efficient exercise especially to improve different aspects of physical fitness in different populations. The protocols for WBV are still not standardized. The difficulty in comparing the data confuses [...] Read more.
Whole-body vibration (WBV) is a training modality, and it seems to be a safe and efficient exercise especially to improve different aspects of physical fitness in different populations. The protocols for WBV are still not standardized. The difficulty in comparing the data confuses the real efficacy of this instrument. Consequently, the objective of this umbrella review is to analyze the protocols previously adopted and eventually to propose a standard operating procedure for WBV training. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on WBV were searched on the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus until 18 March 2024. A quality assessment of the studies included has been performed. A total of 20 studies were included in this umbrella review and frequency, magnitude, and amplitude intensity data were recorded. Detailed information about the protocols (static or dynamic exercises, barefoot or with shoes, intensity duration, weekly frequency, and vibration characteristics) was also collected. WBV presents widely different protocols. Consequently, a standard operating procedure has not been proposed for WBV training. A hypothesis of intervention was instead written in which parameters for frequency, amplitude, acceleration, and training mode were proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)
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21 pages, 1013 KiB  
Review
Myofunctional Speech Therapy for Facial Rejuvenation and Orofacial Function Improvement: A Systematic Review
by Luca Levrini, Giulia Baldelli, Chiara Castellani, Luigia Ricci, Claudia Paola Bruna Dellavia, Nicola Giannotta, Gaia Pellegrini and Stefano Saran
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020099 - 5 Jun 2024
Viewed by 2690
Abstract
This review aims to reveal the effectiveness of myofunctional speech therapy on facial rejuvenation and/or improvement of orofacial function. A systematic review of four medical electronic databases (Medline, Google Scholar, SciELO, and LILACS) was conducted between January and March 2023. The research question [...] Read more.
This review aims to reveal the effectiveness of myofunctional speech therapy on facial rejuvenation and/or improvement of orofacial function. A systematic review of four medical electronic databases (Medline, Google Scholar, SciELO, and LILACS) was conducted between January and March 2023. The research question was defined using the PICO model: Population (P): adult subjects with signs of physiological aging of facial skin. Intervention (I): aesthetic speech therapy (facial exercises and/or myofunctional therapy). Control (C): absence of treatment. Outcome (O): facial rejuvenation. Through the search process, a total of 472 potentially relevant articles were identified. A total of 21 studies were included in the review. Most of the studies required the participants to perform exercises learned during the weekly session on a daily basis. The subjects underwent an integrated treatment with facial exercises and worked on the stomatognathic functions for different durations. Many differences were found in the evaluation tools used to investigate the starting situation and the effects obtained following the treatment. At the diagnostic level, there was no concordance in the choice of the most appropriate scales and assessment tools, but great heterogeneity was observed. Indeed, forty-eight percent of the studies collected objective data through the use of various instruments (oral devices, electromyographs, cutometers, muscle ultrasound scans, and laser scans of the face). The observed improvements included not only a reduction in wrinkles and frown lines but also decreased muscle tension and slackness, enhanced facial symmetry and lip competence, improved skin elasticity, and restored stomatognathic function. These changes led to myofunctional restoration and facial rejuvenation, resulting in increased satisfaction with self-image and proprioception. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)
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11 pages, 734 KiB  
Article
Examining Changes in Shoulder Strength, Lower Body Power, and Body Composition among Collegiate Baseball Players after Completion of a Summer Baseball League Season
by Brandon Merfeld, Matthew Rowley, Thomas Almonroeder, Joel Luedke, Jacob L. Erickson, Margaret T. Jones, Jennifer B. Fields, Elijah Szymanski and Andrew R. Jagim
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020098 - 31 May 2024
Viewed by 1396
Abstract
The strength of the shoulder musculature involved with internal rotation and arm extension plays an important role in the overhead throwing motion for baseball athletes, both for throwing-related performance and injury risk. The maintenance of shoulder strength is a high priority for baseball [...] Read more.
The strength of the shoulder musculature involved with internal rotation and arm extension plays an important role in the overhead throwing motion for baseball athletes, both for throwing-related performance and injury risk. The maintenance of shoulder strength is a high priority for baseball athletes throughout a season; however, little is known in regards to the expected changes in strength throughout a season. To examine pre-post changes in shoulder strength, lower body power, and body composition among collegiate baseball players after the completion of a summer baseball league season. Amateur baseball players (n = 12; age: 20.9 ± 1.0 years.; height: 181.6 ± 5.6 cm; body mass: 86.4 ± 11.1 kg; BMI: 26.0 ± 2.6 kg/m2) participated in the current study. Pre- and post-competitive season, the participants completed shoulder strength assessments and body composition and countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) tests. An upper-body isometric test (athletic shoulder [ASH] test) was used to evaluate shoulder strength for each arm. Each subject completed maximal isometric contractions for both the throwing and non-throwing arms at four separate angles of abduction (180°, ‘I’; 135°, ‘Y’; 90°, ‘T’; and −180°, ‘A’) while lying in a prone position. For shoulder strength, the primary dependent variable of interest was a composite measure that represented the average of the forces produced across all four positions of the ASH test (I, Y, T, A). For the ASH test composite measure, there was a trend toward a significant arm-by-time interaction effect (p = 0.08), as shoulder strength decreased by 9.03% for the throwing arm (ES = 0.72; 95% CI = [−0.27, −0.01]), compared to only 2.03% for the non-throwing arm (ES = 0.15; 95% CI = [−0.16, 0.09]), over the course of the season. The main effects of time (p = 0.16) and arm (p = 0.58) were not significant for the ASH test composite measure. There was no relationship between lower body power and throwing arm strength at baseline (r = 0.20, p = 0.56), and only a non-significant weak relationship at post-test (r = 0.28, p = 0.41). Throughout a season, baseball players may experience reductions in shoulder strength of the throwing arm with minimal changes in shoulder strength in the non-throwing arm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimizing Strength and Resistance Training: Best Practices Applied to Sports Disciplines and Performance)
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12 pages, 1279 KiB  
Article
The Relationship between Inspiratory Muscle Strength and Cycling Performance: Insights from Hypoxia and Inspiratory Muscle Warm-Up
by André Luiz Musmanno Branco Oliveira, Gabriel Dias Rodrigues, Philippe de Azeredo Rohan, Thiago Rodrigues Gonçalves and Pedro Paulo da Silva Soares
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020097 - 31 May 2024
Viewed by 954
Abstract
Hypoxia increases inspiratory muscle work and consequently contributes to a reduction in exercise performance. We evaluate the effects of inspiratory muscle warm-up (IMW) on a 10 km cycling time trial in normoxia (NOR) and hypoxia (HYP). Eight cyclists performed four time trial sessions, [...] Read more.
Hypoxia increases inspiratory muscle work and consequently contributes to a reduction in exercise performance. We evaluate the effects of inspiratory muscle warm-up (IMW) on a 10 km cycling time trial in normoxia (NOR) and hypoxia (HYP). Eight cyclists performed four time trial sessions, two in HYP (FiO2: 0.145) and two in NOR (FiO2: 0.209), of which one was with IMW (set at 40% of maximal inspiratory pressure—MIP) and the other was with the placebo effect (PLA: set at 15% MIP). Time trials were unchanged by IMW (NORIMW: 893.8 ± 31.5 vs. NORPLA: 925.5 ± 51.0 s; HYPIMW: 976.8 ± 34.2 vs. HYPPLA: 1008.3 ± 56.0 s; p > 0.05), while ventilation was higher in HYPIMW (107.7 ± 18.3) than HYPPLA (100.1 ± 18.9 L.min−1; p ≤ 0.05), and SpO2 was lower (HYPIMW: 73 ± 6 vs. HYPPLA: 76 ± 6%; p ≤ 0.05). A post-exercise-induced reduction in inspiratory strength was correlated with exercise elapsed time during IMW sessions (HYPIMW: r = −0.79; p ≤ 0.05; NORIMW: r = −0.70; p ≤ 0.05). IMW did not improve the 10 km time trial performance under normoxia and hypoxia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Athletic Training and Human Performance)
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9 pages, 240 KiB  
Article
Relationship between Simulated Fire Suppression Activities and Acute Cardiac and Respiratory Events in Firefighters
by Roger O. Kollock, William D. Hale, Maddie Fulk, Maddie Seidner, Zora Szabo, Gabriel J. Sanders and Will Peveler
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020096 - 31 May 2024
Viewed by 1122
Abstract
Cardiac deaths account for the largest share of on-duty firefighter deaths. To help ensure duty fitness and minimize injury risk, many fire departments require the passing of an annual physical ability test, consisting of a battery of simulated fire suppression activities (sFSAs). The [...] Read more.
Cardiac deaths account for the largest share of on-duty firefighter deaths. To help ensure duty fitness and minimize injury risk, many fire departments require the passing of an annual physical ability test, consisting of a battery of simulated fire suppression activities (sFSAs). The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship of sFSA performance to acute cardiac and respiratory events (ACREs) and the effect that estimated VO2max has on sFSA performance. The study was retrospective. As part of an annual physical ability test, five timed sFSAs were performed, summed for a composite time, and categorized into three performance levels (fast, moderate, and slow). Estimated VO2max was determined using the Forestry Step Test. A significant (p = 0.023) linear trend was observed with higher sFSA performance times being associated with a higher proportion of firefighters going on to suffer an ACRE. The estimated VO2max was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in the fast group compared to the slow group. There was not a significant (p = 0.70) difference in estimated VO2max between the moderate and slow groups. Estimated VO2max performance and sFSA performance were significantly correlated, with rs(488) = −0.272 and p < 0.001. Poorer sFSA performance was found to be associated with a higher proportion of ACREs. The results suggest that sFSA performance may be a valid indicator of ACRE injury risk and aerobic capacity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Competitive Sports Training and Injury Prevention)
13 pages, 571 KiB  
Review
Anthropometric Influence on Preschool Children’s Physical Fitness and Motor Skills: A Systematic Review
by Markel Rico-González, Luca Paolo Ardigò, Ana P. Ramírez-Arroyo and Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020095 - 30 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2131
Abstract
Early childhood is a critical period for physical and motor development with implications for long-term health. This systematic review examined the relationship between anthropometric characteristics and measures of physical fitness and motor skills in preschool-aged children (typically 2–6 years). The search strategy was [...] Read more.
Early childhood is a critical period for physical and motor development with implications for long-term health. This systematic review examined the relationship between anthropometric characteristics and measures of physical fitness and motor skills in preschool-aged children (typically 2–6 years). The search strategy was applied in four databases (PubMed, ProQuest Central, Scopus, and Web of Science) to find articles published before 11 April 2024. The results consistently demonstrated significant associations between anthropometric variables (height, weight, body mass index [BMI], body composition) and physical performance measures. Notably, height and mass were often better predictors of fitness status than BMI alone. Indicators of undernutrition (stunting, wasting) were negatively associated with motor development, emphasizing the importance of adequate nutrition. While some studies reported impaired fitness and motor skills among overweight/obese preschoolers compared to normal-weight peers, others found no differences based on weight status. Relationships between physical activity levels, anthropometrics, and motor outcomes were complex and inconsistent across studies. This review highlights key findings regarding the influence of anthropometric factors on physical capabilities in early childhood. Early identification of children with impaired growth or excessive adiposity may inform tailored interventions to promote optimal motor development and prevent issues like obesity. Creating supportive environments for healthy growth and age-appropriate physical activity opportunities is crucial during this critical developmental window. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health and Performance through Sports at All Ages 3.0)
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13 pages, 1938 KiB  
Article
Erosion of Stumble Correction Evoked with Superficial Peroneal Nerve Stimulation in Older Adults during Walking
by Ryan Brodie, Marc Klimstra, Drew Commandeur and Sandra Hundza
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020094 - 27 May 2024
Viewed by 876
Abstract
In healthy young adults, electrical stimulation of the superficial peroneal cutaneous nerve (SPn) innervating the dorsum of the foot has been shown to elicit functionally relevant reflexes during walking that are similar to those evoked by mechanical perturbation to the dorsum of the [...] Read more.
In healthy young adults, electrical stimulation of the superficial peroneal cutaneous nerve (SPn) innervating the dorsum of the foot has been shown to elicit functionally relevant reflexes during walking that are similar to those evoked by mechanical perturbation to the dorsum of the foot during walking and are referred to as stumble corrective (obstacle avoidance) responses. Though age-related differences in reflexes induced by mechanical perturbation have been studied, toe clearance has not been measured. Further, age-related differences in reflexes evoked by electrical stimulation of SPn have yet to be determined. Thus, the purpose of this study was to characterize age-related differences between healthy young adults and older adults with no history of falls in stumble correction responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the SPn at the ankle during walking. Toe clearance relative to the walking surface along with joint displacement and angular velocity at the ankle and knee and EMG of the tibialis anterior, medial gastrocnemius, biceps femoris and vastus lateralis were measured. The combined background and reflex toe clearance was reduced in the older adults compared with the young in mid-early swing (p = 0.011). These age-related differences likely increase fall risk in the older adult cohort. Further, age-related changes were seen in joint kinematics and EMG in older adults compared with the young such as decreased amplitude of the plantarflexion reflex in early swing in older adults (p < 0.05). These altered reflexes reflect the degradation of the stumble corrective response in older adults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics and Neuromuscular Control of Gait and Posture)
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14 pages, 586 KiB  
Review
Heart Rate Variability Applications in Strength and Conditioning: A Narrative Review
by Jennifer S. Addleman, Nicholas S. Lackey, Justin A. DeBlauw and Alexander G. Hajduczok
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020093 - 27 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4178
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is defined as the fluctuation of time intervals between adjacent heartbeats and is commonly used as a surrogate measure of autonomic function. HRV has become an increasingly measured variable by wearable technology for use in fitness and sport applications. [...] Read more.
Heart rate variability (HRV) is defined as the fluctuation of time intervals between adjacent heartbeats and is commonly used as a surrogate measure of autonomic function. HRV has become an increasingly measured variable by wearable technology for use in fitness and sport applications. However, with its increased use, a gap has arisen between the research and the application of this technology in strength and conditioning. The goal of this narrative literature review is to discuss current evidence and propose preliminary guidelines regarding the application of HRV in strength and conditioning. A literature review was conducted searching for HRV and strength and conditioning, aiming to focus on studies with time-domain measurements. Studies suggest that HRV is a helpful metric to assess training status, adaptability, and recovery after a training program. Although reduced HRV may be a sign of overreaching and/or overtraining syndrome, it may not be a sensitive marker in aerobic-trained athletes and therefore has different utilities for different athletic populations. There is likely utility to HRV-guided programming compared to predefined programming in several types of training. Evidence-based preliminary guidelines for the application of HRV in strength and conditioning are discussed. This is an evolving area of research, and more data are needed to evaluate the best practices for applying HRV in strength and conditioning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimizing Strength and Resistance Training: Best Practices Applied to Sports Disciplines and Performance)
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18 pages, 1340 KiB  
Review
Role of Sport Vision in Performance: Systematic Review
by Andrea Buscemi, Flora Mondelli, Ilaria Biagini, Stella Gueli, Angela D’Agostino and Marinella Coco
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020092 - 23 May 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2899
Abstract
Sport Vision is a speciality of multidisciplinary interest aimed at improving the performance of the visual system to achieve benefits in practiced sports, as well as in daily life and in preventive care. The type of training practiced by the athlete, his or [...] Read more.
Sport Vision is a speciality of multidisciplinary interest aimed at improving the performance of the visual system to achieve benefits in practiced sports, as well as in daily life and in preventive care. The type of training practiced by the athlete, his or her physical condition, cognitive level, and level of fatigue condition affects the speed of the reaction time and, consequently, the speed of motor response. Specific orthoptic exercises, the use of technological devices, the recovery of static and dynamic postural stability by using unstable platforms and the dual-task paradigm can help to achieve the expected results. The aim of this systematic review of Sport Vision was to assess the overall existing literature on Sport Vision, paying particular attention to the effects of visual training and its application in different sports and in rehabilitation and preventive settings. We analysed published English language studies about the role of sport vision in athletic performance from 1950 to 2023. We searched through the Medline database. The PRISMA 2020 checklist was used to assess the transparency and reproducibility of this review. The enrolled papers were evaluated with the Jadad Scale, Amstar 2 Scale and Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. 25 (16 studies, 5 reviews, 2 comments, 1 editorial, 1 descriptive paper) out of 476 studies met the inclusion criteria. Due to the variability in the age of the samples, the different techniques, the treatments among the participants in the studies and the finding of non-evaluable articles, a meta-analysis was not conducted. The limitations of this review are the single database research, the studies analyzed contain a non-statistically representative sample size and the lack of a control group. There is no standardized test to measure performance. It was shown that the development of visual skills can benefit athletes in injury prevention, and can lead to improved sports performance and motor function at any age, acquiring adaptive motor behaviour even when the visual system is impaired, due to task repetition and familiarity of the gesture. We intended to identify a multidisciplinary approach and a manual treatment scheme to optimize the circuitry involved in sport vision in order to increase the results that are achieved, but further studies will be needed to this end. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics and Neuromuscular Control of Gait and Posture)
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14 pages, 856 KiB  
Review
Omega-3 Index as a Sport Biomarker: Implications for Cardiovascular Health, Injury Prevention, and Athletic Performance
by Alessandro Medoro, Andrea Buonsenso, Marco Centorbi, Giuseppe Calcagno, Giovanni Scapagnini, Giovanni Fiorilli and Sergio Davinelli
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020091 - 22 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3259
Abstract
The composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the cell membrane plays a crucial role in cell signaling and function. Physical activity can induce shifts in PUFA metabolism, potentially altering their membrane composition. Given the multifaceted regulatory and structural roles of PUFA, training-related [...] Read more.
The composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the cell membrane plays a crucial role in cell signaling and function. Physical activity can induce shifts in PUFA metabolism, potentially altering their membrane composition. Given the multifaceted regulatory and structural roles of PUFA, training-related fluctuations in PUFA concentrations may impact health and athletic performance in both elite and non-elite athletes, highlighting the critical role of these fatty acids’ nutritional intake. The ω-3 index (O3I), a biomarker reflecting the proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in red blood cell membranes, is considered a marker of cardiovascular risk, gaining increasing interest in sports medicine. Dietary interventions aimed at maintaining an optimal O3I may offer several benefits for elite and non-elite athletes, including cardiovascular health performance optimization, recovery, and injury prevention. Here, we discuss emerging evidence on the application of O3I in sports and physical exercise, highlighting its promising role as a biomarker in a wide range of sports practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Sports Nutrition: Body Composition and Performance 3.0)
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11 pages, 1148 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of Bioelectric and Biomechanical EMG Normalization Techniques in Healthy Older and Young Adults during Walking Gait
by Drew Commandeur, Marc Klimstra, Ryan Brodie and Sandra Hundza
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020090 - 22 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1299
Abstract
This study compares biomechanical and bioelectric electromyography (EMG) normalization techniques across disparate age cohorts during walking to assess the impact of normalization methods on the functional interpretation of EMG data. The biomechanical method involved scaling EMG to a target absolute torque (EMGTS [...] Read more.
This study compares biomechanical and bioelectric electromyography (EMG) normalization techniques across disparate age cohorts during walking to assess the impact of normalization methods on the functional interpretation of EMG data. The biomechanical method involved scaling EMG to a target absolute torque (EMGTS) from a joint-specific task and the chosen bioelectric methods were peak and mean normalization taken from the EMG signal during gait, referred to as dynamic mean and dynamic peak normalization (EMGMean and EMGPeak). The effects of normalization on EMG amplitude, activation pattern, and inter-subject variability were compared between disparate cohorts, including OLD (76.6 yrs N = 12) and YOUNG (26.6 yrs N = 12), in five lower-limb muscles. EMGPeak normalization resulted in differences between YOUNG and OLD cohorts in Biceps Femoris (BF) and Medial Gastrocnemius (MG) that were not observed with EMGMean or EMGTS normalization. EMGPeak and EMGMean normalization also demonstrated interactions between age and the phase of gait in BF that were not seen with EMGTS. Correlations showed that activation patterns across the gait cycle were similar between all methods for both age groups and the coefficient of variation comparisons found that EMGTS produced the greatest inter-subject variability. We have shown that the normalization technique can influence the interpretation of findings when comparing disparate populations, highlighting the need to carefully interpret functional differences in EMG between disparate cohorts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports)
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11 pages, 369 KiB  
Article
Lean Body Mass, Muscle Architecture and Powerlifting Performance during Preseason and in Competition
by Konstantinos Tromaras, Nikolaos Zaras, Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki, Thomas Mpampoulis and Gerasimos Terzis
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020089 - 22 May 2024
Viewed by 2194
Abstract
Lean body mass (LBM) is correlated with powerlifting performance in athletes competing in different bodyweight classes. However, it remains unknown whether changes in LBM are correlated with performance changes in powerlifters preparing for a competition. The aim of this study was to investigate [...] Read more.
Lean body mass (LBM) is correlated with powerlifting performance in athletes competing in different bodyweight classes. However, it remains unknown whether changes in LBM are correlated with performance changes in powerlifters preparing for a competition. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in LBM and performance in powerlifters preparing for a competition. Eight male powerlifters (age 31.7 ± 9.8 years, height 1.77 ± 0.06 m, weight 99.2 ± 14.6 kg) and three female powerlifters (age 32.7 ± 16.3 years, height 1.54 ± 0.06 m, weight 66.6 ± 20.9 kg) participated in the study. The athletes followed individualized periodized training programs for 12 weeks, aiming to maximize their performance for the national championship. The maximum strength (1-RM) in the squat, bench press, and deadlift, body composition, handgrip strength, anaerobic power, quadriceps’ cross-sectional area and vastus lateralis muscle architecture were measured before and after the training period. Significant increases were found after the training period in the squat (5.8 ± 7.0%, p < 0.05), bench press (4.9 ± 9.8%, p = 0.05) and deadlift (8.3 ± 16.7%, p < 0.05). Significant correlations were found between the 1-RM and LBM before and after the training period (r > 0.75, p < 0.05). The changes in the 1-RM after the training intervention correlated with the changes in the total LBM (p < 0.05). These results suggest that individual changes in LBM due to systematic resistance training for a competition may dictate increases in the 1-RM strength in powerlifters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strength Training and Performance Enhancement in Athletes)
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13 pages, 1233 KiB  
Article
Tactical Situations and Playing Styles as Key Performance Indicators in Soccer
by Spyridon Plakias, Themistoklis Tsatalas, Vasileios Armatas, Dimitris Tsaopoulos and Giannis Giakas
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020088 - 21 May 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3278
Abstract
The game of soccer is complex and unpredictable, demanding multifaceted strategies for success. Performance analysis has evolved, focusing on key performance indicators (KPIs) to determine the factors that most significantly influence a team’s success or failure during matches. Traditional performance analysis methods have [...] Read more.
The game of soccer is complex and unpredictable, demanding multifaceted strategies for success. Performance analysis has evolved, focusing on key performance indicators (KPIs) to determine the factors that most significantly influence a team’s success or failure during matches. Traditional performance analysis methods have emphasized quantifiable data like physical exertion and basic play events but often neglected the subtler tactical dimensions that could significantly impact game outcomes. This study aimed to fill the gap in the current literature by creating a comprehensive framework that incorporates tactical situations as KPIs. The objective was to examine whether specific playing styles adopted by teams in various tactical situations and phases of the game could predict the outcome of matches. A dataset comprising all First Division Championship matches from 11 different European countries for the 2021–2022 season was analyzed. Variables representing tactical situations were correlated with match outcomes using a Generalized Estimating Equation framework. The model was specified with a binomial distribution and a logit link function. Statistical significance was determined using Wald χ2 tests with a significance level set at p < 0.05. The study’s findings revealed that possession style, counterattacking during offensive transitions, and a balanced aggressive defensive strategy significantly increase a team’s chances of victory. It also showed that successful teams tend to focus on central attacks, minimize crossing, and execute strategic plays that lead to final attempts on goal with minimal ball possession. The above findings demonstrate that adopting certain tactical approaches significantly influences soccer match outcomes, highlighting the importance of considering tactical aspects as KPIs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Interdisciplinary Approaches to Sports in the 21st Century)
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9 pages, 250 KiB  
Communication
Sleep Quality in Greek Adolescent Swimmers
by Vasileios T. Stavrou, George D. Vavougios, Glykeria Tsirimona, Zoe Daniil and Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020087 - 17 May 2024
Viewed by 1891
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between sleep quality and functional indices, swimming distance and gender in adolescent competitive swimmers. Forty-eight adolescent swimmers (boys, n = 22, 15.7 ± 1.0 years and girls, n = 26, 15.1 ± 0.8 [...] Read more.
The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between sleep quality and functional indices, swimming distance and gender in adolescent competitive swimmers. Forty-eight adolescent swimmers (boys, n = 22, 15.7 ± 1.0 years and girls, n = 26, 15.1 ± 0.8 years) were included in our study. They were assessed for handgrip strength, respiratory muscle strength and pulmonary function, answered a Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index questionnaire (PSQI), and recorded their anthropometric and morphological characteristics and training load for the last four weeks. The results showed differences between swimming distance and chest circumference difference, between maximal inhalation and exhalation (Δchest) (p = 0.033), PSQI score (p < 0.001), and sleep quality domains for “cannot breathe comfortably” (p = 0.037) and “have pain” (p = 0.003). Binary logistic regression (chi-square = 37.457, p = 0.001) showed that the variables Δchest (p = 0.038, 95% CI: 1.05–6.07) and PSQI score (p = 0.048, 95% CI: 0.1–1.07) remained independent predictors of the swim distance groups. Girls had a lower percentage of predicted values for the maximal inspiratory pressure (p < 0.001), maximal expiratory pressure (p = 0.027), forced expiratory volume within the first second (p = 0.026), forced vital capacity (p = 0.008) and sleep quality domains for “cough or snore loudly” (p = 0.032) compared to boys. A regression analysis showed that the sleep quality score was explained by the six independent variables: respiratory muscle strength (t = 2.177, β = 0.164, p = 0.035), Δchest (t = −2.353, β = −0.17, p = 0.023), distance (t = −5.962, β = −0.475, p < 0.001), total body water (t = −7.466, β = −0.687, p < 0.001), lean body mass (t = −3.120, β = −0.434, p = 0.003), and handgrip (t = 7.752, β = 1.136, p < 0.001). Our findings demonstrate that sleep quality in adolescent swimmers is a multifactorial result of morphometric characteristics, strength and respiratory function. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise and Evaluation for Health and Occupational Wellness: Current Trends and Future Directions)
11 pages, 1464 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Muscle Oxygenation after a Normobaric Hypoxia Tolerance Test
by Inés Albertus-Cámara, María-José Paredes-Ruiz and Ignacio Martínez-González-Moro
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020086 - 14 May 2024
Viewed by 1125
Abstract
The aim of this work was to analyze the influence of acute normobaric hypoxia on quadricep oxygenation. Muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) was measured using near-infrared spectrometry (NIRS) technology during a normobaric hypoxia tolerance test (NHTT). SmO2 was measured with a [...] Read more.
The aim of this work was to analyze the influence of acute normobaric hypoxia on quadricep oxygenation. Muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) was measured using near-infrared spectrometry (NIRS) technology during a normobaric hypoxia tolerance test (NHTT). SmO2 was measured with a Humon Hex® device. In total, 54 healthy subjects participated, 68.5 of which were males and 31.5% of which were females. They performed an NHTT with the IAltitude® simulator, breathing air with an FiO2 level of 11% (equivalent to 5050 m). The maximum duration of the NHTT was set at 10 min, stopping if it reached 83% SpO2. The initial values (PRE) were compared with those obtained at the end of the test (POST) and after 10 min of recovery. The participants were divided into two groups based on whether (G1) they completed the ten minutes or not (G2). In total, 35.1% of men and 41.2% of women completed the 10 min. In both groups, significant differences were observed in the decrease in SmO2 values (p < 0.0001) (G1: PRE = 59.5 ± 12.48%; POST = 55.95 ± 14.30%; G2: PRE = 60.06 ± 13.46%; POST = 57.2 ± 12.3%). There were no differences between groups in any of the three periods. Exposure to normobaric hypoxia produces a decrease in quadricep levels of SmO2 in both sexes, regardless of whether the test is completed. Two patterns appeared: A.—less time and more hypoxia; B. a longer duration and less hypoxia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)
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16 pages, 1576 KiB  
Article
Effects of Four Weeks of In-Season Pre-Workout Supplementation on Performance, Body Composition, Muscle Damage, and Health-Related Markers in Basketball Players: A Randomized Controlled Study
by Athanasios Douligeris, Spyridon Methenitis, Antonios Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou, George Panayiotou, Paris Vogazianos, Antonia Lazou, Konstantinos Feidantsis, Constantinos Giaginis, Konstantinos Papanikolaou, Giannis Arnaoutis, Yannis Manios, Athanasios Z. Jamurtas and Sousana K. Papadopoulou
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020085 - 10 May 2024
Viewed by 2092
Abstract
This randomized, double-blinded, experimental study investigated the effects of a four-week daily pre-workout supplementation (200 mg caffeine, 3.3 g creatine monohydrate, 3.2 g β-alanine, 6 g citrulline malate, and 5 g BCAA) vs. placebo (isocaloric maltodextrin) on anaerobic (jumping, sprinting, agility, and the [...] Read more.
This randomized, double-blinded, experimental study investigated the effects of a four-week daily pre-workout supplementation (200 mg caffeine, 3.3 g creatine monohydrate, 3.2 g β-alanine, 6 g citrulline malate, and 5 g BCAA) vs. placebo (isocaloric maltodextrin) on anaerobic (jumping, sprinting, agility, and the running-based anaerobic sprint test: RAST) and aerobic (Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1) performance, as well as on body composition and selective muscle damage/health-related blood markers in well-trained basketball players during the in-season period. Eighteen basketball players (age: 24.4 ± 6.3 years, height: 185.7 ± 8.0 cm, weight: 85.7 ± 12.8 kg, body fat: 16.5 ± 4.2%) were randomly assigned into two groups: pre-workout supplement (PWS, n = 10) or placebo (PL, n = 8). PWS consumption increased aerobic performance (PWS: 8 ± 6%; PL: −2 ± 6%; p = 0.004) compared to PL. A significant decrease was observed in peak (F = 7.0; p = 0.017), average (F = 10.7; p = 0.005), and minimum power (F = 5.1; p = 0.039) following 4 weeks of supplementation in both groups. No other significant changes were observed between groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the consumption of the current PWS over a four-week period appears to positively influence the aerobic performance of well-trained basketball players during the in-season period. However, it does not appear to mitigate the observed decline in anaerobic power, nor does it affect performance in jumping, sprinting, and agility, or alter body composition or selective muscle damage/health-related blood markers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Sports Nutrition: Body Composition and Performance 3.0)
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10 pages, 280 KiB  
Article
Gender Differences in Anthropometric, Functional Capacity Measures and Quality of Life in Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
by Miguel Jacinto, Diogo Monteiro, Filipe Rodrigues, Susana Diz, Rui Matos, Nuno Amaro and Raul Antunes
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020084 - 5 May 2024
Viewed by 1680
Abstract
The aim of the of the current investigation was to investigate the possible differences concerning males and females in anthropometry, body composition, functional capacity, strength and quality of life variables. After obtaining signed informed consent, 37 participants (18 males; 19 females), with mean [...] Read more.
The aim of the of the current investigation was to investigate the possible differences concerning males and females in anthropometry, body composition, functional capacity, strength and quality of life variables. After obtaining signed informed consent, 37 participants (18 males; 19 females), with mean age of 39.08 and standard deviation of 11.66 years, voluntarily participated in this study. Anthropometry, body composition, functional capacity, strength, and quality of life were assessed using validated and reliable instruments and tests for this population. The males and females were compared using a Mann–Whitney U signed rank test. Significant differences were detected among the following variables, height (p = 0.028), body mass index (p = 0.033), fat mass (p = 0.002), muscle mass (p ≤ 0.001), phase angle (p = 0.005), medicine ball throwing strength (p = 0.010), and peak toque left knee (p = 0.028), with males showing better results in all the variables. The sample in this study showed differences in the anthropometric, composition, and strength variables. Studying this population can help ensure that everyone has equal access to services and adequate support for their personal needs, improving their quality of life. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Kinesiology and Biomechanics)
14 pages, 1313 KiB  
Article
Developing the Physical Performance in Youth Soccer: Short-Term Effect of Dynamic–Ecological versus Traditional Training Approach for Sub-Elite U13 Players—An Ecological Exploratory Cluster Randomised Trial
by Italo Sannicandro, Samuel Agostino, Massimiliano Abate Daga, Franco Veglio and Federico Abate Daga
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020083 - 3 May 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1833
Abstract
Currently, research in youth soccer consists of methodological choices that can raise activity volumes and exercise intensity to promote proper training for youth soccer demands. Therefore, the present cluster randomised trial aims to evaluate the effects of the dynamic–ecological approach on the physical [...] Read more.
Currently, research in youth soccer consists of methodological choices that can raise activity volumes and exercise intensity to promote proper training for youth soccer demands. Therefore, the present cluster randomised trial aims to evaluate the effects of the dynamic–ecological approach on the physical performance parameters compared with a traditional one in a group of sub-elite U13 players. Thirty-five male children (age 12.16 ± 0.55 years; weight 45.59 ± 7.15 kg; height 145.5 ± 4.2 cm; BMI 15.8 ± 2.1 kg·m−2) were recruited for this trial from two teams belonging to sub-elite soccer schools and randomly assigned to a dynamic–ecological approach (DEA) or a traditional training (TTG) group. The training program lasted six weeks and consisted of 18 training sessions of 90 min each (3 sessions per week). The sample was evaluated by the standing long jump (SLJ), hop test (HT), 10 m sprint (10 m), 10 × 5 m shuttle run test (SRT), and leg raise test (LR). The DEA group showed significantly higher results in the SLJ (p < 0.001), HT left leg (p < 0.001), 10 m sprint (p < 0.001), and SRT (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the dynamic–ecological approach provides higher performance adaptations. Therefore, this approach can be considered a suitable method to optimise pre-pubertal player training, mainly when no fitness or strength coach is available. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Athletic Training and Human Performance)
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16 pages, 1148 KiB  
Case Report
Short-Term Benefits from Manual Therapy as an Adjunct Treatment for Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness Symptoms: A Preliminary Prospective Case Series
by Brent A. Harper and Larry Steinbeck
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020082 - 3 May 2024
Viewed by 2151
Abstract
Persistent dizziness and balance deficits are common, often with unknown etiology. Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness (3PD) is a relatively new diagnosis with symptoms that may include dizziness, unsteadiness, or non-vertiginous dizziness and be persistent the majority of time over a minimum of 90 days. [...] Read more.
Persistent dizziness and balance deficits are common, often with unknown etiology. Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness (3PD) is a relatively new diagnosis with symptoms that may include dizziness, unsteadiness, or non-vertiginous dizziness and be persistent the majority of time over a minimum of 90 days. The purpose of this case series was to investigate short-term outcomes of reducing dizziness symptoms using a manual therapy intervention focused on restoring mobility in the fascia using a pragmatically applied biomechanical approach, the Fascial Manipulation® method (FM®), in patients with 3PD. The preliminary prospective case series consisted of twelve (n = 12) patients with persistent complaints of dizziness who received systematic application of manual therapy to improve fascial mobility after previously receiving vestibular rehabilitation. The manual therapy consisted of strategic assessment and palpation based on the model proposed in the FM® Stecco Method. This model utilizes tangential oscillations directed toward the deep fascia at strategic points. Six males (n = 6) and females (n = 6) were included with a mean age of 68.3 ± 19.3 years. The average number of interventions was 4.5 ± 0.5. Nonparametric paired sample t-tests were performed. Significant improvements were observed toward the resolution of symptoms and improved outcomes. The metrics included the Dizziness Handicap Inventory and static and dynamic balance measures. The Dizziness Handicap Inventory scores decreased (i.e., improved) by 43.6 points (z = −3.1 and p = 0.002). The timed up and go scores decreased (i.e., improved) by 3.2 s (z = −2.8 and p = 0.005). The tandem left increased (i.e., improved) by 8.7 s (z = 2.8 and p = 0.005) and the tandem right increased (i.e., improved) by 7.5 s (z = 2.8 and p = 0.005). Four to five manual therapy treatment sessions appear to be effective for short-term improvements in dizziness complaints and balance in those with 3PD. These results should be interpreted with caution as future research using rigorous methods and a control group must be conducted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy)
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12 pages, 690 KiB  
Article
Incidence of a Multicomponent Physical Exercise Program on Body Composition in Overweight or Obese People Aged 60 Years or Older from Chile
by Yazmina Pleticosic-Ramírez, Marcos Mecías-Calvo, Víctor Arufe-Giráldez and Rubén Navarro-Patón
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020081 - 24 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2307
Abstract
This research aimed to explore the changes produced in body mass index (BMI), fat mass percentage (FMP), muscle mass percentage (MMP), and visceral fat percentage (VFP) in 60-year-old or over overweight or obese people after a multicomponent exercise program. This quasi-experimental study involved [...] Read more.
This research aimed to explore the changes produced in body mass index (BMI), fat mass percentage (FMP), muscle mass percentage (MMP), and visceral fat percentage (VFP) in 60-year-old or over overweight or obese people after a multicomponent exercise program. This quasi-experimental study involved 70 overweight or obese older people between 60 and 86 years old (M = 73.15; SD = 5.94) who were randomly assigned to a control group (CG, n = 35) and an experimental group (EG, n = 35). At the beginning and at the end of the intervention program, anthropometric and body composition data were collected. The results showed an increase in BMI after the intervention in the CG (p = 0.010) and a decrease in the EG (p < 0.001). The results regarding the FMP indicate a significant decrease in the EG (p < 0.001) after the intervention, as occurs with the VFP (p = 0.003). The MMP increased in the EG (p < 0.001) after the intervention program. Regarding gender, statistically significant differences were found in the MMP after the intervention (p = 0.025), with higher percentages in men in the EG. VFP decreased in both men (p = 0.005) and women (p = 0.019) in the EG. From the results obtained, we can say that a 6-month multicomponent program produces a decrease in BMI, FMP, and VFP and an increase in MMP in its participants. This type of intervention seems to produce a greater increase in muscle mass in men than in women and a decrease in VFP in both genders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Sports Nutrition: Body Composition and Performance 3.0)
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20 pages, 8845 KiB  
Review
Regenerative Anterior Cruciate Ligament Healing in Youth and Adolescent Athletes: The Emerging Age of Recovery Science
by John Nyland, Michael N. Sirignano, Jarod Richards and Ryan J. Krupp
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020080 - 23 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3062
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries mainly arise from non-contact mechanisms during sport performance, with most injuries occurring among youth or adolescent-age athletes, particularly females. The growing popularity of elite-level sport training has increased the total volume, intensity and frequency of exercise and competition [...] Read more.
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries mainly arise from non-contact mechanisms during sport performance, with most injuries occurring among youth or adolescent-age athletes, particularly females. The growing popularity of elite-level sport training has increased the total volume, intensity and frequency of exercise and competition loading to levels that may exceed natural healing capacity. Growing evidence suggests that the prevailing mechanism that leads to non-contact ACL injury from sudden mechanical fatigue failure may be accumulated microtrauma. Given the consequences of primary ACL injury on the future health and quality of life of youth and adolescent athletes, the objective of this review is to identify key “recovery science” factors that can help prevent these injuries. Recovery science is any aspect of sports training (type, volume, intensity, frequency), nutrition, and sleep/rest or other therapeutic modalities that may prevent the accumulated microtrauma that precedes non-contact ACL injury from sudden mechanical fatigue failure. This review discusses ACL injury epidemiology, current surgical efficacy, the native ACL vascular network, regional ACL histological complexities such as the entheses and crimp patterns, extracellular matrix remodeling, the concept of causal histogenesis, exercise dosage and ligament metabolism, central nervous system reorganization post-ACL rupture, homeostasis regulation, nutrition, sleep and the autonomic nervous system. Based on this information, now may be a good time to re-think primary ACL injury prevention strategies with greater use of modified sport training, improved active recovery that includes well-planned nutrition, and healthy sleep patterns. The scientific rationale behind the efficacy of regenerative orthobiologics and concomitant therapies for primary ACL injury prevention in youth and adolescent athletes are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sports Medicine and Nutrition)
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12 pages, 6158 KiB  
Article
Do Longer Fins Improve Ocean Rescues? A Comprehensive Investigation into Lifeguard Performance and Physiological Impact
by Isaac Ignacio-Rodríguez, Roberto Barcala-Furelos, Ezequiel Rey and Marcos Sanmartín-Montes
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020079 - 19 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1549
Abstract
Coastal environments present dynamic challenges necessitating rapid and efficient responses during aquatic emergencies. Lifeguards, as pivotal links in the intervention chain, rely on various tools, with rescue time being paramount. The choice of fins, specifically long versus short ones, plays a critical role [...] Read more.
Coastal environments present dynamic challenges necessitating rapid and efficient responses during aquatic emergencies. Lifeguards, as pivotal links in the intervention chain, rely on various tools, with rescue time being paramount. The choice of fins, specifically long versus short ones, plays a critical role in optimizing lifeguard performance during rescues. This randomized cross-over study explores the impact of flipper size on ocean rescues, employing a sample of 14 lifeguards. Long fins (LFs) and short fins (SFs) were compared in terms of rescue time (RT) and physiological load (PL). Tests included ocean rescues without fins (R), with LF (R-LF), and with SF (R-SF). Variables recorded encompassed swim approach time, tow-in time, overall rescue time, perceived exertion rates (RPEs), and post-rescue lactate concentration. Long fins demonstrated superior performance in swim approach and tow-in times compared to both short fins and no fins (p < 0.001). Overall rescue time favored long fins significantly (p < 0.001), indicating their efficiency in practical ocean rescue scenarios. Physiologically, long fins induced lower perceived exertion in arms (p = 0.033) compared to short fins. Lactate concentrations post-rescue revealed no significant differences (p > 0.05). This study demonstrates that long fins significantly improve lifeguard performance during ocean rescues, reducing rescue times and alleviating arm fatigue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Athletic Training and Human Performance)
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