Infrastructures

13 pages, 955 KB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Carbon Concrete Development Through Incorporation of Carbonated Recycled Aggregate and Carbon Dioxide During Concrete Batching and Curing

by Harish Kumar Srivastava and Simon Martin Clark

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010036 - 22 Jan 2026

Viewed by 605

Abstract

The accelerated carbonation of fresh concrete and recycled aggregates is one of the safest methods of CO₂ sequestration as it mineralizes CO₂, preventing its escape into the atmosphere. CO₂ injection during batching of concrete improves its strength and may [...] Read more.

The accelerated carbonation of fresh concrete and recycled aggregates is one of the safest methods of CO₂ sequestration as it mineralizes CO₂, preventing its escape into the atmosphere. CO₂ injection during batching of concrete improves its strength and may partially replace Portland cement, as with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). The curing of concrete by incorporation of CO₂ also accelerates early strength development, which may enable early stripping of formwork/moulds for precast and in situ construction. The carbonation process may also be used for the beneficiation of recycled aggregates sourced from demolition waste. The CO₂ mineralization technique may also be used for producing low-carbon, carbon-neutral, or carbon-negative concrete constituents via the carbonation of mineral feedstock, including industrial wastes like steel slag, mine tailings, or raw quarried minerals. This research paper analyses various available technologies for CO₂ storage in concrete, CO₂ curing and mixing of concrete, and CO₂ injection for improving the properties of recycled aggregates. Carbon dioxide can be incorporated into concrete both through reaction with hydrating cement and through incorporation in recycled aggregates, giving a product of similar properties to concrete made from virgin materials. In this contribution we explore the various methodologies available to incorporate CO₂ in both hydrating cement and recycled aggregates and develop a protocol for best practice. We find that the loss of concrete strength due to the incorporation of recycled aggregates can be mitigated by CO₂ curing of the aggregates and the hydrating concrete, giving no negative strength consequences and sequestering around 30 kg of CO₂ per cubic metre of concrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Enhancing Sustainability and Durability of Cement and Concrete)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 5388 KB

Open AccessArticle

Resilience-Oriented Extension of the RAMSSHEEP Framework to Address Natural Hazards Through Nature-Based Solutions: Insights from an Alpine Infrastructure Study

by Sérgio Fernandes, Erik Kuschel, Michael Obriejetan, Rosemarie Stangl, Johannes Hübl, Florentina D. Ionescu, Agnieszka Bigaj-van Vliet, José Matos and Alfred Strauss

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010035 - 22 Jan 2026

Viewed by 439

Abstract

Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of natural hazards, placing additional stress on critical infrastructure systems. Addressing these challenges requires both robust evaluation frameworks and the inclusion of Nature-Based Solutions (NbSs) alongside conventional protection measures. Building on the RAMSSHEEP concept, originally [...] Read more.

Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of natural hazards, placing additional stress on critical infrastructure systems. Addressing these challenges requires both robust evaluation frameworks and the inclusion of Nature-Based Solutions (NbSs) alongside conventional protection measures. Building on the RAMSSHEEP concept, originally proposed for risk-driven maintenance, and later further developed and applied in, e.g., previous Horizon projects and COST Action TU1406, this study integrates natural hazard considerations and NbS risk mitigation measures into a comprehensive approach to evaluate the resilience of critical infrastructure. The novel methodology involves a structured expert elicitation process with participants from the Horizon NATURE-DEMO project, to adapt and extend the RAMSSHEEP framework for resilience-oriented transformation. This also includes alignment with established hazard and risk assessment systems to ensure methodological consistency and applicability of the final concept. The resulting framework enables systematic evaluation of infrastructure vulnerability and resilience, explicitly accounting for natural hazards and the contribution of NbSs to risk mitigation. The expected outcome is an objective, repeatable assessment methodology that supports decision-makers in planning, prioritizing, and monitoring resilience-enhancing measures across the infrastructure life cycle. A particular focus of this contribution lies in the methodological approach, ensuring its applicability within interdisciplinary and multi-level decision-making contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Based Solutions and Resilience of Infrastructure Systems)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 14418 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study of Bending and Torsional Effects in Walking-Induced Infrastructure Vibrations: The Pasternak Footbridge

by Ghita Eslami Varzaneh, Elisa Bassoli, Federico Ponsi and Loris Vincenzi

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010034 - 21 Jan 2026

Viewed by 314

Abstract

Slender, lightweight and modern footbridges are particularly susceptible to vibrations induced by pedestrian activity. While extensive research has focused on vertical and lateral forces produced by walking, torsional moments generated by eccentrically walking pedestrians remain largely overlooked. Traditional assessments typically neglect these torsional [...] Read more.

Slender, lightweight and modern footbridges are particularly susceptible to vibrations induced by pedestrian activity. While extensive research has focused on vertical and lateral forces produced by walking, torsional moments generated by eccentrically walking pedestrians remain largely overlooked. Traditional assessments typically neglect these torsional effects, which can be critical when eccentric pedestrian loading excites torsional modes, especially in footbridges with asymmetric geometries. To address this, the paper considers the coupling between bending and torsional effects in both the pedestrian action and structure reaction, including pedestrian forces and moments, as well as bending-induced deflections and torsion-induced rotations of the cross-sections. A simplified method is also presented, allowing standard bending-only analyses to be easily adapted to include torsional effects using analytically derived correction factors. For validation, several experimental tests are conducted on an asymmetric curved footbridge located in Modena, Italy, characterised by coupled bending-torsional vertical modes and hosting different pedestrian densities, pacing frequencies, and crowd distributions (both uniform and eccentric). Experimental and numerical analyses demonstrate that neglecting torsional effects oversimplifies the assessment, highlighting the importance of accounting for bending-torsion coupling for the serviceability of asymmetric footbridges under eccentric near-resonance loading. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Bridge Engineering: Structures, Monitoring, and AI Technologies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

41 pages, 5074 KB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced Characterization of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures Towards Implementation of MEPDG in the UAE

by Soughah Al-Samahi, Waleed Zeiada, Ghazi G. Al-Khateeb, Anas Cherkaoui and Helal Ezzat

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010033 - 20 Jan 2026

Viewed by 778

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive material characterization program to develop the database inputs required for implementing the Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Five asphalt concrete (AC) mixtures were evaluated, including two conventional penetration-grade binders (PEN 40/50 and [...] Read more.

This study presents a comprehensive material characterization program to develop the database inputs required for implementing the Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Five asphalt concrete (AC) mixtures were evaluated, including two conventional penetration-grade binders (PEN 40/50 and PEN 60/70) and three SBS-modified binders (PG70E–0, PG76E–10, and PG82E–22). The experimental program followed AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design requirements and included asphalt binder testing (penetration, softening point, rotational viscosity, DSR, and BBR) and AC mixture testing (dynamic modulus, flow number, axial fatigue, and indirect tensile strength). The results showed that SBS-modified binders and mixtures, particularly PG70E–10 and PG82E–22, exhibited improved rheological behavior, reduced permanent deformation, and enhanced fatigue resistance, while PG76E–10 demonstrated intermediate performance, highlighting the influence of polymer formulation and mixture structure. Pavement ME simulations indicated that Level 1 material inputs preserved laboratory-observed performance trends, resulting in lower predicted rutting, fatigue cracking, and International Roughness Index (IRI). In contrast, Level 3 inputs masked material-specific behavior and, in some cases, altered mixture performance rankings. These findings emphasize the necessity of mixture-level testing and Level 1 inputs for reliable mechanistic–empirical pavement design under UAE climatic and traffic conditions. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 1842 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on and Application of a Low-Carbon Assessment Model for Railway Bridges During the Construction Phase Based on the ANP-Fuzzy Method

by Bo Zhao, Bangyan Guo, Dan Ye, Mingzhu Xiu and Jingjing Wang

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010032 - 19 Jan 2026

Viewed by 282

Abstract

Against the backdrop of global climate change and China’s “dual-carbon” goals, carbon emissions from the construction phase of transportation infrastructure, particularly the rapidly expanding railway network, have garnered significant attention. However, systematic research and general evaluation models targeting the factors influencing carbon emissions [...] Read more.

Against the backdrop of global climate change and China’s “dual-carbon” goals, carbon emissions from the construction phase of transportation infrastructure, particularly the rapidly expanding railway network, have garnered significant attention. However, systematic research and general evaluation models targeting the factors influencing carbon emissions during the railway bridge construction phase remain insufficient. To address this gap, this study presents a novel low-carbon evaluation model that integrates the analytic network process (ANP) and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) method. First, a carbon accounting model covering four stages—material production, transportation, construction, and maintenance—is established based on life cycle assessment (LCA) theory, providing a data foundation. Second, an innovative low-carbon evaluation index system for railway bridges, comprising 5 criterion layers and 23 indicator layers, is constructed. The ANP method is employed to calculate weights, effectively capturing the interdependencies among indicators, while the FCE method handles assessment ambiguities, forming a comprehensive evaluation framework. A case study of the bridge demonstrates the model’s effectiveness, yielding an evaluation score of 82.38 (“excellent” grade), which is consistent with expert judgement. The ranking of indicator weights from the model is highly consistent with the actual carbon emission inventory ranking (Spearman coefficient of 0.714). Key indicators—C21 (use of high-performance materials), C22 (concrete consumption), and C25 (transportation energy consumption)—collectively account for approximately 60% of the total impact, accurately identifying the major emission sources. This research not only verifies the model’s efficacy in pinpointing critical carbon sources but also provides a scientific theoretical basis and practical tool for low-carbon decision-making and optimization in the planning and design stages of railway bridge projects. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3406 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pilot-Scale Evaluation of Municipal Sewage Sludge Stabilization Using Vermifiltration

by Masoud Taheriyoun, Ahmad Ahmadi, Mohammad Nazari-Sharabian and Moses Karakouzian

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010031 - 19 Jan 2026

Viewed by 414

Abstract

Sludge management is one of the most costly and technically challenging components of municipal wastewater treatment, highlighting the need for sustainable and low-cost stabilization technologies. This study evaluated a pilot-scale vermifiltration system for municipal sewage sludge stabilization under varying hydraulic and organic loading [...] Read more.

Sludge management is one of the most costly and technically challenging components of municipal wastewater treatment, highlighting the need for sustainable and low-cost stabilization technologies. This study evaluated a pilot-scale vermifiltration system for municipal sewage sludge stabilization under varying hydraulic and organic loading conditions. Three vermifilter pilots incorporating Eisenia andrei earthworms were operated using lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic media, and mineral pumice. The systems were tested at hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) of 150, 300, and 450 L/m²·d. Performance was assessed using chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), VS/TS ratio, sludge volume index (SVI), and sludge dewaterability indicators, including specific resistance to filtration (SRF) and time to filtration (TTF). Optimal performance occurred at an HLR of 150 L/m²·d, achieving maximum reductions of 49% in COD, 30% in TS, and 40% in VS, along with an SVI reduction of up to 78%. Increasing HLR significantly reduced treatment efficiency due to shorter retention times and biofilm washout. A regression analysis showed the strongest association between COD removal and organic loading rate (R² = 0.63) under the coupled HLR–OLR conditions tested, while weaker correlations were observed for SVI and VS/TS. Dewaterability improved markedly after vermifiltration, particularly in the LECA-based system. Although filter media type did not significantly affect COD or SVI removal, pumice and plastic media provided greater hydraulic stability at higher loadings. These results demonstrate that vermifiltration is an effective and environmentally sustainable option for municipal sludge stabilization when operated under controlled hydraulic conditions. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 4116 KB

Open AccessArticle

Degradation Mechanism, Performance Impact, and Maintenance Strategies for Expansion Devices of Large-Span Railway Bridges

by Yunchao Ye, Aiguo Yan, Pengcheng Yin, Jinbao Liang and Zhiqiang Zhu

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010030 - 19 Jan 2026

Viewed by 357

Abstract

To ensure the coordinated interaction between the beam and track of large-span bridges and achieve smooth rail transition at beam joints, rail expansion regulators and beam-end expansion devices are essential at bridge ends. However, these devices are structurally fragile, making them a weak [...] Read more.

To ensure the coordinated interaction between the beam and track of large-span bridges and achieve smooth rail transition at beam joints, rail expansion regulators and beam-end expansion devices are essential at bridge ends. However, these devices are structurally fragile, making them a weak link in the seamless track system. This study selected a long-span railway bridge and its expansion devices as research objects, summarized typical in-service diseases of beam-end expansion devices (e.g., adjustable sleeper offset, sleeper skewing, and expansion device jamming), and constructed a train–track–bridge coupled model incorporating these devices. The model was used to analyze the structural performance and train operation safety under defective conditions. Based on the analysis findings, a maintenance evaluation method for the beam-end region was proposed. Criteria include adjustable sleeper offset, lateral displacement difference between adjacent beam-ends, horizontal rotation angle of adjacent beams, vertical rotation angle of beam-ends, and longitudinal expansion amount of beam-end expansion devices in order to address the corresponding issues and achieve sustainable maintenance and operation of bridge structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Bridge Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 7427 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Two-Stage Feature Reduction (FIRRE) Framework for Improving Artificial Neural Network Predictions in Civil Engineering Applications

by Yaohui Guo, Ling Xu, Xianyu Chen and Zifeng Zhao

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010029 - 16 Jan 2026

Viewed by 295

Abstract

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are widely used in engineering prediction, but excessive input dimensionality can reduce both accuracy and efficiency. This study proposes a two-stage feature-reduction framework, Feature Importance Ranking and Redundancy Elimination (FIRRE), to optimize ANN inputs by removing weakly informative and [...] Read more.

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are widely used in engineering prediction, but excessive input dimensionality can reduce both accuracy and efficiency. This study proposes a two-stage feature-reduction framework, Feature Importance Ranking and Redundancy Elimination (FIRRE), to optimize ANN inputs by removing weakly informative and redundant variables. In Stage 1, four complementary ranking methods, namely Pearson correlation, recursive feature elimination, random forest importance, and F-test scoring, are combined into an ensemble importance score. In Stage 2, highly collinear features (ρ > 0.95) are pruned while retaining the more informative variable in each pair. FIRRE is evaluated on 32 civil engineering datasets spanning materials, structural, and environmental applications, and benchmarked against Principal Component Analysis, variance-threshold filtering, random feature selection, and K-means clustering. Across the benchmark suite, FIRRE consistently achieves competitive or improved predictive performance while reducing input dimensionality by 40% on average and decreasing computation time by 10–60%. A dynamic modulus case study further demonstrates its practical value, improving R² from 0.926 to 0.966 while reducing inputs from 25 to 7. Overall, FIRRE provides a practical, robust framework for simplifying ANN inputs and improving efficiency in civil engineering prediction tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pavement Performance and Maintenance: Smart Technologies and Sustainable Practices)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 3565 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of GGBFS and Fly Ash on Elevated Temperature Resistance of Pumice-Based Geopolymers

by Mohammed Shubaili

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010028 - 15 Jan 2026

Viewed by 386

Abstract

The current study investigated the effects of geopolymer composites formulated from pumice dust partially replaced by ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and fly ash (FA) at levels of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight. The mixtures were evaluated for flowability, compressive [...] Read more.

The current study investigated the effects of geopolymer composites formulated from pumice dust partially replaced by ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and fly ash (FA) at levels of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight. The mixtures were evaluated for flowability, compressive strength (7, 28, and 56 days), density, and water absorption (28 and 56 days) at ambient temperatures. Moreover, compressive strength, mass loss, density, and water absorption were evaluated after exposure of the mixtures to elevated temperatures (250 °C, 500 °C, and 750 °C) at 28 days. All specimens were initially cured at 60 °C for 24 h, followed by storage under ambient laboratory conditions until testing. The inclusion of GGBFS into the mixtures decreased flowability, and the inclusion of FA resulted in its improvement. At ambient temperature, GGBFS-based mixtures, which were high in calcium content, exhibited substantially superior compressive strength and reduced absorption relative to FA-based mixtures due to the development of dense C-A-S-H gel networks. However, the compressive strength of FA-based mixtures considerably increased when exposed to a temperature of 250 °C. Moreover, at 750 °C, the FA-based mixtures showed superior residual strength (up to 18.1 MPa), lower mass loss, and reduced absorption, indicating enhanced thermal stability due to the dominance of thermally resistant N-A-S-H gels. X-ray diffraction results further supported these trends by showing the rapid deterioration of calcium-rich phases under heat and the comparative stability of aluminosilicate structures in FA-based systems. Overall, the inclusion of up to 40% GGBFS is beneficial for early strength and densification, whereas the incorporation of up to 40% FA improves durability and mechanical retention under high-temperature conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Construction Materials, Processes, and Automation Technologies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 7496 KB

Open AccessArticle

Behaviour of Shear Stress Distribution in Steel Sections Under Static and Dynamic Loads

by Alaa Al-Mosawe, Doha Al-Mosawe, Shahad A. Hamzah, Bahaa Al-Atta and Abbas A. Allawi

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010027 - 12 Jan 2026

Viewed by 505

Abstract

Shear lag is the phenomenon that occurs when a supported slender member undergoes deformation from lateral loading, causing in-plane non-uniform distribution of stresses that results in reducing the member’s minimum strength capacity. This paper investigates the behaviour of shear distribution in steel I-section [...] Read more.

Shear lag is the phenomenon that occurs when a supported slender member undergoes deformation from lateral loading, causing in-plane non-uniform distribution of stresses that results in reducing the member’s minimum strength capacity. This paper investigates the behaviour of shear distribution in steel I-section and box girders when subjected to both static and impact loadings. Three-dimensional finite element analysis models were prepared in Strand7 and validated against experimental results providing a basis for further comparison research into shear lagging effects. A parametric study was conducted comparing the effects of impact loading through certain specified velocities at the midspan of restrained ends. It provided new insights into the distribution of shear lag and prevalence of loading locality when considering unique impact scenarios. Impact loads provided different shear-lag results compared to static loads as the material’s properties absorb energy through deformation and distribution of stress. Furthermore, the study highlights the need for additional investigation into a variety of impact scenarios and possible factors for designers to consider when implementing members in structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Infrastructures and Structural Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

35 pages, 7910 KB

Open AccessArticle

Blast-Induced Response and Damage Mitigation of Adjacent Tunnels: Influence of Geometry, Spacing, and Lining Composition

by Marwa Nabil, Mohamed Emara, Omar Gamal, Ayman El-Zohairy and Ahmed M. Abdelbaset

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010026 - 12 Jan 2026

Viewed by 465

Abstract

In this study, a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element (FE) model was developed using Abaqus/Explicit to simulate the effects of internal blasts. The numerical model was validated against two previously published numerical and experimental works, demonstrating strong agreement in deformation results. A parametric study [...] Read more.

In this study, a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element (FE) model was developed using Abaqus/Explicit to simulate the effects of internal blasts. The numerical model was validated against two previously published numerical and experimental works, demonstrating strong agreement in deformation results. A parametric study was carried out to evaluate the influence of several key factors on the deformation of the receiver tunnel subjected to an explosion in the adjacent donor tunnel. The investigation considered critical variables such as lining material, tunnel inner diameter, cross-sectional shape, spacing between tunnels, and TNT charge weight. The results clearly indicate that expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam, across various densities, demonstrates superior capacity for absorbing blast waves compared to polyurethane and aluminum foams. Furthermore, it was found that lower-density EPS foam provides enhanced mitigation of deformation in tunnel linings. The findings also revealed that damage to the tunnel walls is more strongly correlated with the tunnel shape where the circular tunnel exhibited the best performance. It showed the lowest deformation and delayed peak response. In addition, tunnel deformation increases markedly with higher TNT charge weights. A blast of 1814 kg produced approximately five times the deformation compared to a 454 kg charge. Moreover, it is seen that increasing the spacing between donor and receiver tunnels from 1.5 D to 2.5 D led to a 38.7% reduction in maximum deformation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Technologies for Sustainable and Resilient Underground Infrastructures)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 8488 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Localized Collapse to City-Wide Impact: Ensemble Machine Learning for Post-Earthquake Damage Classification

by Bilal Ein Larouzi and Yasin Fahjan

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010025 - 12 Jan 2026

Viewed by 547

Abstract

Effective disaster management depends on rapidly understanding earthquake damage, yet traditional methods struggle to operate at scale and rely on expert inspections that become difficult when access is limited or time is critical. Satellite-based damage detection also faces limitations, particularly under adverse weather [...] Read more.

Effective disaster management depends on rapidly understanding earthquake damage, yet traditional methods struggle to operate at scale and rely on expert inspections that become difficult when access is limited or time is critical. Satellite-based damage detection also faces limitations, particularly under adverse weather conditions and delays associated with satellite overpass schedules. This study introduces a machine learning-based approach to assess post-earthquake building damage using real observations collected after the event. The aim is to develop fast and reliable estimation techniques that can be deployed immediately after the mainshock by integrating structural, seismic, and geographic data. Three machine learning models—Random Forest, Histogram Gradient Boosting, and Bagging Classifier—are evaluated across both reinforced concrete and masonry buildings and across multiple spatial levels, including building, district, and city scales. Damage is categorized using practical three-class (traffic light) and detailed four-class systems. The models generally perform better in simpler classifications, with the Bagging Classifier offering the most consistent results across different scales. Although detecting severely damaged buildings remains challenging in some cases, the three-class system proves especially effective for supporting rapid decision-making during emergency response. Overall, this study demonstrates how machine learning can provide faster, scalable, and practical earthquake damage assessments that benefit emergency teams and urban planners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Disaster Risk Management and Resilience)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 9393 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Efficiency of a Speed Monitoring Display (SMD) in a Very Short-Term Roadwork Zone

by Itziar Gurrutxaga, Miren Isasa, José Manuel Baraibar and Heriberto Pérez-Acebo

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010024 - 12 Jan 2026

Viewed by 411

Abstract

Roadwork zones are high-risk environments where sudden geometric changes, narrowed lanes, and driver unfamiliarity frequently lead to inappropriate speeds. Ensuring safe vehicle speeds in roadwork zones remains a priority due to drivers’ limited perception of risk and frequent non-compliance with temporary limits. This [...] Read more.

Roadwork zones are high-risk environments where sudden geometric changes, narrowed lanes, and driver unfamiliarity frequently lead to inappropriate speeds. Ensuring safe vehicle speeds in roadwork zones remains a priority due to drivers’ limited perception of risk and frequent non-compliance with temporary limits. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a speed monitoring display (SMD) installed in a nighttime, four-day motorway roadwork site involving a temporary median crossing, where traffic was diverted through a single lane and a chicane-type re-entry. Speed data were collected at two points, 100 and 50 m before the median crossing, labelled as P1 and P2, respectively, during two phases: with standard work zone signage only (Phase 1) and with an SMD added (Phase 2). Results show statistically significant reductions in mean speed after SMD installation at both measurement points, including decreases of 7.09 km/h at P1 and 4.69 km/h at P2, with a greater reduction among heavy vehicles. The percentage of speeding vehicles fell from 95.4% to 81.9% upstream and from 63.4% to 35.7% near the chicane, indicating improved compliance in the most critical section (P2). These findings demonstrate that SMDs can effectively reduce speeds and variability even in very short-term work zones, supporting their integration as low-cost safety measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies for Effective and Intelligent Transport Infrastructure Monitoring)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 5421 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical Solutions of Free Surface Evolution Within Originally Dry, Coarse-Grain-Sized Embankment Dam Materials

by Francesco Federico and Chiara Cesali

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010023 - 12 Jan 2026

Viewed by 251

Abstract

Tightness of homogeneous embankment dams is often ensured by means of upstream water barriers, such as bituminous concrete facings, concrete slabs, shotcrete membranes, metallic sheets, geomembranes, and cement blankets. The stability analysis of these dams, especially in areas with high seismicity, must include [...] Read more.

Tightness of homogeneous embankment dams is often ensured by means of upstream water barriers, such as bituminous concrete facings, concrete slabs, shotcrete membranes, metallic sheets, geomembranes, and cement blankets. The stability analysis of these dams, especially in areas with high seismicity, must include the hydraulic and mechanical effects resulting from an extensive, sudden cracking of the impervious facing. To this purpose, in this paper, simple, original analytical solutions are proposed to estimate the position of the exit point on the downstream slope of the dam, the maximum height of the saturation front at the downstream face, and the time required for the saturation front to reach the downstream face. These variables generally depend on several factors, such as the geometry of the dam, homogeneity or heterogeneity, the permeability coefficient of the dam body materials, and resistance laws to describe the seepage flow. The high number of these factors requires the development of advanced 2D/3D FEM analyses, often computationally heavy and complex to implement. Although approximate, the proposed solutions may however allow us to define the role of the various factors and their interaction, to quickly deduce the main, preliminary design indications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preserving Life Through Dams)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 9119 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Behaviour of Concrete-Filled End-Bearing Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Piles in Cohesionless Soils Using Shaking Table Test

by Aliu Abdul-Hamid and Mohammad Tofigh Rayhani

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010022 - 12 Jan 2026

Viewed by 276

Abstract

This study evaluates the performance of single concrete-filled frictional Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) piles embedded in saturated liquefiable sand and subjected to seismic loading using a shaking table. A unidirectional shaking table equipped with a 1000 mm × 1000 mm × 1000 mm laminar [...] Read more.

This study evaluates the performance of single concrete-filled frictional Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) piles embedded in saturated liquefiable sand and subjected to seismic loading using a shaking table. A unidirectional shaking table equipped with a 1000 mm × 1000 mm × 1000 mm laminar shear box with 27 lamina rings was utilized in the study. FRP tubes manufactured from epoxy-saturated Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) fabrics were filled with 35 MPa concrete and allowed to cure for 28 days, serving as model piles for the experimental programme, with cylindrical concrete prisms employed to represent the behaviour of traditional piles. Pile dimensions and properties based on scaling relationships were selected to account for the nonlinear nature of soil–pile systems under seismic loading. Scaled versions of ground motions from the 2010 Val-des-Bois and 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nambu earthquakes were implemented as input motions in the tests. The results show limited variation in the inertial and kinematic responses of the piles, especially before liquefaction. Head rocking displacements were within 5% of each other during liquefaction. Post liquefaction, the concrete-filled FRP piles showed lower response compared to the traditional concrete pile. The results suggests that concrete-filled FRP piles, especially those made from carbon fibre, provide practical alternatives for use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Reinforced Polymer-Ultra High Performance Concrete (FRP-UHPC): Design, Performance, and Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 18746 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Safety Verification of a 100-Year-Old Masonry Arch Gravity Concrete Dam Using 3D Dynamic Analysis

by Naoki Iwata, Ryouji Kiyota, Hideaki Kawasaki and Masaharu Kurihara

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010021 - 12 Jan 2026

Viewed by 365

Abstract

The Hisayamada Dam (22.5 m high, 75.4 m long), constructed in 1924 as a water supply facility, is a masonry arch–gravity concrete dam with a slender arch shape. Although it was the first theoretically designed arch-type dam in Japan, seismic forces were not [...] Read more.

The Hisayamada Dam (22.5 m high, 75.4 m long), constructed in 1924 as a water supply facility, is a masonry arch–gravity concrete dam with a slender arch shape. Although it was the first theoretically designed arch-type dam in Japan, seismic forces were not considered at the time of construction. This study evaluates its seismic performance using a three-dimensional (3D) dynamic Finite Element Method (FEM) in accordance with current Japanese governmental guidelines. A detailed 3D model incorporating the dam body, surrounding topography, foundation, and reservoir was developed, and expected earthquake motions in three directions were applied simultaneously. The analysis showed that localized tensile stress exceeding the tensile strength occurred near the upstream heel of the dam base. However, these stress concentrations were limited to small regions and did not form continuous damage paths across the dam body. Based on the linear dynamic analysis and engineering judgment, the overall structural integrity and water storage function of the dam are considered to be maintained. Additional analyses were conducted by varying the elastic modulus of the foundation rock and dam concrete to clarify the influence of material stiffness on seismic response and stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preserving Life Through Dams)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 3834 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Variance in Runway Friction Measurements and Surface Life-Cycle: A Case Study of Four Australian Airports

by Gadel Baimukhametov and Greg White

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010020 - 9 Jan 2026

Viewed by 545

Abstract

Runway friction is a critical factor in aircraft safety, affecting braking performance during landing and take-off. This study evaluates friction measurement variability and runway life-cycle dynamics at four typical Australian airports, using GripTester data from calibration strips and operational runways. The results show [...] Read more.

Runway friction is a critical factor in aircraft safety, affecting braking performance during landing and take-off. This study evaluates friction measurement variability and runway life-cycle dynamics at four typical Australian airports, using GripTester data from calibration strips and operational runways. The results show that friction measurements are influenced by seasonal effects, random errors, and testing equipment tire wear, with greater variability at lower speed (65 km/h) than at higher speed (95 km/h). Analysis of runway friction decay indicates that friction reduction rates are higher in touchdown zones and decelerating rate gradually decrease as friction declines, while regular rubber removal significantly restores friction, sometimes exceeding post-construction levels. Current internationally recommended friction testing intervals may not adequately ensure safety, with a sufficient probability of friction dropping below maintenance planning levels between tests. Based on observed reduction rates, updated intervals of approximately 3000 to 4000 landings are proposed to achieve 90% confidence in maintaining safe friction levels. The findings provide practical guidance for friction management and maintenance scheduling as part of an optimized airport pavement management system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pavement Performance and Maintenance: Smart Technologies and Sustainable Practices)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 10782 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Root Causes of Wide Thermal Cracks in the Southwestern United States

by Saed N. A. Aker, Awais Zahid, Masih Beheshti and Hasan Ozer

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010019 - 8 Jan 2026

Viewed by 881

Abstract

Wide thermal cracks are a common form of pavement distress affecting primary state and county highways, urban residential streets, and parking lots across the Southwest climatic regions. These cracks are primarily caused by thermal fatigue, driven by diurnal temperature variations despite the lack [...] Read more.

Wide thermal cracks are a common form of pavement distress affecting primary state and county highways, urban residential streets, and parking lots across the Southwest climatic regions. These cracks are primarily caused by thermal fatigue, driven by diurnal temperature variations despite the lack of extremely cold events. This research aims to identify and analyze the local factors contributing to the initiation and propagation of thermal fatigue cracks. Field cores are collected from 12 sites exhibiting wide thermal cracks in the Phoenix metropolitan area in Arizona to evaluate their volumetric properties and the degree of binder aging. Advanced finite element (FE) models were developed to examine the influence of pavement structures and local climatic conditions on the development of tensile stresses due to thermal fatigue. The FE analysis indicated a high magnitude of thermal stresses due to cyclic temperature variations in Arizona compared to colder regions in the United States. Based on the forensic investigation and analysis performed, the initiation of wide cracks was shown to be primarily due to repeated localized damage from frequent thermal fatigue events on severely aged pavements. This damage is exacerbated by low air voids in mineral aggregate, an insufficient effective binder volume. and excessive binder aging, which compromise the structural integrity of the pavement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pavement Engineering: Materials, Performance, and Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 3981 KB

Open AccessArticle

It Is How You Build Them: Attractivity of Separated and Mixed-Use Cycling Infrastructure in Bologna Using Long-Term Time Series

by Giacomo Bernieri, Federico Rupi and Joerg Schweizer

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010018 - 8 Jan 2026

Viewed by 505

Abstract

Implementing effective cycling mobility requires infrastructure that enhances safety and reduces travel time. A common metric for tracking progress is the total length of dedicated cycling infrastructure. However, this does not always correlate with increased cycling usage. For instance, in Italy (2008–2015), cycling [...] Read more.

Implementing effective cycling mobility requires infrastructure that enhances safety and reduces travel time. A common metric for tracking progress is the total length of dedicated cycling infrastructure. However, this does not always correlate with increased cycling usage. For instance, in Italy (2008–2015), cycling infrastructure grew by 48%, but ridership remained unchanged. Design quality and behavioral and contextual factors all influence this dynamic. This study analyzes a 16-year time series (2009–2024) of monthly cyclist flows surveys in Bologna, Italy. It focuses on flows, gender, and bike lane usage. It represents the most detailed and longest series of its kind in the country. The findings show a positive correlation between infrastructure growth (meters per inhabitant) and cyclist flows, though this weakened significantly after COVID-19 and the extensive introduction of non-exclusive bike lanes on mixed-use roads from 2020. Regression analyses reveal that new bike flows per new meter/inhabitant of infrastructure were 3 times greater before 2020. This study identifies two likely causes: the insufficient perceived safety of the newly introduced mixed-traffic lanes from 2020 and the lack of attractivity of cycling for the female population, as highlighted in the decreasing trend in the usage of bike infrastructure by female riders after 2020. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Infrastructures for Urban Mobility, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2468 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transient Arcing Characteristics of the Pantograph–Catenary System in Electrical Sectioning Overlaps

by Like Pan, Xiaokang Wang, Yuan Yuan, Tong Xing and Liming Chen

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010017 - 8 Jan 2026

Viewed by 414

Abstract

Transient arcing often occurs as an electric locomotive traverses an electrical sectioning overlap (ESO), deteriorating current collection stability and reducing the durability of the pantograph–catenary (PC) system. In this study, the formation mechanism and electrical evolution characteristics of transient arcing in the ESO [...] Read more.

Transient arcing often occurs as an electric locomotive traverses an electrical sectioning overlap (ESO), deteriorating current collection stability and reducing the durability of the pantograph–catenary (PC) system. In this study, the formation mechanism and electrical evolution characteristics of transient arcing in the ESO region are investigated through theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. First, based on the dynamic motion of the locomotive passing through the ESO, the transient arcing mechanism of the ESO is clarified, and the plasma characteristics of the arc are described. Then, the electromagnetic, airflow, and thermal field interactions within the PC contact gap during arc ignition are analyzed. A Multiphysics coupled PC arc model is developed, incorporating aerodynamic, electromagnetic, and heat transfer effects. Subsequently, finite element meshing and boundary conditions are applied to simulate the transient evolution of the ESO arc. Finally, the transient arcing characteristics of the ESO are analyzed. The results indicate that the current density is highly concentrated at the initial arcing stage and gradually forms an axially symmetric conductive channel (approximately 10⁷ A/m²), which shifts upward as the contact gap increases. Moreover, due to the geometric discontinuity of the ESO, a strong localized electric field develops near the wire edge, leading to arc root migration and reignition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Resilience of Railway Networks: Enhancing Safety and Robustness)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 5533 KB

Open AccessReview

The Fusion Mechanism and Prospective Application of Physics-Informed Machine Learning in Bridge Lifecycle Health Monitoring

by Jiaren Sun, Jiangjiang He, Guangbing Zhou, Jun Yang, Xiaoli Sun and Shuai Teng

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010016 - 8 Jan 2026

Viewed by 865

Abstract

Bridge health monitoring is crucial for ensuring the safety and durability of infrastructure. In traditional methods, physics-based models have high interpretability but are difficult to handle complex nonlinear problems, while purely data-driven machine learning methods are limited by data scarcity and physical inconsistency. [...] Read more.

Bridge health monitoring is crucial for ensuring the safety and durability of infrastructure. In traditional methods, physics-based models have high interpretability but are difficult to handle complex nonlinear problems, while purely data-driven machine learning methods are limited by data scarcity and physical inconsistency. Physics-informed machine learning, as an emerging “gray box” paradigm, effectively integrates the advantages of both by embedding physical laws (such as control equations) into machine learning models in the form of constraints, priors, or residuals. This article systematically elaborates on the core fusion mechanism of physics-informed machine learning (PIML) in bridge engineering, innovative applications throughout the entire lifecycle of design, construction, operation, and maintenance, as well as its unique data augmentation strategy. Research has shown that PIML can significantly improve the accuracy and robustness of damage identification, load inversion, and performance prediction, and is the core engine for constructing dynamic and predictive digital twin systems. Despite facing challenges in complex physical modeling, loss function balancing, and engineering interpretability, PIML represents a fundamental shift in bridge health monitoring towards intelligent and predictive maintenance by combining advanced strategies such as active learning and meta learning with IoT technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Bridge Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 2900 KB

Open AccessArticle

State-Dependent Asphalt Pavement Deterioration Modeling via Noise-Filtered Reaction Signatures: A Data-Driven Framework Using Korea Highway Pavement Management System (K-HPMS) Data

by Sungjin Hong, Jeongyeon Cho, Kyungyoung Yu, Duecksu Sohn and Intai Kim

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010015 - 6 Jan 2026

Viewed by 418

Abstract

Conventional PMSs often rely on static age-based assumptions, which can fail to capture nonlinear, state-dependent deterioration and improvement-like responses observed in long-term monitoring data. This study addresses these limitations by proposing a reaction-oriented analytical framework using eight years of Korea Highway PMS data [...] Read more.

Conventional PMSs often rely on static age-based assumptions, which can fail to capture nonlinear, state-dependent deterioration and improvement-like responses observed in long-term monitoring data. This study addresses these limitations by proposing a reaction-oriented analytical framework using eight years of Korea Highway PMS data (2015–2022). We construct a Δ–State Vector by combining the previous-year condition grade with noise-filtered annual changes in the International Roughness Index (IRI) and Rut Depth (RD). Measurement noise is separated from structural signals via MAD-based noise bands (ΔIRI: ±0.089 m/km; ΔRD: ±0.993 mm), with a global MAD floor (minimum-threshold constraint) to avoid degenerate zero-band cases under sparse or near-constant transitions. The resulting vectors are embedded into a low-dimensional Reaction Space using UMAP and clustered with HDBSCAN. To validate interpretability, a rule-based Trend × Mode Reaction Signature taxonomy is used to assess the semantic consistency of unsupervised clusters. Five dominant reaction regimes are identified, showing strong agreement with signature-based labels (weighted purity = 0.927; coverage for purity ≥ 0.60 = 0.911). Overall, the results indicate that deterioration dynamics are governed by lane–segment heterogeneity and prior-state dependence rather than chronological age, providing a reproducible foundation for future event-sensitive, dynamic age reset frameworks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pavement Performance and Maintenance: Smart Technologies and Sustainable Practices)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1422 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Self-Healing Capacity of Sustainable Asphalt Mixtures Using the SCB Test

by David Llopis-Castelló, Carlos Alonso-Troyano, Sara Gallardo-Peris and Alfredo García

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010014 - 6 Jan 2026

Viewed by 478

Abstract

The growing environmental effect of asphalt pavements has fueled interest in sustainable alternatives including the application of recycled materials and self-healing systems. This research investigates the synergistic possibilities of steel slag aggregates and steel wool fibers in hot-mix asphalt compositions to increase sustainability [...] Read more.

The growing environmental effect of asphalt pavements has fueled interest in sustainable alternatives including the application of recycled materials and self-healing systems. This research investigates the synergistic possibilities of steel slag aggregates and steel wool fibers in hot-mix asphalt compositions to increase sustainability and let crack healing via electromagnetic induction heating. Using either recycled steel slag or natural porphyritic aggregates, two kinds of AC16 Surf S mixtures with 35/50 bitumen were created incorporating two levels of steel fiber content (2% and 4%). Based on repeated semi-circular bending (SCB) testing following regulated induction heating and confinement, a committed self-healing evaluation plan was developed. The results verified that combinations including recycled steel slag met or outperformed traditional mixes in terms of mechanical behavior. Induction heating successfully set off partial recovery of fracture toughness, with more fiber content and repeated heating cycles producing better healing values. Recovery levels ran from 14.6% to 40%, therefore proving the practicality of this approach. These results encourage the creation of asphalt mixtures with improved endurance and environmental advantages. The research offers both an approved approach for assessing healing and real-world recommendations for the construction of low-maintenance, round pavements utilizing induction-based techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Road Design and Traffic Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 9942 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Experimental and Numerical Study on Waterproofing Techniques for Construction Joints in Mining Tunnel Linings

by Zhaotai Zhang, Xinjie Zhou and Xianlei Xu

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010013 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 544

Abstract

This study is based on in situ structural test sections and systematically explains the construction processes and key control points of different waterproofing methods by optimizing the self-waterproofing of structural concrete, controlling the installation process of external waterproofing membranes, and managing quality throughout [...] Read more.

This study is based on in situ structural test sections and systematically explains the construction processes and key control points of different waterproofing methods by optimizing the self-waterproofing of structural concrete, controlling the installation process of external waterproofing membranes, and managing quality throughout the construction process. For various materials such as polymer-coated waterstops, steel-edged rubber waterstops, and composite grouting pipes with water-swelling strips, the waterproofing performance under the corresponding processes was analyzed through a combination of experiments and numerical simulations. The research focuses on investigating the influence of material selection and construction techniques on waterproofing effectiveness, clarifying the applicable conditions and performance differences among various materials and techniques. The results indicate that polymer-coated waterstops perform significantly better than other materials; self-compacting concrete causes minimal disturbance to waterstops, which is beneficial for waterproofing, but it exhibits deficiencies in early-age crack resistance; refined control of construction techniques plays a decisive role in the overall performance of the waterproofing system. Consequently, detailed construction quality control specifications for the main structure and its components were developed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances on Structural Engineering, 3rd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 177 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial for “Sustainable and Digital Transformation of Road Infrastructures”

by Hugo M. R. D. Silva and Joel R. M. Oliveira

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010012 - 26 Dec 2025

Viewed by 479

Abstract

Road infrastructure is increasingly recognized as a critical asset for economic development, social cohesion, and territorial connectivity [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Digital Transformation of Road Infrastructures)

25 pages, 4439 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bridging Gaps in Landslide Mapping: A Semi-Quantitative Empirical Framework for Delineating Key Areas to Improve Collection of Essential Field-Based and Supplementary Remote-Based Data

by Nicola Perilli, Massimiliano Lombardi, Nunziante Squeglia, Stefano Stacul and Stefano Pagliara

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010011 - 25 Dec 2025

Viewed by 541

Abstract

Accurate landslide mapping near critical infrastructure requires not only data on landslide characteristics but also clear definitions of the spatial extent of surveyed areas. While national projects like Italian Landslide Inventory (IFFI) and Italian Guidelines for the classification and management of risk, safety [...] Read more.

Accurate landslide mapping near critical infrastructure requires not only data on landslide characteristics but also clear definitions of the spatial extent of surveyed areas. While national projects like Italian Landslide Inventory (IFFI) and Italian Guidelines for the classification and management of risk, safety assessment and monitoring of existing bridges (LLG 2022) provide a list of data to collect during a field visit survey, they lack clear specifications for buffer zones, limiting data comparability and risk assessment reliability. This study refines a hierarchical framework developed by the FABRE Geo Working Group, in alignment with LLG 2022, introducing five key zones—Landslide Inventory Reference Area, Diagnostic Area, Geomorphological Significant Area, Relevant Area and the Approach Zone, plus a newly defined Geomorphological Significant Area—Close Zone. By explicitly quantifying buffer zones and their hierarchical roles, the framework ensures consistent data collection across varied terrains and reduces ambiguity in landslide risk evaluation. Applied to 95 bridges in Tuscany and Basilicata, the framework offers standardized definitions and dimensions for Diagnostic Area, Geomorphological Significant Area and Relevant Area, based on detailed field surveys. Approach Zone and Geomorphological Significant Area—Close Zone are quantified as percentages of Relevant Area and Geomorphological Significant Area, supporting efficient, reproducible inspections using both manual and UAV-assisted methods. The Geomorphological Significant Area—Close Zone distinguishes core data, which requires direct surveys, from supplementary data that can be analyzed remotely or in the office. This distinction ensures that essential hazards are observed directly, while supplementary insights are efficiently integrated, enhancing field reliability and desk-based analysis. This integrated approach enhances the accuracy of landslide susceptibility assessment and the classification of attention levels, supporting the maintenance of the national IFFI. Ultimately, the comparison of IFFI catalog data, available in the Diagnostic Area, Geomorphological Significant Area, and Relevant Area, revealed previously unrecorded landslides in Matera and confirmed the reliability of the catalog in Lucca, highlighting that inventories can be systematically integrated only by using standardized areas with field verification to improve risk and infrastructure management. The structured framework bridges gaps between national inventory standards and localized survey needs, ensuring that both previously recorded and new landslide events are systematically captured. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Infrastructures Inspection and Maintenance)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 6741 KB

Open AccessArticle

Coupled ALE–Lagrangian Analysis of Pavement Damage Induced by Buried Natural Gas Pipeline Explosions

by Lijun Li, Jianying Chen, Jiguan Liang and Zhengshou Lai

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010010 - 24 Dec 2025

Viewed by 666

Abstract

This study numerically investigates pavement damage caused by explosions in buried leaking natural gas pipelines using a coupled Lagrangian–Eulerian (CLE) framework in LS-DYNA. The gas phase is described by a Jones–Wilkins–Lee-based equation of state, while soil and pavement are modeled using a pressure-dependent [...] Read more.

This study numerically investigates pavement damage caused by explosions in buried leaking natural gas pipelines using a coupled Lagrangian–Eulerian (CLE) framework in LS-DYNA. The gas phase is described by a Jones–Wilkins–Lee-based equation of state, while soil and pavement are modeled using a pressure-dependent soil model and the Riedel–Hiermaier–Thoma concrete model with strain-based erosion, respectively. The approach is validated against benchmark underground explosion tests in sand and blast tests on reinforced concrete slabs, demonstrating accurate prediction of pressure histories, ejecta evolution, and crater or damage patterns. Parametric analyses are then conducted for different leaked gas masses and pipeline burial depths to quantify shock transmission, soil heave, pavement deflection, and damage evolution. The results indicate that the dynamic response of the pavement structure is most pronounced directly above the detonation point and intensifies significantly with increasing total leaked gas mass. For a total leaked gas mass of 36 kg, the maximum vertical deflection, the peak kinetic energy, and the peak pressure at the bottom interface at this location reach 148.46 mm, 14.64 kJ, and 10.82 MPa, respectively. Moreover, a deflection-based index is introduced to classify pavement response into slight (<20 mm), moderate (20–40 mm), severe (40–80 mm), and collapse (>80 mm) states, and empirical curves are derived to predict damage level from leakage mass and burial depth. Finally, the effectiveness of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthening schemes is assessed, showing that top and bottom surface reinforcement with a total CFRP thickness of 2.67 mm could reduce vertical deflection by up to 37.93% and significantly mitigates longitudinal cracking. The results provide a rational basis for safety assessment and blast resistant design of pavement structures above buried gas pipelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Infrastructures and Structural Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 6733 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Concrete Arch Dam Response Using Locally Estimated Scatterplot Smoothing

by Narjes Soltani, Ignacio Escuder-Bueno and David Galán

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010009 - 23 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 608

Abstract

In this research, a novel hybrid methodology is proposed for predicting the structural response of high concrete arch dams, combining the Discrete Element Method (DEM) with the Locally Estimated Scatterplot Smoothing (LOESS) technique. A structured calibration strategy is employed during the numerical model [...] Read more.

In this research, a novel hybrid methodology is proposed for predicting the structural response of high concrete arch dams, combining the Discrete Element Method (DEM) with the Locally Estimated Scatterplot Smoothing (LOESS) technique. A structured calibration strategy is employed during the numerical model preparation to enable the generation of a wide range of reliable output variables for training and prediction. The methodology is then applied to the El Atazar arch dam to demonstrate its capability to forecast displacement and stress responses. The study reveals that using the current air temperature as an input variable is not adequate for representing the thermal behavior of the dam body; instead, the mean air temperature over a specified period yields significantly better results. Additionally, the findings highlight the importance of the loading path and the dam’s initial state in determining its structural response. The developed model shows a strong agreement between predicted and observed data, demonstrating its effectiveness in capturing the nonlinear behavior of high concrete arch dams. Compared to traditional parametric models commonly used for dam deformation analysis, the proposed framework offers greater flexibility in representing nonlinearity while requiring less training data, making it ideal for dams with limited monitoring records, such as older dams or newly operated ones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Infrastructures and Structural Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1521 KB

Open AccessArticle

Visibility of Vertical Road Signs in Real Driving Environments: Effects of Retroreflectivity and Surface Conditions

by Claudia Brasile, Margherita Pazzini, Davide Chiola, Andrea Simone, Claudio Lantieri and Valeria Vignali

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010008 - 23 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 754

Abstract

The visibility of vertical road signs is a crucial factor for driving safety, especially in low-light conditions. The retroreflectivity of signs is imperative to ensure that drivers are able to perceive the information in a timely manner. However, the effectiveness of signs can [...] Read more.

The visibility of vertical road signs is a crucial factor for driving safety, especially in low-light conditions. The retroreflectivity of signs is imperative to ensure that drivers are able to perceive the information in a timely manner. However, the effectiveness of signs can be compromised by factors such as material degradation, wear and tear, and dirt on the surface. The objective of this study is to analyze how different surface conditions and different levels of retroreflectivity of vertical signs affect users’ perception and driving behavior in a real controlled environment. A total of twenty-five volunteers undertook the same road test twice. During the initial trial, the subjects encountered signs with a Class II retro-reflective film (EN 12899-1:2007), and during the second trial, they encountered the same signs in the same positions as the first trial but with varied characteristics and additional factors such as dirt, water, and degradation. Through a Mobile Eye Tracker and a Racelogic Video Vbox, it was possible to investigate the alterations in the visual and kinematic behavior of participants across the two tests. The statistical analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon test, Spearman’s correlation and regression analysis. The analysis revealed that the signal with a dirty surface had the most significant impact on participants’ perception, showing a substantial reduction in the distance of the first fixation (−15%), a decrease in the number of fixations (−37%), and an increase in the time required for it to be perceived (+40%). This study demonstrates that the maintenance of road sign surfaces is a critical factor in their effectiveness and is as influential as the level of retroreflectivity of the material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Infrastructures for Urban Mobility, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 3396 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Response Analysis of Multi-Span SFT with Flexible Constraints

by Jiang Chen, Mingyuan Ma, Dan Wang, Xing Chen, Yin Zheng and Yonggang Shen

Infrastructures 2026, 11(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11010007 - 23 Dec 2025

Viewed by 429

Abstract

The boundary of a submerged floating tunnel (SFT) is flexible, and ignoring the influence of boundary and pipeline connections may reduce its structural performance. Therefore, this study uses rotating springs and linear springs to simulate the flexible boundary. Joints are simplified as shear [...] Read more.

The boundary of a submerged floating tunnel (SFT) is flexible, and ignoring the influence of boundary and pipeline connections may reduce its structural performance. Therefore, this study uses rotating springs and linear springs to simulate the flexible boundary. Joints are simplified as shear springs and bending springs. A multi-span SFT model on discrete elastic supports is established, and its seismic response is evaluated using the transfer matrix method and the modal superposition method. The proposed method is validated by comparing it with finite element results, and the vertical mechanical response of the SFT when the cable relaxes or fractures under earthquake action is analyzed. The results indicate a significant deviation between the seismic response of flexible constraints and those modeled as simple hinged or fixed connections, and the lower boundary constraint stiffness is beneficial to the seismic response of the SFT. Introducing flexible joints can effectively reduce the internal force response of the structure, and a bending stiffness ratio of 0.01 to 0.03 for the joints is considered reasonable. In contrast, variations in the shear stiffness of the joints have a relatively small impact on the seismic response. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Infrastructures, Volume 11, Issue 1 (January 2026) – 36 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI