Air Quality Awareness—Empirical Evidence from a Comparative Perspective between Two European Cities
Abstract
:1. Context and Motivation
Main Findings and Contributions
- Informing policy decisions: The collection of social data enables informed decision-making and the development of policies that address citizens’ concerns. For example, our research identifies issues related to cycling infrastructure in Turin. Negative perceptions of infrastructure, urban spaces, or air quality should prompt the city’s administration to implement more rigorous measures that promote and encourage the use of bike-sharing systems or private bicycles.
- Evaluating policy effectiveness: The collected data serve as a foundation for assessing the effectiveness of existing policies. For instance, the positive perception of air quality and the quality of the cycling infrastructure network among Irish citizens indicate that the current policy measures are functioning well and should be continued and reinforced.
- Identifying research priorities: The results suggest areas for further research. This study highlights specific concerns in the two cities that could lead to new investigations into the causes and effects of these perceptions. Future studies could adopt more comprehensive and inclusive methodological approaches, such as online and offline questionnaires and the use of low-cost sensors in various city areas.
- Community involvement: The survey positively impacts community engagement by involving citizens in the decision-making process. When individuals feel heard, they are more likely to support and adhere to the policies implemented.
2. Materials and Methods
- Section 1: demographic information (gender, age, education, and profession).
- Section 2: perception of air quality (using the Likert scale model for various aspects and including open questions for further comments).
- Section 3: suggestions to improve air quality (open questions).
- Section 4: the use of cycling infrastructure (closed and open questions).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Citizen’s Perception of Air Pollution
3.2. Means of Transport Used and Commuting
3.3. Attitudes Toward Governmental Policy for the Management of Urban Air Quality and Citizens’ Suggestions
3.4. Citizens’ Attitudes Toward Local Government
4. Conclusions and Future Work
- Monitoring network credibility: A functional and accessible monitoring network that provides real-time data is crucial for enhancing institutional credibility and reassuring citizens. The monitoring network in Turin should be made more pervasive, accessible, and capable of delivering real-time information to keep the local population consistently informed about air quality.
- Alignment of perceptions and objective data: There is a significant alignment between residents’ perceptions of local air pollution and the objective data from the respective cities. In Turin, air pollution is a well-recognized social issue with notable health impacts on residents [59,60,61]. Future research should focus on exploring any discrepancies between perceived and objective data to identify and address critical local issues.
- Health concerns and objective evidence: Citizens’ concerns about health contribute to their perceptions of poor air quality. The literature provides objective data on the correlation between air pollution and respiratory diseases in Turin [62,63,64,65]. Understanding the relationship between citizens’ health concerns and objective evidence of disease can help shape more effective public health policies.
- Primary sources of air pollution: Survey participants identified transportation and domestic heating as the primary sources of air pollution in both Turin and Dublin. These findings are consistent with objectively measured pollution levels reported in the literature [66] and by local political authorities. Analyzing public perceptions of pollution sources can highlight areas for improvement in managing and communicating air quality.
- Infrastructure and transport choices: The quality of infrastructure and cycling facilities significantly influences citizens’ choices regarding alternative modes of transport for long distances. The study shows that 42% of respondents in Dublin use bicycles for commuting and long journeys. This underscores the importance of investing in dedicated cycling infrastructure to promote sustainable transport options such as bicycles and electric scooters. Improved cycling infrastructure not only supports healthier and more sustainable lifestyles but also delivers economic, environmental, and social benefits. These findings suggest that increased investment in cycling infrastructure could enhance daily transportation options in Turin.
- Future research should incorporate real-time comparisons between actual pollution data and citizens’ perceptions, potentially through a smartphone application that allows daily feedback on air quality from different city areas.
- The representativeness of the sample is crucial, as achieving a sample that accurately reflects the demographic and socioeconomic diversity of the local community remains challenging.
- Internet access limitations affect participation, as not all citizens have access to the digital technologies needed to complete online questionnaires, thereby excluding some population segments.
- Measures should be taken to balance different groups in data analysis in order to avoid unrepresentative or biased conclusions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Place of Residence | Dublin City & Countryside (%) | Frequency | Torino City & Countryside (%) | Frequency |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
Male | 42.4 | 163 | 44.8 | 172 |
Female | 57.2 | 220 | 54.9 | 211 |
Age | ||||
19–28 | 29.9 | 115 | 23.9 | 92 |
29–39 | 34.4 | 132 | 32.03 | 123 |
40–65 | 27.3 | 105 | 39.06 | 150 |
>65 | 7.8 | 32 | 4.9 | 19 |
Education level | ||||
Elementary | / | 0.78 | 3 | |
Secondary school | 23.9 | 92 | 8.07 | 31 |
Hight school | 30.7 | 118 | 23.9 | 92 |
University degree | 41.9 | 161 | 59.1 | 227 |
Other | 3.4 | 13 | 7.8 | 31 |
Job | ||||
Student | 20.3 | 78 | 15.3 | 59 |
Self-Employed | 31.5 | 121 | 15.1 | 58 |
Employee | 39.3 | 151 | 54.4 | 209 |
Unemployed | 8.6 | 33 | 5.7 | 22 |
Other | 0.26 | 1 | 9.1 | 36 |
Crude OR | Adjusted OR | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95%CI | p-Value | OR | 95%CI | p-Value | |
Age | ||||||
Age 40 to Age <40 | 0.48 | 0.48, 0.80 | 0.006 | 0.34 | 0.34, 0.9 | 0.035 |
Educational level | ||||||
High School (HS) to <HS | 1.63 | 1.63, 3.5 | 0.00002 | 1.15 | 1.15, 3.02 | 0.015 |
College to <HS | 2.70 | 2.70, 5.1 | <0.00001 | 1.5 | 1.5, 3.81 | 0.0003 |
TORINO (%) | DUBLIN (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Do you travel by bike or on foot in your city? | |||
Yes | 58.1 | 67.5 | |
Not | 19.3 | 14.5 | |
Rarely | 22.6 | 17.9 | |
If yes, for how many hours a day? | |||
1 h | 54.9 | 34.2 | |
2 h | 28.4 | 20.5 | |
3 h | 10 | 30.8 | |
4 h | 4.1 | 12 | |
>4 h | 1.9 | 2.6 | |
What means of transport do you use most regularly? | |||
Car | 35 | 11.1 | |
Bike | 17.3 | 41.9 | |
Bus | 15.6 | 29.1 | |
Subway | 10.9 | 2.9 | |
Train | 2.4 | 7.7 | |
I walk | 16 | 7 | |
/ | Other | 2.7 | 1.7 |
Why do you use this means of transport? | |||
It is comfortable | 45.5 | 33.3 | |
It is cheap | 7.9 | 12.8 | |
It is fast | 19.9 | 17.9 | |
Doesn’t pollute | 15.1 | 27.4 | |
/ | Other | 11.6 | 8.5 |
TURIN (%) | DUBLIN (%) | |
---|---|---|
Do you check the air quality information in you city? | ||
Not | 31 | 12.8 |
Web | 27.6 | 31.6 |
Radio | 23.9 | 31.6 |
App | 9.1 | 21.4 |
I am an activist | 3.4 | 0.9 |
Other | 5.1 | 1.7 |
Do you know that there are fixed PM monitoring stations in your city? | ||
Yes | 57.5 | 53.3 |
No | 42.5 | 44.7 |
Do you think these control systems are enough to monitor air quality? | ||
Yes | 10.3 | 33.9 |
Not | 46 | 9.6 |
I don’t know | 43.6 | 56.5 |
Do you think that the legal limit (PM) are respected in your city? | ||
Yes | 10.2 | 47 |
Not | 62 | / |
I don’t know | 27.8 | 53 |
Do you think air pollution harms your health? | ||
Yes | 68.7 | 35 |
Not | 3 | 6 |
I don’t know | 15.2 | 29.9 |
Not a lot | 10.4 | 28.2 |
Only the weak (Children and elderly) | 2.7 | 0.9 |
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Salimbene, O.; Baeza-Romero, M.T.; Pilla, F.; Čok, G. Air Quality Awareness—Empirical Evidence from a Comparative Perspective between Two European Cities. Urban Sci. 2024, 8, 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8030133
Salimbene O, Baeza-Romero MT, Pilla F, Čok G. Air Quality Awareness—Empirical Evidence from a Comparative Perspective between Two European Cities. Urban Science. 2024; 8(3):133. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8030133
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalimbene, Ornella, María Teresa Baeza-Romero, Francesco Pilla, and Gregor Čok. 2024. "Air Quality Awareness—Empirical Evidence from a Comparative Perspective between Two European Cities" Urban Science 8, no. 3: 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8030133