Self-Sustainable Modular Design in Rural Housing and Experiential Tourism in El Callejón de Conchucos, Ancash

Abstract

The present research has the objective of proposing the design of rural housing infrastructure with self-sustainable modular design strategies that allow for a regional conservation area within the Callejón de Conchucos. The absence of adequate territorial planning has led to disorganized urban growth, characterized by the lack of green areas, resulting in a negative impact on the quality of urban life of the inhabitants, increasing their risk to natural disasters. The methodology employed was the analysis of extensive research through a comprehensive literature review, urban studies and climate assessments. Sustainability strategies were implemented using various digital tools, such as Climate Consultant, Google Earth and maps, AutoCAD, Revit, SketchUp and 3D Sun path. Therefore, the proposal allows for the enhancement of comfort through spaces for the conservation of natural resources, taking advantage of its landscape and nature of the place, with the characteristics of sustainability in rural and urban housing in high Andean areas, implementing bioclimatic strategies, such as evaporative cooling, and clean technologies that allow for an energy efficiency of 50%. In conclusion, the proposal for the Callejón de Conchucos seeks to transform the region into an attractive tourist destination by providing high-quality ecosystem services and an enriched cultural experience by integrating modular design criteria and employing sustainable and appropriate technologies.

1. Introduction

The world is currently experiencing the largest wave of urban growth in history. It is estimated that by 2030 more than 60% of the global population will reside in urban and metropolitan areas, according to the Sustainable Development Goals report [1]. Thus, population growth together with the impact of climate change, makes rural dwellings susceptible to the impacts of global warming, loss of biodiversity and extreme weather events [2], driving displacement and involuntary migration [3].

In recent centuries, there has been a marked increase in the frequency of catastrophic events, not only attributable to the Earth’s natural geodynamic processes, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis, but also to hydrometeorological phenomena, such as floods, avalanches and droughts, some of which are related to global climate change [4,5]. Landslides, in particular, represent a constant threat to vulnerable communities, making it crucial to adequately characterize them and develop effective prevention strategies.

Figure 1 shows how centralism has generated the appearance of poverty gaps within regions, currently causing 1.6 billion people worldwide to live in inadequate housing [6] and lack access to efficient infrastructure and basic services, and most are located in geologically unstable areas, a worrying situation that adds to the seismic risk in many cities around the world [7]. A clear example is evident in vulnerable housing in Lima, Peru; in the event of occasional earthquakes, houses built in vulnerable areas, such as hillsides, would suffer 70% damage, while the others would collapse completely. Understanding seismic vulnerability is essential to assess the seismic risk of these structures [8]. In addition, the current architectural habitat in housing is rigid, static and unalterable, making it almost impossible to modify and change forms and spaces for adaptive and affordable purposes [9]. However, tools to optimize spatial design in the early stages of a building are not yet widely available [10]. In addition, by not clearly considering the user’s functional criteria and climate analysis, urban and rural environments are often generated that pollute the ecosystem and separate the user from his or her natural surroundings. This is reflected not only in the lack of innovation in traditional building materials and techniques but also in the limited use of advanced techniques [11,12].

Vernacular architecture is relevant today, not only for the preservation of current culture and restoration of existing heritage buildings but also to promote cultural continuity in new buildings that are socially, culturally and economically resilient and sustainable [13], generating a positive effect within the community (Figure 2). Therefore, in this globalized world, in the rapid process of urbanization, it is necessary to seek quality of life and well-being, in addition to strengthening the sustainability of communities by promoting their identity, preserving the memory and integrity of the people and respecting their multiculturalism in favor of their development [14,15].

Thus, its importance dates back to Classical Architecture, when the diameter of a column was used as the basis for a number of modules; on the other hand, in Japanese Architecture, the measures of the rooms were determined through combinations of rice mats [16], and it is in Modern Architecture when Frank Lloyd Wright varies the modules in plan on the basis of the conception regulated by a spatial cell, be it square, circle, rectangle, triangle, rhombus and hexagon, up to an angle of 6°, with modules also in the height of the brick course, in search of a flexible measure that would give freedom to the building as a unit [17]. In Figure 2, the horizontal and vertical planes keep a modular sense with respect to the structure, grid and enclosures, in materiality and ornaments, fulfilling an order and composition.

Figure 2. (a) Use of Modular Architecture in a plan; (b) structure and (c) volume [18].

Figure 2. (a) Use of Modular Architecture in a plan; (b) structure and (c) volume [18].

A clear example can be seen from ancient times where the Tower-Houses of Yemen employed a vertical urban planning strategy using adobe as the main material, taking into account the criteria of adaptation to climate, tradition and local culture. Today, architect Kéré applies a definition of sustainability that consists of revaluing and adapting the vernacular techniques of the community for its own benefit. His approach seeks to generate jobs and opportunities in rural areas under the banner of Tourism and Rural Development [18,19] (Figure 3).

As a result of centralism, in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), it is estimated that 89% of the region’s population will live in urban areas by 2050 [20]; 20% currently live in rural areas and suffer intensely from the consequences of inadequate housing, built with precarious materials and located in areas susceptible to hydro-meteorological and geological phenomena [21]. In this context, Peru has suffered the greatest displacements and migrations targeting the department of Lima-Callao, mainly from the department of Ancash and other neighboring areas [22].

Negatively affecting the rural environments in Ancash, reducing its rural population, the average annual rate increase was −1.7%, while its highest concentration of population at the provincial level is in Santa, coastal area, receiving a large flow of migrants from neighboring provinces, contrary to the province of Pomabamba, which has a reduction of −1.2% in the average annual growth rate (Figure 4).

Shown is the housing deficit at the national level, with respect to the number of housing units, and a comparison of the qualitative and quantitative deficit in the Ancash region (Figure 5).

Likewise, the absence of innovation in materials has led the Andean inhabitants to self-build traditional houses with more commonly used materials, such as mud and adobe (Figure 6).

However, this has not been enough to improve thermal comfort in housing, since in the high Andean areas of Ancash, climate changes are constantly occurring every year [23], causing respiratory diseases, depression, mental imbalance, asthma, pneumonia, respiratory infections and others in users (Figure 7), resulting in deaths in the elderly and children, as they are the most vulnerable populations, and these homes are self-built from generation to generation without optimal construction procedures with adequate thermal insulation solutions [24]. In turn, constant exposure to noise within an environment, whether in urban or rural housing, has the potential to alter and undermine the health, tranquility, rest and quality of life of its occupants, so that the Regulation of National Environmental Quality Standards for Noise (ECA) states that in residential areas, it should not exceed the maximum range of 50–60 db.

Likewise, the importance of the department of Ancash is located within the important route of the Qhapaq Ñan, named by UNESCO as World Heritage in 2014 [25] Currently many of these roads are used by the communities near them, so its value as a means of social, cultural and economic articulation is still in force [26].

Figure 8 shows (a) the Silk Road, of economic and social value, and (b) the Qhapaq Ñan route, the largest historical monument in Latin America.

Figure 9 illustrates the Callejón de Conchucos section, highlighting the seven most significant towns in terms of territorial extension and the quality of services. This stretch extends over 150 km and includes towns that vary in altitude from 2500 to 3800 m above sea level. The selected villages are characterized by their basic infrastructure, including drinking water supply systems, electricity and health services, as well as access to key transportation routes that facilitate connections to major urban centers. In addition, each town offers unique cultural and tourism services that reflect the rich local heritage, contributing to both economic development and the preservation of regional heritage.

Figure 10 shows (a) vernacular construction techniques in the high Andean zones of Puno (3892 m above sea level) and (b) vernacular construction techniques in Ancash (2959–3052 m above sea level) where adobe is used as a typical enclosure for thermal comfort and energy efficiency and the roof can be made of corrugated metal sheeting or ceramic tiles. In addition, it is possible to identify relationships with cultural, social and economic values, constituting an imprint on the territory that leaves a matrix made up of houses, orchards, fences, corrals, cultivation terraces, canals and roads, weaving unity with the cultural landscape, characteristic of the high Andean zones of Peru [27].

Figure 11 shows the typical distribution in high Andean areas, built on a hillside (Figure 11a) or with a slope towards the river (Figure 11b), with the common purpose of avoiding habitual flooding, alternating private areas and services around a central patio, in addition to having a stable and greenhouse, with their main economic activity being the raising of sheep, cows and by-products.

Consequently, the current study has the objective of proposing self-sustainable modular design strategies and the comfort of the users of rural housing in Pomabamba, Ancash, which will answer the following questions:

• How does self-sustainable modular design in rural housing improve housing tourism in El Callejón de Conchucos, Ancash?
• How can self-sustainable modular design in rural housing improve experiential tourism in the Callejón de Conchucos, Ancash, through the appropriate use of natural resources?

The implementation of self-sustainable modular housing is a key strategy to address the global challenges contemplated in SDG 11, sustainable cities and communities, by promoting permanence in rural communities, achieving their own development, valuing identity and autonomy, reducing the threats of loss of territory and physical and cultural extinction [28,29]. At present, architecture is not only sought to be more ecological, effective and economical [30] but also to allow for the introduction of new technologies, facilitating international trade and achieving the efficient use of resources, achieved with prefabricated Modular Architecture [31,32].

First, the research process and stages are described, starting to review the information according to similar repositories in order to achieve a proposal that is appropriate and aligned with the context in question; the first step is to acquire the terrain data with which the approximation of the terrain is made, providing cross sections, elevations and current population centers. In the second phase, for climate data collection and analysis, governmental data, such as SENAMHI data, are used to generate and provide meteorological, hydrological and climate data. In step 2, a terrain survey is carried out using AutoCAD 2D.

Literature Review

• Experiential Tourism

Experiential tourism has been defined as the interaction between local inhabitants and tourists visiting the area. This type of tourism offers a direct learning experience through nature and the hosts, keeping their identity and customs intact [33]. Experiential tourism is considered to involve any tourism activity that is carried out in a rural environment in a planned and careful manner. It is based on the collaboration of local communities for their benefit, making rural culture an essential element of the tourism product. The objective of experiential tourism is to promote development using the community’s own resources, without losing its identity, traditions and culture [34,35].

• SENAMHI

The National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology of Peru is a governmental entity in charge of monitoring and forecasting meteorological and hydrological conditions in the country. Its main objectives include the provision of accurate and timely information on climate, weather and water resources, as well as research on and the development of technologies to improve the forecasting and management of natural disasters. The importance of SENAMHI lies in reducing the vulnerability of its population to the adverse effects of climatic and hydrometeorological phenomena, as well as in supporting decisions in the agricultural sector, urban planning and water management [36,37].

2. Materials and Methods

The present study is non-experimental, first collecting information from scientific articles, followed by the identification of data aligned to the topic and its appropriate classification. It will be supported by congruent design strategies in order to develop a proposal that meets the desired objective at regional and local level [38].

2.1. Methodological Approach

The proposed design was carried out through a thorough analysis of the environment and other aspects, in addition to the study area. The data were collected and used by multidisciplinary technical teams to integrate various diagnoses of the site. This scheme made it possible to address the problems identified and establish particular objectives [39,40]. Figure 12 illustrates how a project that aims to bring environmental and socio-cultural benefits must align these perspectives with the appropriation of space as a relationship between man and his habitat. It is essential to incorporate new planning models that focus on the analysis of urban ecosystem processes, related ecosystem services and alterations in the quality and quantity of resources generated by land use [41].

• Identify key players and establish the objectives.
• Perform a diagnosis of the intervention area
• Develop general strategies for creating the proposal.
• Implementing sustainability measures.

2.1.1. Stakeholder Identification and Target Setting

To initiate the project, it is essential to initially identify the possible goals, general guidelines and challenges to be solved by implementing sustainable housing [42]. These objectives will be the basis for initial drafts and will facilitate the identification of key stakeholders for participation [43].

2.1.2. Diagnosis of the Intervention Area

After defining the master plan for sustainable housing, a diagnosis of the intervention area is made from two perspectives: physical and urban-landscape. This analysis will allow us to identify the elements and dynamics present in these areas [44].

The physical environment assessment focuses on identifying the key features of the biological and physical components of the area, while the urban environment assessment focuses on the evaluation of the urban features of the intervention area, including the existing natural and built infrastructure [45,46].

2.1.3. General Strategies for Proposal Development

Once the diagnostic phase is completed, general guidelines will be established to guide progress in the construction of sustainable housing. Interventions should be based on previous studies and follow an integral vision where the proposal will have two main approaches: environmental and urban landscape.

• Public green spaces: Identify and act on green spaces and public areas within the city environment. Using planning documents with maps and data on preservation and conservation areas, urban green spaces, parks and public areas at different scales. (zonal, urban).
• Incorporation and valorization of natural resources: Identify connecting elements, both natural and artificial, present in the urban environment. Using maps of road infrastructure, pedestrian paths, watercourses and information on autochthonous flora and fauna.

Figure 13 shows detailed information obtained through advanced digital tools. In the first stage, Google Earth is used to perform a comprehensive analysis of the environment, considering topographic aspects, the existing infrastructure and green areas. In the second stage, Climate Consultant is used to obtain accurate data on climate and environmental conditions, such as solar radiation, temperatures and wind direction. In the third stage, AutoCAD and BIM methodology is applied to develop the urban design in 2D, detailing the layout and components of the proposal [47,48].

2.1.4. Implementation of Sustainability Strategies

The implementation of sustainable housing is of vital importance because it significantly reduces the environmental impact by minimizing the use of resources, reducing emissions and promoting energy savings. These homes not only save water and energy but also improve the well-being of the inhabitants by providing a healthy and comfortable indoor environment. In the long term, they generate lower operating costs and increase the property value, while their adoption contributes to community resilience in the face of natural disasters and climate change.

2.2. Study Area

The section of the alley of Conchucos is located within the Main Andean Road—Qapac Ñam, located on the eastern margin of the Cordillera Blanca, in the department of Ancash, comprising the provinces of de Pomabamba, Mariscal Luzuriaga, Asunción, Antonio Raymondi, Carlos F. Fitzcarrald, Huari, Sihuas and Pallasca y Yungay, towns from the Chavin culture. Latitude: S 8°15′29.23″; longitude: W 77°43′50.38″ (Figure 14).

2.3. Climate Analysis

The climate of Ancash presents remarkable diversity that impacts the urban and architectural design. Near the coast and the low levels of the western slope, it is characterized by a desert environment with scarce and poorly distributed rainfall, increasing as one ascends in altitude; the temperate and dry climate regions are located in the intermediate levels of the eastern and western slopes of the Andes, as well as in the Callejón de Huaylas. On the other hand, the Callejón de Conchucos has a cold and dry climate in the high plateaus and punas, while the snow-capped mountains become extremely cold. In the Marañon River valley, east of the Cordillera Blanca, the climate is hot and humid, with high temperatures both day and night, crucial factors to consider in architectural development and planning.

Figure 15 shows the solar chart of Pomabamba, identifying the periods of the year with the greatest solar exposure on the facades of the buildings, thus allowing the sun to enter the interior and exterior spaces in order to achieve hygrothermal comfort.

In the Callejón de Conchucos section, the climate varies mainly according to the different altitudinal levels present in the studied area, this diversity explains the abundance of flora and fauna species. There are very defined and characteristic climatic types, but in general terms, rainfall fluctuates between 690 and 1154 mm and is seasonal, which means that there is a specific season when it is more frequent and intense, generally between March and December. Rainfall is usually accompanied by winds and in liquid or solid form (hailstorms, snowfall, etc.). The temperature varies according to the altitudinal level of the area. In the case of Pomabamba, the average annual temperature is 11.5 °C (52 °F).

2.4. Environmental Analysis, Flora and Agricultural and Livestock Activities

According to the Holdridge system and the Ecological Map of Peru, the Conchucos area includes several different life zones, classified by their climatic, meteorological, physiographic and edaphic characteristics and especially by their own vegetation and fauna. As it is a mountainous landscape, its lands are intensively used for agriculture and livestock, and almost all of the populated centers are located in this unit [49], which means that the Conchucos are threatened by climate change and human practices, such as burning, intensive grazing and poor water management without following established technical guidelines. Even though glaciers play a vital role in socio-economic development and environmental aspects, 47% of glaciers have been lost, 50% of endemic birds are at risk and queñua, an indispensable tree for water generation and conservation, is being cut down for firewood and construction material [50] (Figure 16).

3. Results

3.1. Location of the Architectural and Landscape Design Proposal

The location of the project is determined based on rural settlement patterns in the high Andean regions of Puna and Quechua, located predominantly in the lower and middle part where their spatial organization is reflected near bodies of water, with the watersheds being the main source of natural resources for the development of these communities. The proposed architectural complex is located in Pomabamba, one of the Conchucan cities that today shows greater economic movement along with Huari; the surface area is approximately 0.58 hectares (Figure 17).

In terms of flows, the main pedestrian and vehicular routes are identified in order to establish an architectural and urban planning proposal that remains within appropriate parameters. The intersection of these roads is analyzed to ensure a coherent and functional integration with the environment, optimizing both mobility and accessibility. This approach makes it possible to design urban spaces that respond effectively to the needs of users, ensuring smooth and safe circulation (Figure 17).

3.2. Architectural Design and Landscape Desing

Figure 18 shows the architectural complex carefully sited, taking into account a 10% slope of the terrain. This design not only incorporates a detailed climatic analysis carried out previously, considering variables, such as seasonal temperatures, wind direction, solar incidence and radiation, but also respects and preserves the surrounding natural areas. In addition, important pedestrian and vehicular flows have been identified and mapped, integrating them into the planning to ensure smooth and safe circulation. The layout of the complex seeks to optimize the interaction between architecture and landscape, promoting sustainability and harmony with the natural environment (Figure 18).

In this context, six self-sustainable rural housing modules are being implemented, designed to maximize energy efficiency and minimize the environmental impact. These houses use local materials and vernacular construction techniques adapted to the specific climatic conditions of the area. Advanced digital tools, such as Google Earth, Climate Consultant, AutoCAD and BIM, have been used to ensure that all aspects of the design are aligned with the established architectural and urban planning parameters, thus guaranteeing a balanced and functional development.

3.3. Conceptualization

In addition, a comprehensive assessment of how these strategies align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has been integrated, recognizing their relevance to generate a positive impact on the community. The sustainable management of water bodies, including sanitation and treatment, has been given to ensure that the proposal respects and enhances these vital resources. Priority has also been given to industrialization and innovation in materials, design and construction systems, with the aim of minimizing the environmental impact and improving the overall sustainability of the project. Figure 19 illustrates these technical aspects, showing how the proposal incorporates advanced practices that meet standards of efficiency and ecological responsibility.

3.4. Materiality and Construction System

Flexibility in this rural dwelling that will house various activities related to experiential tourism is essential and is achieved by the modularity in the plan and elevation, allowing the buildings to be adjusted or extended quickly and efficiently when necessary. In this context, the house was designed on the basis of a triangular grid of 0.60 cm × 0.60 cm. This measure also facilitates the spatial standardization in order to optimize spaces and avoid residual spaces, reaching standard measures of 0.60 cm, 0.90 cm, 1.20 cm, 1.50 cm, 1.80 m, 2.40 m, 3.00 m, 1.50 cm, 1.80 m, 2.40 m, 3.00 m and 3.00 m (Figure 20).

Here, the structural modules of plates will be arranged thus offering functional freedom, typical of the concept of the free floor plan where vertical divisions are avoided, contributing to the optimization of spaces and being able to modify it, achieved through utilitarian plate structures that can be used as deposits, shelves and storage adapting to the function of the space, also being able to be the structure ducts for ventilation, water, drainage and chimney (Figure 21).

For this, the load-bearing walls were built with adobe modules reinforced with cane with width dimensions of 0.40 cm × 0.40 cm and 20 cm × 40 cm, both 8 cm in height, and the mold must leave a space in the adobe for the vertical reinforcement canes to pass through (Figure 22).

A housing typology was proposed to accommodate the various experiential tourism activities that will be considered in its programming, taking into consideration the unique characteristics of the Callejón de Conchucos, such as culinary art, handicrafts, chaku, dance and clothing, and handcrafted liquors, counting with a semi-public underground studio that connects with the private space of the house and the public space of the terraces. These houses have a landscape treatment with different levels where an adequate water treatment system was made at the mouth of nearby lakes in times of flooding and another in times of low water.

Figure 22b shows the modulation of the partition walls and floors. For the roof assembly, a 2 × 6 wood framing was used, resting on a steel tube frame covered with polycarbonate; an integrated gutter was implemented to direct water to the rainwater collection system and 1 kw photovoltaic panels were installed on the roof. For the partition assembly, 2 × 4 cedar panels were chosen. The interior of the panels should be permeable, creating privacy while allowing passive ventilation. These panels should be filled with adobe in modular dimensions of 0.40 × 0.40 and 0.40 × 0.20. For the floor assembly, 5/4 parquet flooring will be used, finished on a 2 × 8 structural beam fixed to clips welded to a wooden structural frame. In addition, each building will be provided with a 400 gallon cistern for rainwater collection channeled over the roof, and the water will be pumped and treated with internal carbon and UV filters for potable use.

The materiality of housing in El Callejón de Conchucos should focus on the use of local materials to minimize environmental impact and promote sustainability. The use of andesite stone and adobe, both abundant in the region, not only reduces the carbon footprint associated with the transportation of materials but also improves architectural integration with the natural surroundings. Andesite stone, known for its durability and thermal properties, acts as an excellent thermal regulator, storing heat during the day and releasing it at night. Adobe, on the other hand, offers excellent thermal inertia and acoustic properties, in addition to being a building material with a low environmental impact due to its natural and biodegradable origin.

3.4.1. Solar Capture

The absorption of solar radiation during the day allows it to be converted into heat, which can be used instantly or stored for nighttime use, thus maximizing its performance. This heat is stored both through the thermal mass of the building and through sealed air spaces (Figure 23).

• Direct collection through openings.
• Semi-direct collection through greenhouses.

The nearby presence of trees, other buildings or the particularities of geographical features may condition the generation of shadows and, with them, the possibility of a lower availability of direct solar radiation. It should also be considered that in our latitudes, the exterior surface of the building that receives the most solar radiation is the roof. Lima has high radiation indexes during the summer solstice, with the highest point in October with 7.3 kwh. In the proposal, the use of solar panels will be implemented, the panels will be oriented towards the north and will maintain an angle of 135 inclinations, which is equivalent to the location plus 15 degrees, having an inclination of 27 degrees, and will be located on the roof of the vertical circulation cores. The total calculation will take into consideration the calculation of energy demand by zones, maintenance zone, cultural diffusion zone, cultural training zone and administrative zone. For this proposal, 340 W Monocrystalline photovoltaic panels will be implemented with an efficiency that can reach up to 21.28%.

The following formula will be used to calculate the number of solar panels:

• # number of solar panels = E × 1.3 Hsp × Wp
• where E = everyday use
• Hsp = hours of maximum sun exposure
• Wp = solar panel power
• # number of solar panels = 7052 × 1.3 = 2.64 = 3 solar panels 12 × 340

Table 1. Capturing photovoltaic panels in sustainable housing.

	Description	Pot. (Watts)	Quantity	Time of Use (Hour/Day)	Energy Consumption (W-h/Day)
1	Spotlight	52	6	6	1872
2	Radio	70	1	4	280
3	Television	40	1	4	160
4	Cell Phone Charger	330	4	1	120
5	Refrigerator	80	1	24	1920
6	Blender	300	1	1	300
7	Iron	1200	1	1	1200
8	PC	200	1	6	1200
9					7052

shows the energy demand of the house, which, according to the calculations made, is estimated to use three solar panels of 340 W (Figure 24).

3.4.2. Internal Earnings

The ability to use the heat generated inside a building is due to the operation of electrical or mechanical equipment, the existence of combustion and the presence of people inside the building (b14). The kitchen is usually the main source of internal heat in a dwelling, while in office and commercial buildings, people and electrical equipment generate heat. Waste heat from energy-intensive equipment, of which its presence is necessary for functional reasons, either inside or near the building, can be used directly or through systems that transport the heat to the required spaces. This is generally done by using water or another fluid in a closed or open circuit (Figure 25).

3.4.3. Refrigeration Evaporative

In cold climates, evaporative cooling can be surprisingly beneficial, especially when an indoor garden is incorporated with xerophytic species. These plants, adapted to arid conditions, have the ability to optimize air humidity through evaporation, which helps regulate indoor temperatures without the need for additional heating systems. In addition, by using xerophytes, water consumption is minimized and the need for maintenance is reduced, making this approach both efficient and sustainable. This method not only improves thermal comfort but also creates a healthier and more aesthetically pleasing indoor environment.

Figure 26 and Figure 27 show that the inclusion of landscaped green areas in the green corridor and inside these dwellings has a positive and consistent impact on CO₂ absorption and clean air production. This is demonstrated by World Health Organization conversion factors [51].

a = 2.3 kg (b) for 1 year.

(1)

where

a = CO₂ captured annually (kg per year);
b = green area (landscaping), calculated in hectares;
c = 1.7 kg (b) for 1 year.

(2)

where

c = clean air produced annually (kg. year);
b = green area under study (landscaped green area), calculated in hectares.

(3)

Then, calculating the results using these factors, the following results were achieved.

Table 2. Annual CO₂ capping and fresh air production and clean air.

	Landscaped Green Area in (ha2)	CO₂ Captured (kg)	Clean Air Produced (kg)
1	1.5	3.45	2.55
Total	1.5	3.45	2.55

reveals that the landscaped green area in the green corridor captures 3.45 kg of CO₂, resulting in a total generation of 2.55 kg of fresh air.

3.5. Clean Energy

Figure 28 shows the axonometric section of a housing sector with its respective landscaping treatment by means of terraces, housing spaces for drought, rainfall and spaces that favor the use of the building. The materiality of the soils was chosen based on their permeability and carbon footprint, such as cobblestone and wooden slits accelerating drainage; the same happens with the choice of vegetation, such as queñual, which prevents soil erosion, stores large amounts of water, regulates the climate and contributes nutrients to the soil.

It shows a flexible housing module with a reinforced adobe technique and structural plate, located in a terrain with a slope of 10%; this influences its spatial organization, form and function, for which it was established that its main activities that are developed inside are rest-sleep, cooking-eating and storage taking place on the upper floors, and activities related to the exterior will be carried out on a lower level of the house, developing experiential tourism through local heritage education. Therefore, it is proposed that the dwelling has two interconnected entrances at different levels.

All the proposed volumes are related by means of public spaces: open air patios, sunken squares, which strengthen the coexistence in dry and dry seasons, and cultivation areas in favor of the local community.

Rainwater treatment was proposed, for domestic and livestock use, which will be taken to a wastewater treatment well, which will be taken together with the landscape irrigation water and crops to the wastewater storage from where it will be treated by means of artificial wetlands to be finally discharged to the river.

3.5.1. Biofilter

In Figure 29, the additions of graywater to surface water bodies can cause pH imbalances, and increased oxygen demand (BOD) and increased turbidity [35], for which these waters are treated and taken through a process of purification and decantation to finally be irrigated in the terraces or flow into the Pomabamba River.

As shown in Figure 30, using greywater and stormwater treatment systems for communal use, improving soil quality and flood regulation, to a habitat and ecosystem design, provide a variety of ecosystem services and, at the same time, present recreational and educational opportunities. Integrating human-made wetlands into urban and rural contexts can be key to sustainable development and the well-being of people and the natural environment [52].

The system has four main cleaning stages within the natural wastewater treatment system. From the septic tank, we find a main tank divided into four stages of filtration: filter stones up to 20 cm, crushed stones, gravel and coarse sand. For a more complete wastewater treatment, some plants, such as banana plants, can be incorporated to increase the purification. At the end of the process, the plants receive, among other nutrients, phosphorus, nitrogen and water.

3.5.2. Biogarden and Composting Area

Biogardens play a key role in several aspects of urban sustainability. In experiential tourism, they provide visitors with a hands-on, immersive experience of sustainable agricultural practices, strengthening their connection with nature and local traditions. In terms of thermal insulation, biogardens contribute to the energy efficiency of buildings by acting as a natural layer that regulates temperature, reducing the need for artificial air conditioning systems. Furthermore, in urban agriculture, they enable communities to grow fresh food in small spaces, fostering food self-sufficiency and improving the habitability of urban areas by transforming empty spaces into productive and educational green spaces.

The modular housing has a bio-garden area, in which various agricultural species adapted to its climate and altitude are grown. The area has a high-altitude climate, with cool temperatures and a varied topography that influences the crops. The following are some species recommended for this region: lettuce (Lactuca sativa), ideal for cool climates and nutrient-rich soils; carrot (Daucus carota), requires well-drained soils and cool temperatures; mint (Mentha spp.), grows well in moist and cool soils; rue (Ruta graveolens), adapted to cool climates and is used in traditional medicine; chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), suitable for cool and dry climates.

These crops are not only suitable for the climatic conditions of Conchucos but can also contribute to the agricultural diversity and sustainability of the region (Figure 31).

3.5.3. Solar Panels on Homes

Solar panels will be implemented in luminaires within a green infrastructure proposal. They have several characteristics [53]:

Sustainability: They use clean, renewable energy from the sun, which reduces dependence on non-renewable energy sources and contributes to climate change mitigation [54].

• Sustainability: They utilize renewable and clean solar energy, reducing dependence on non-renewable energy sources and contributing to climate change mitigation [55].
• Energy Efficiency: Solar panels efficiently convert solar energy into electricity, enabling luminaires to operate with lower energy consumption [50].
• Low Maintenance: Once installed, solar panels require minimal maintenance, reducing long-term operational costs.
• Autonomy: Operating on solar power allows luminaires to function independently from the electrical grid, making them ideal for remote areas or locations without access to conventional electricity.
• Versatility: They can be adapted to various urban and rural environments, from parks and gardens to streets and squares, providing environmentally friendly lighting in diverse settings.
• Landscape Integration: Solar panels and luminaires can be designed to harmoniously integrate into natural or built environments, enhancing the aesthetic appeal of green infrastructure.

The implementation of lights with solar panels is observed along the infrastructure route (Figure 32).

• The circuit has a length of 5 km in which 200 lights with photovoltaic panels are implemented.

The implementation will be an autonomous lighting system to provide a real alternative for quality illumination during nighttime hours in streets, public spaces or common areas of the proposal. The luminaire system directly replaces Sodium, Mercury and Metal Halide luminaires, meeting Icontec, Retilap, UL and CE standards. It offers energy savings of 50 to 80% and a lifespan exceeding 10 years.

The implementation includes a high-efficiency solar panel with an LED luminaire arm, featuring a 120-lumen-per-watt LED luminaire with 120 watts of power/14400 watts of consumption, equipped with automatic on/off capabilities. It incorporates a pre-assembled solar system rack to a pole suitable for outdoor use (with a battery bank for 3 days of backup operation, control system, protections, connectors and pole fixations) (

Table 3. Monthly demand and energy efficiency of the implementation of solar panels in luminaires and contrast with conventional luminaires in the circuits.

	Conventional Solar Luminaire	Luminaire with Solar Panel	Conventional Solar Luminaire Month (30 Days)	Luminaire with Solar Panel Month (30 Days)	Amount	Conventional Solar Luminaire 20 Luminaires	Luminaire with Solar Panel 20 Luminaires
C1	120 watts/12 h	250 watts/12 h	1440	3000	200	288,000	600,000
			total			288,000	600,000

).

Electrical Characteristics:

• Lamp power: 120 w
• Luminous Intensity: 14400 Lm
• Luminous Flux: 120 L/W
• Color Temperature: 6500 K
• Energy Accumulator: Deep cycle
• Operation: 12 continuous hours
• Recommended Height: 11 to 12 m
• Distance between Posts: From 25 to 28 m
• Available in: Cool White and Warm White

The implementation of solar panels with luminaires involves installing photovoltaic systems designed to capture solar energy and convert it into electricity to power the luminaires. These high-efficiency solar panels can achieve up to 23% efficiency in converting solar energy into electricity and are strategically placed along the main circuit to maximize solar exposure during the day. This energy is then transferred to batteries or stored in an energy storage system for later use, especially during nighttime or on cloudy days when solar availability is limited.

Furthermore, their modular and versatile design allows for installation in a variety of environments, from urban to rural areas, thus contributing to sustainable lighting and reducing the consumption of non-renewable energy. The implementation of solar panels with luminaires represents an innovative and environmentally friendly solution to meet lighting needs in diverse environments, while promoting the use of clean and renewable solar energy.

4. Discussion

In an increasingly urbanized world, cities are applying nature-based solutions to develop more sustainable, resilient and healthy urban environments, thus promoting livability [56]. The self-sustainable housing of El callejón de Conchucos in conjunction with its landscape development shows essential value in urban planning and development, especially in areas vulnerable to climate change [57]. This integrated approach to development in Pomabamba aims to establish a more sustainable and just city model and to serve as a reference for other communities with similar characteristics that wish to improve the well-being of their urban environments [58]. The implementation of self-sustainable modular design strategies and the comfort of the users of rural housing that implement experiential tourism in El Callejón de Conchucos is positioned at the forefront of sustainable urban development initiatives [59].

An illustrative example is the case of housing in Nuevo Leon [60]; the study aims to demonstrate how the implementation of bioclimatic materials, proper orientation and the use of integral construction systems can favorably affect both construction and operating costs in the context of affordable mass-produced housing. This idea is summarized in the premise of the research: by increasing sustainability criteria in the design of mass housing, an improvement in socioeconomic indicators is expected. To carry out the research, two residential complexes of comparable size (64 m² of construction) were selected, and quantitative aspects, such as the physical characteristics of the dwellings, were evaluated through plans, documentation, specifications and interviews with the project managers, as well as qualitative aspects through surveys of the residents.

Sustainable housing has evolved beyond being seen simply as an “architectural style” [61]; it is now an essential part of the overall approach to project design, construction and use [62,63]. It is crucial to distinguish between terms, such as ecological, green and bioclimatic housing, among others, and the concept of “sustainability”. The latter should not only address the reduction of the ecological footprint but should also comply with social and economic criteria. Therefore, it is essential to clarify this concept in order to foster a proper understanding and propose, through clear and specific results, the benefits of these housing models. This will make it possible to better serve both the needs of users and the interests of real estate developers.

The Nuevo Leon housing study, which analyzes the impact of bioclimatic materials, proper orientation and integrated building systems on construction and operating costs, illustrates the growing importance of sustainability beyond a simple architectural style. This integrated approach seeks to improve socioeconomic indicators through greater sustainability in the mass housing design. Similarly, the self-sustainable modular design in rural housing and experiential tourism in El Callejón de Conchucos, Ancash, reinforces the idea that sustainability should encompass not only reducing the ecological footprint but also meeting social and economic criteria. These approaches reflect an evolution in the perception of sustainable housing, which is now considered an essential component in the design and use of projects, highlighting the need to clarify and disseminate these concepts to maximize their benefits for both users and developers.

In the Latin American context, rural housing in Paipa, Colombia, was proposed using the biomimetic design tool called “Biomimicry Design Spiral” [64]. Based on the understanding of the environmental limitations of the territory, solutions to problems, such as the thermoregulation of housing, according to local environmental conditions, were proposed by implementing bioclimatic strategies. A gray water treatment system based on phytodepuration was implemented using the river cactus (Eichhornia crassipes) to reduce contaminants in dishwasher water, making it possible to reuse it for irrigation. In addition, an infiltration field disperses the wastewater from the bathrooms in trenches, minimizing the environmental impact by allowing this water to function as fertilizer in the soil. In addition, an attached glass greenhouse acts as a bioclimatic strategy that provides warmth to the home and space for low-maintenance crops, alleviating costs for residents. A central courtyard serves as a gathering area and connects to the colonial architecture of the region, while an outdoor garden, nourished by treated water, enriches the local ecosystems with regional plants.

The design of rural housing in Paipa, Colombia, has integrated the biomimetic tool “Biomimicry Design Spiral” to address environmental challenges by mimicking the strategies of the Frailejón paipano in thermoregulation and sustainability. A greywater treatment system with phyto-purification using river cowslip, an infiltration field for wastewater and an attached greenhouse to generate heat and allow for low-maintenance crops were implemented, complemented by a central courtyard that connects to the colonial architecture and an outdoor garden that enhances local ecosystems. Similarly, the self-sustainable modular design in El Callejón de Conchucos, Ancash, seeks an integrated solution for rural housing and experiential tourism through modules that optimize sustainability, foster self-sufficiency and promote the economic well-being of residents. Both approaches highlight the importance of adapting innovative solutions to local environmental and cultural conditions to improve sustainability and quality of life in rural contexts.

This project as a whole demonstrates how to achieve the preservation of the local cultural and natural environment by integrating it into the urban development of El Callejón de Conchucos through an effective urban planning strategy [65]. Each proposed project seeks to be a reference in addressing the challenges of urban growth in various high Andean regions, which implies the creation of sustainable housing that is more resilient and beneficial to local communities [66,67]. Supporting green infrastructures with viable solutions in nature, reestablishing agricultural spaces, reducing land abandonment and hydrogeological instability are crucial in ever-expanding rural urban contexts [68].

5. Conclusions

The implementation of sustainable housing in Pomabamba, as well as in El Callejón de Conchucos, not only addresses the orderly expansion of the city but also promotes urban rehabilitation, the creation of green spaces and the implementation of sustainable practices and promotes cultural continuity and sustainable development. The proposal has a broad and comprehensive approach, considering both the preservation of heritage and the development of spaces for community life, mainly in educational and educational activities, as well as areas dedicated to environmental awareness and reinserted into a regional urban network, reflecting a holistic approach to the project. This perspective is key to developing a strong community identity and achieving ownership of the space. This project is an example of effective urban planning that seeks a balance between urban development and the preservation of the cultural, heritage and natural environment. In an environment of constant urban sprawl, the project presents itself as a viable and effective solution, especially by focusing the design on self-sustainable modular housing, which contributes to the balance between city growth and environmental sustainability.

The research reveals that the cases of sustainable housing and nature-based solutions vary significantly from one another, challenging preconceptions and highlighting the need to consider contextual and policy differences beyond environmental, cultural, archaeological and social factors. This article offers the opportunity to apply urban landscaping projects as an integral strategy in urban planning in El Callejón de Conchucos. The main objective of sustainable modular housing is to foster socio-ecological integration, promote social urbanism and reinforce the sense of belonging to the territory. By designing a structured network of urban areas, an essential framework is configured in the city that promotes the formation of a common social and community identity.