Building Farming Resilience to Climate Change: Upland Crop Production in Northwest Cambodia ^†

Production of upland crops such as maize, cassava, soybean, mungbean, peanut and sesame contribute importantly to Cambodia’s economy and food security, especially for those who live in the upland areas found in almost every province of Cambodia. The upland farmers are highly vulnerable to climate variability and climate change due to low adaptive capacity and high dependence on rainfed crop production for their livelihoods. This study involved in-depth review of literature, conducting on-farm experiments, downscaling climate projections from the coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) General Circulation Models (GCMs), running Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) simulations and farmer consultation to define climate impacts and explore adaptation options that could build resilience to the existing and projected climate change scenarios for upland cropping farmers in Northwest Cambodia. Insufficient water and nutrient depletion were the main production risks and yield limiting factors. On-farm adaptation options such as modifying sowing windows, including legumes in crop rotations and additional fertiliser application are likely to substantially minimise risks from climatic impacts, and increase and sustain returns. Wider adoption of conservation agriculture practices—including reduced tillage and crop residue retention, that enhance soil structure and soil water holding capacity and reduce soil erosion, should enhance productivity and incomes, while making the farming systems more resilient to the existing and projected climate variability and climate change, and other production stressors.