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Abstract

The Effects of Therapeutic Ultrasound on Breastmilk Composition: A Quasi-Experimental Pre-Post Design Study †

by
Kristin Eu
1,
Renee McGregor
1,
Stephanie Melanko
1,
Aik Ping Tay
1,
Adelle McArdle
2,
Ching Tai Lai
3,
Donna T. Geddes
3,
Patricia Gaunt
4 and
Leanda McKenna
1,*
1
Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
2
Monash Rural health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
3
School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
4
Physiotherapy Department, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the More Than Just Milk Lactation Science Symposium, Perth, Australia, 25 November 2022.
Proceedings 2023, 84(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023084011
Published: 21 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of More Than Just Milk Lactation Science Symposium)
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Therapeutic ultrasound (TUS) is the most commonly used physiotherapy treatment for inflammatory conditions of the lactating breast (ICLB) which can affect up to 33% of post-partum women. There is no literature on whether the thermal effect of TUS alters breastmilk composition. The aim of this quasi-experimental study was to determine the effect of therapeutic ultrasound (TUS) on the pre–post-session protein, fat and lactose concentration of breastmilk. During a single session conducted in an enclosed room within the community in Perth, Western Australia, TUS was applied for 10 min to the right breast. Pre- and post-TUS 5 mL expressed breastmilk samples were collected. The main outcome measured was concentration of breastmilk protein (g/L), fat (%) and lactose (g/L) before and after application of TUS. There was a significant increase in breastmilk fat concentration between measures taken pre- and post-TUS (mean difference, 1.36%; 95% CI [0.97, 1.75], p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in breastmilk protein (mean difference, −0.64; 95% CI [−1.93, 0.64], p = 0.328) or lactose concentration (mean difference, −4.77; 95% CI [−11.57, 2.03], p = 0.169) between measures taken pre- and post-TUS. In conclusion, TUS applied to the healthy lactating breast does not adversely affect the protein, fat or lactose concentrations of breastmilk. The results of this study support the use of TUS as a safe treatment option for mothers suffering from ICLB.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, K.E., R.M., S.M., A.P.T., A.M., D.T.G., P.G. and L.M.; methodology, K.E., R.M., S.M. and A.P.T.; validation, K.E., R.M., S.M. and A.P.T.; formal analysis, K.E.; resources, D.T.G. and L.M.; data curation, K.E., R.M., S.M. and A.P.T.; writing—original draft preparation, K.E., R.M., S.M. and A.P.T.; writing—review and editing, K.E., R.M., S.M., A.P.T., A.M., D.T.G., P.G. and L.M; supervision, A.M., C.T.L., D.T.G., P.G. and L.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

This study was approved by the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12621001025820p, 5 August 2021).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

Data sharing not applicable.

Acknowledgments

Angela Jacques is acknowledged for her assistance with statistical analysis.

Conflicts of Interest

D.T.G. declares participation in the Scientific Advisory Board of Medela AG. C.T.L. and D.T.G. are/were supported by an unrestricted research grant from Medela AG, administered by The University of Western Australia. Medela AG had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Eu, K.; McGregor, R.; Melanko, S.; Tay, A.P.; McArdle, A.; Lai, C.T.; Geddes, D.T.; Gaunt, P.; McKenna, L. The Effects of Therapeutic Ultrasound on Breastmilk Composition: A Quasi-Experimental Pre-Post Design Study. Proceedings 2023, 84, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023084011

AMA Style

Eu K, McGregor R, Melanko S, Tay AP, McArdle A, Lai CT, Geddes DT, Gaunt P, McKenna L. The Effects of Therapeutic Ultrasound on Breastmilk Composition: A Quasi-Experimental Pre-Post Design Study. Proceedings. 2023; 84(1):11. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023084011

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eu, Kristin, Renee McGregor, Stephanie Melanko, Aik Ping Tay, Adelle McArdle, Ching Tai Lai, Donna T. Geddes, Patricia Gaunt, and Leanda McKenna. 2023. "The Effects of Therapeutic Ultrasound on Breastmilk Composition: A Quasi-Experimental Pre-Post Design Study" Proceedings 84, no. 1: 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023084011

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