Effect of Copper Doping in Borate Bioactive Glass on Bacterial Colonization Prevention—An Insight Study on Protein/Carbohydrate Leakage for Biomedical Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Borate Bioactive Glass Synthesis
2.2. Characterization of BBG Powder
2.3. Hydroxyl Radical Generation
2.4. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
2.5. Colony-Forming Unit
2.6. Protein Discharge Assay
2.7. Carbohydrate Discharge Assay
2.8. Live/Dead Cell Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of BBG Powders Using XRD, Raman Spectroscopy, and FESEM
3.2. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Analysis
3.3. Epifluorescence Microscopy Analysis
3.4. Hydroxyl Radical Generation
3.5. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
3.6. Colony-Forming Unit (CFU)
3.7. Protein and Carbohydrate Discharge Assay
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemicals | CuNO3 (Molar Concentration) | ||
---|---|---|---|
0.25 | 0.05 | 0.01 | |
TEP | 0.54 mL | 0.54 mL | 0.54 mL |
Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) | 0.72 g | 0.72 g | 0.72 g |
Calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O) | 2.95 g | 5.31 g | 5.31 g |
Magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO3)2·6H2O) | 3.02 g | 0.64 g | 0.64 g |
Potassium nitrate (KNO3) | 1.31 g | 1.31 g | 1.31 g |
Copper nitrate (CuNO3) | 3.20 g | 0.60 g | 0.12 g |
BBG Powder | E. coli (Zone of Inhibition) | S. aureus (Zone of Inhibition) |
---|---|---|
BBG + 0.25 M Cu | 16 mm | 14 mm |
BBG + 0.05 M Cu | 10 mm | 11 mm |
BBG + 0.01 M Cu | 8 mm | 9 mm |
Undoped BBG | 4 mm | 2 mm |
BBG Concentration (M) | E. coli (CFU/µL) | S. aureus (CFU/µL) |
---|---|---|
Undoped | 2.79 | 2.67 |
0.25 | 1.11 | 1.07 |
0.05 | 2.01 | 1.33 |
0.01 | 269.0 | 2.77 |
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Sankaralingam, B.; Kaliaraj, G.S.; Rameshbabu, I.; Rajendran, P.; Amirtharaj Mosas, K.K. Effect of Copper Doping in Borate Bioactive Glass on Bacterial Colonization Prevention—An Insight Study on Protein/Carbohydrate Leakage for Biomedical Applications. J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8, 245. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070245
Sankaralingam B, Kaliaraj GS, Rameshbabu I, Rajendran P, Amirtharaj Mosas KK. Effect of Copper Doping in Borate Bioactive Glass on Bacterial Colonization Prevention—An Insight Study on Protein/Carbohydrate Leakage for Biomedical Applications. Journal of Composites Science. 2024; 8(7):245. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070245
Chicago/Turabian StyleSankaralingam, Bharath, Gobi Saravanan Kaliaraj, Isha Rameshbabu, Padmapriya Rajendran, and Kamalan Kirubaharan Amirtharaj Mosas. 2024. "Effect of Copper Doping in Borate Bioactive Glass on Bacterial Colonization Prevention—An Insight Study on Protein/Carbohydrate Leakage for Biomedical Applications" Journal of Composites Science 8, no. 7: 245. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070245