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Volume 5
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10.3390/plasma5020018
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Article

Oxidative Stress Pathways Linked to Apoptosis Induction by Low-Temperature Plasma Jet Activated Media in Bladder Cancer Cells: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study

by
Hideo Fukuhara
1,*,†,
Endre J. Szili
2,†,
Jun-Seok Oh
3,†,
Kawada Chiaki
1,
Shinkuro Yamamoto
1,
Atsushi Kurabayashi
4,
Mutsuo Furihata
4,
Masayuki Tsuda
5,
Hiroshi Furuta
6,
Howard D. Lindsay
7,
Robert D. Short
8,
Akimitsu Hatta
6 and
Keiji Inoue
1
1
Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku 783-8505, Japan
2
Future Industries Institute, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
3
Department of Physics and Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
4
Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku 783-8505, Japan
5
Division of Laboratory Animal Science, Life Sciences and Functional Materials Section, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku 783-8505, Japan
6
Department of Electronic & Photonic Systems Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Kami 782-8502, Japan
7
Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
8
Department of Chemistry and Material Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Plasma 2022, 5(2), 233-246; https://doi.org/10.3390/plasma5020018
Submission received: 9 March 2022 / Revised: 11 April 2022 / Accepted: 25 April 2022 / Published: 27 April 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Plasma Sciences)
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Abstract

Current methods used to treat non-muscle invasive bladder cancer are inadequate due to a high recurrence rate after surgery and the occurrence of adverse events such as interstitial pneumonia following intravesical instillation therapy. Low-temperature plasma is a new form of physical therapy that provides a rich source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative solutions, created by pre-treatment of aqueous media with plasma before application to target cells, lead to the destruction of cancer cells through oxidative stress pathways. This study focuses on the effects of plasma-activated media (PAM) in bladder cancer cells. PAM treatment increases oxidative stress that leads to cell cycle arrest and concomitantly depolarises the mitochondrial membrane leading to increased mitochondrial ROS production. Cell cycle arrest and increased mitochondrial ROS production led to an increase in caspase 3/cytochrome c activity, which might explain the induction of apoptosis in bladder cancer cells in vitro and in a bladder cancer tumour in vivo. These observations highlight the potential of plasma activated solutions as a new adjuvant therapy in the clinical treatment of bladder cancer.
Keywords: plasma activated media; bladder cancer; reactive oxygen species; oxidative stress; caspase 3; cytochrome c; cell cycle; tumor; plasma jet; apoptosis plasma activated media; bladder cancer; reactive oxygen species; oxidative stress; caspase 3; cytochrome c; cell cycle; tumor; plasma jet; apoptosis

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Fukuhara, H.; Szili, E.J.; Oh, J.-S.; Chiaki, K.; Yamamoto, S.; Kurabayashi, A.; Furihata, M.; Tsuda, M.; Furuta, H.; Lindsay, H.D.; et al. Oxidative Stress Pathways Linked to Apoptosis Induction by Low-Temperature Plasma Jet Activated Media in Bladder Cancer Cells: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Plasma 2022, 5, 233-246. https://doi.org/10.3390/plasma5020018

AMA Style

Fukuhara H, Szili EJ, Oh J-S, Chiaki K, Yamamoto S, Kurabayashi A, Furihata M, Tsuda M, Furuta H, Lindsay HD, et al. Oxidative Stress Pathways Linked to Apoptosis Induction by Low-Temperature Plasma Jet Activated Media in Bladder Cancer Cells: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Plasma. 2022; 5(2):233-246. https://doi.org/10.3390/plasma5020018

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fukuhara, Hideo, Endre J. Szili, Jun-Seok Oh, Kawada Chiaki, Shinkuro Yamamoto, Atsushi Kurabayashi, Mutsuo Furihata, Masayuki Tsuda, Hiroshi Furuta, Howard D. Lindsay, and et al. 2022. "Oxidative Stress Pathways Linked to Apoptosis Induction by Low-Temperature Plasma Jet Activated Media in Bladder Cancer Cells: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study" Plasma 5, no. 2: 233-246. https://doi.org/10.3390/plasma5020018

APA Style

Fukuhara, H., Szili, E. J., Oh, J.-S., Chiaki, K., Yamamoto, S., Kurabayashi, A., Furihata, M., Tsuda, M., Furuta, H., Lindsay, H. D., Short, R. D., Hatta, A., & Inoue, K. (2022). Oxidative Stress Pathways Linked to Apoptosis Induction by Low-Temperature Plasma Jet Activated Media in Bladder Cancer Cells: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Plasma, 5(2), 233-246. https://doi.org/10.3390/plasma5020018

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