Shoot Flammability Patterns in Native and Exotic Street Tree Species at the Wildland–Urban Interface of Eastern Australia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Region and Species
2.2. Shoot Collection
2.3. Measurement of Shoot Flammability and Shoot Traits
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of Shoot Flammability Attributes among Species
3.2. Relationships between Shoot Traits and Shoot Flammability
3.3. Shoot Flammability Differences between Native and Exotic Species
4. Discussion
4.1. Shoot Flammability Differences between Native and Exotic Species
4.2. The Role of Shoot Traits in Shaping Shoot Flammability Patterns
4.3. Native–Exotic Differences and Similarities in Shoot Flammability
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Common Name | Family | Status |
---|---|---|---|
Banksia integrifolia | Coastal banksia | Proteaceae | Native |
Corymbia maculata | Spotted gum | Myrtaceae | Native |
Cupaniopsis anacardioides | Tuckeroo | Sapindaceae | Native |
Fraxinus pennsylvanica | Cimmaron ash | Oleaceae | Exotic |
Jacaranda mimosifolia | Jacaranda | Bignoniaceae | Exotic |
Lophostemon confertus | Brush box | Myrtaceae | Native |
Quercus palustris | Pin oak | Fagaceae | Exotic |
Tristaniopsis laurina | Water gum | Myrtaceae | Native |
Ulmus parvifolia | Chinese elm | Ulmaceae | Exotic |
Zelkova serrata | Japanese zelkova | Ulmaceae | Exotic |
Mass | BD | Volume | BI | LI | FMC | MinST | MaxST | LA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mass | 1 | 0.66 | 0.82 | 0.58 | 0.49 | 0.29 | 0.71 | 0.84 | 0.32 |
BD | 0.008 | 1 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.34 | 0.63 | 0.58 | 0.43 | 0.02 |
Volume | 0.001 | 0.60 | 1 | 0.74 | 0.46 | −0.17 | 0.44 | 0.83 | 0.38 |
BI | 0.03 | 0.59 | 0.002 | 1 | 0.77 | −0.35 | 0.03 | 0.66 | −0.10 |
LI | 0.06 | 0.21 | 0.09 | 0.001 | 1 | −0.03 | 0.18 | 0.53 | −0.43 |
FMC | 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.54 | 0.20 | 0.91 | 1 | 0.40 | −0.03 | 0.18 |
MinST | 0.003 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.91 | 0.53 | 0.14 | 1 | 0.48 | 0.29 |
MaxST | 0.001 | 0.11 | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.04 | 0.93 | 0.07 | 1 | 0.13 |
LA | 0.25 | 0.93 | 0.16 | 0.73 | 0.11 | 0.51 | 0.29 | 0.65 | 1 |
Flammability Attribute | Term | SS | DF | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TTF | Bulk density | 1.84 | 1 | 11.78 | <0.001 |
Volume | 0.70 | 1 | 4.484 | 0.04 | |
Leafing intensity | 2.34 | 1 | 15.02 | <0.001 | |
Species | 19.56 | 9 | 13.921 | <0.001 | |
Residuals | 12.02 | 77 | |||
FD | Bulk density | 608.92 | 1 | 0.748 | 0.39 |
Species | 31,792.70 | 9 | 4.337 | <0.001 | |
Residuals | 64,351.72 | 79 | |||
nF | Leafing intensity | 1.26 | 1 | 6.765 | 0.01 |
Species | 10.26 | 9 | 6.139 | <0.001 | |
Residuals | 14.67 | 79 | |||
FT | Leafing intensity | 36,205.76 | 1 | 4.802 | 0.03 |
Fuel moisture content | 36,036.10 | 1 | 4.780 | 0.03 | |
Min. stem thickness | 33,367.43 | 1 | 4.426 | 0.04 | |
Species | 222,285.40 | 9 | 3.276 | 0.002 | |
Residuals | 580,503.90 | 77 |
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Huber-Smith, N.K.; Morley, E.S.; Krix, D.W.; Murray, M.L.; Webb, J.K.; Martin, L.J.; Young, K.; McLean, C.M.; Hingee, M.C.; Murray, B.R. Shoot Flammability Patterns in Native and Exotic Street Tree Species at the Wildland–Urban Interface of Eastern Australia. Fire 2023, 6, 440. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6110440
Huber-Smith NK, Morley ES, Krix DW, Murray ML, Webb JK, Martin LJ, Young K, McLean CM, Hingee MC, Murray BR. Shoot Flammability Patterns in Native and Exotic Street Tree Species at the Wildland–Urban Interface of Eastern Australia. Fire. 2023; 6(11):440. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6110440
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuber-Smith, Nicola K., Elisabeth S. Morley, Daniel W. Krix, Megan L. Murray, Jonathan K. Webb, Leigh J. Martin, Kieran Young, Christopher M. McLean, Matthew C. Hingee, and Brad R. Murray. 2023. "Shoot Flammability Patterns in Native and Exotic Street Tree Species at the Wildland–Urban Interface of Eastern Australia" Fire 6, no. 11: 440. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6110440