Firefighter Stress, Anxiety, and Diminished Compliance-Oriented Safety Behaviors: Consequences of Passive Safety Leadership in the Fire Service?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n (%) | |
---|---|
Gender | |
Male | 707 (97%) |
Female | 25 (3%) |
Race | |
Black or African American | 110 (16%) |
Asian | 42 (6%) |
American Indian or Alaskan Native | 11 (2%) |
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 13 (2%) |
White | 427 (61%) |
Other | 100 (14%) |
Hispanic/Latino Ethnicity | |
Yes | 112 (15%) |
No | 612 (85%) |
Marital Status | |
Single | 132 (18%) |
Divorced/Separated | 52 (7%) |
Widowed | 1 (0.1%) |
Married/Living w/Partner | 547 (75%) |
Education | |
Some High School | 1 (0.1%) |
High School Graduate or GRE | 38 (5%) |
Some College/Technical/Vocational Training | 235 (32%) |
Associate Degree | 219 (30%) |
Bachelor’s Degree | 220 (30%) |
Postgraduate Coursework or Degree | 23 (3%) |
Rank | |
Firefighter | 488 (67%) |
Company Officer | 239 (33%) |
Tenure (Years with Department) | |
Less than 1 | 40 (6%) |
1 to 3 | 102 (14%) |
4 to 9 | 179 (24%) |
10 to 15 | 177 (24%) |
16 to 20 | 35 (5%) |
21 to 25 | 124 (17%) |
More than 25 | 74 (10%) |
Passive Leadership | Stress | Anxiety | Safety Compliance | PPE Behaviors | |
Items (#) | 3 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 3 |
Cronbach’s α | 0.75 | 0.91 | 0.83 | 0.91 | 0.76 |
Mean | 2.39 | 1.90 | 1.43 | 4.25 | 4.64 |
SD | 0.88 | 0.93 | 0.75 | 0.67 | 0.73 |
Skewness | 0.55 | 1.17 | 2.38 | −2.01 | −2.94 |
Kurtosis | 0.46 | 0.94 | 6.38 | 6.55 | 9.55 |
Passive Leadership | 1.00 | ||||
Stress | 0.14 | 1.00 | |||
Anxiety | 0.06 | 0.44 | 1.00 | ||
Safety Compliance | −0.03 | −0.20 | −0.44 | 1.00 | |
PPE Behaviors | −0.03 | −0.19 | −0.44 | 0.60 | 1.00 |
Path | Unstandardized Path Coefficient | SE | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Passive Safety Leadership → Stress | 0.15 | 0.04 | 3.80 | <0.001 |
Stress → Anxiety | 0.36 | 0.03 | 13.05 | <0.001 |
Anxiety → Safety Compliance | −0.39 | 0.03 | −13.16 | <0.001 |
Anxiety → PPE Behavior 1 | −0.43 | 0.03 | −13.97 | <0.001 |
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Smith, T.D.; Dyal, M.-A.; DeJoy, D.M. Firefighter Stress, Anxiety, and Diminished Compliance-Oriented Safety Behaviors: Consequences of Passive Safety Leadership in the Fire Service? Fire 2023, 6, 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6060241
Smith TD, Dyal M-A, DeJoy DM. Firefighter Stress, Anxiety, and Diminished Compliance-Oriented Safety Behaviors: Consequences of Passive Safety Leadership in the Fire Service? Fire. 2023; 6(6):241. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6060241
Chicago/Turabian StyleSmith, Todd D., Mari-Amanda Dyal, and David M. DeJoy. 2023. "Firefighter Stress, Anxiety, and Diminished Compliance-Oriented Safety Behaviors: Consequences of Passive Safety Leadership in the Fire Service?" Fire 6, no. 6: 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6060241