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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Thermomechanical Treatment of SRF for Enhanced Fuel Properties

by
Rostislav Prokeš
1,*,
Jan Diviš
2,
Jiří Ryšavý
3,
Lucie Jezerská
1,
Łukasz Niedźwiecki
4,5,
David Patiño Vilas
6,
Krzysztof Mościcki
5,
Agata Mlonka-Mędrala
7,
Wei-Mon Yan
8,9,
David Žurovec
2 and
Jakub Čespiva
3
1
ENET Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VSB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
2
Department of Mining Engineering and Safety, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VSB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
3
Energy Research Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VSB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
4
Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Calepina 14, 38122 Trento, Italy
5
Department of Energy Conversion Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Stanisława Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
6
Research Center in Technologies, Energy and Industrial Processes, Grupo de Tecnología Energética (GTE), Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain
7
Department of Thermal and Fluid Flow Machines, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 40-053 Kraków, Poland
8
Department of Energy and Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Zhongxiao East Road, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
9
Research Centre of Energy Conservation for New Generation of Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Sectors, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Zhongxiao East Road, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Fire 2025, 8(2), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8020057
Submission received: 2 January 2025 / Revised: 23 January 2025 / Accepted: 28 January 2025 / Published: 29 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermochemical Conversion Systems)
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Abstract

Solid recovered fuel (SRF) is highly suited for thermal treatment, but its low bulk density and other physical properties limit the number of compatible energy systems that can effectively process it. This study presents the findings on SRF energy utilisation, focusing on mechanical treatment and a novel approach to its small-scale co-combustion with certified softwood (SW) pellets and catalytic flue gas control. In this study, the processes of certified SRF feedstock characterisation and mechanical treatment were thoroughly examined. Unique SRF pellets of proper mechanical properties were experimentally prepared for real-scale experiments. Mechanical and chemical properties, such as mechanical resilience, toughness, moisture and heating value, were examined and compared with standard SW A1 class pellets. The prepared SRF pellets possessed an energy density of 30.5 MJ∙kg–1, meeting the strict requirements from multiple perspectives. The influence of pelletisation temperature on pellet quality was investigated. It was found that increased resilience and a water content of 1.59% were achieved at a process temperature equal to 75 °C. Moreover, the moisture resilience was found to be significantly better (0.5 vs. 14.23%) compared with commercial SW pellets, while the hardness and durability values were reasonably similar: 40.7 vs. 45.2 kg and 98.74 vs. 98.99%, respectively. This study demonstrates that SRF pellets, with their improved mechanical and energy properties, are a viable alternative fuel, from a technical standpoint, which can be fully utilised in existing combustion units.
Keywords: waste management; alternative fuel; SRF; pelletisation; energy density; material characterisation waste management; alternative fuel; SRF; pelletisation; energy density; material characterisation
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MDPI and ACS Style

Prokeš, R.; Diviš, J.; Ryšavý, J.; Jezerská, L.; Niedźwiecki, Ł.; Vilas, D.P.; Mościcki, K.; Mlonka-Mędrala, A.; Yan, W.-M.; Žurovec, D.; et al. Thermomechanical Treatment of SRF for Enhanced Fuel Properties. Fire 2025, 8, 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8020057

AMA Style

Prokeš R, Diviš J, Ryšavý J, Jezerská L, Niedźwiecki Ł, Vilas DP, Mościcki K, Mlonka-Mędrala A, Yan W-M, Žurovec D, et al. Thermomechanical Treatment of SRF for Enhanced Fuel Properties. Fire. 2025; 8(2):57. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8020057

Chicago/Turabian Style

Prokeš, Rostislav, Jan Diviš, Jiří Ryšavý, Lucie Jezerská, Łukasz Niedźwiecki, David Patiño Vilas, Krzysztof Mościcki, Agata Mlonka-Mędrala, Wei-Mon Yan, David Žurovec, and et al. 2025. "Thermomechanical Treatment of SRF for Enhanced Fuel Properties" Fire 8, no. 2: 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8020057

APA Style

Prokeš, R., Diviš, J., Ryšavý, J., Jezerská, L., Niedźwiecki, Ł., Vilas, D. P., Mościcki, K., Mlonka-Mędrala, A., Yan, W.-M., Žurovec, D., & Čespiva, J. (2025). Thermomechanical Treatment of SRF for Enhanced Fuel Properties. Fire, 8(2), 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8020057

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