Pottery of Early Iron Age from the Glinjeni II-La Șanț (North-Western Pontic Sea Region): Composition, Technology and Raw Material Sources
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials–Characterization of Site and Sampling Strategy
2.2. Methods
- Nature and characteristics of non-plastic inclusions: mineral compositions, percent, size, shape and distribution of separate particles.
- Textural and optical characteristics of clay matrix (birefringence, color).
- Shape, amount and orientation of voids.
- Particulars of surface treatment and decoration.
- Mineral composition of ceramic matrix.
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Glinjeni II-La Șanț Fortified Ssettlement
Appendix A.2. Glinjeni II-La Șanț, Sampled Ceramics
References
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Sample No. | Reference Code of the Depository | Kind of Feature; Trench, Sector; Depth (m), Position | Archaeological Culture; Dating of Sampled Ceramics | Vessel Form; Measurement (cm) | Colour Outer/Inner Surface | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hlinjeni 1 | Гл II-90, P I, кв. НО I, II,пл./ шт. 5 | Cultural layer; I, sq. Н,О -I,II; layer 5 (ca. 1 m) | Cozia-Saharna culture; 10th–9th cent. BC | Bowl; type I; Dr. ca. 22–24 | Dark and light gray, smoothed/ black, polished (burnished) | ||||||||
Hlinjeni 2 | Гл II-89, P-I, яма 36 | Pit No. 36; I; sq. Б,В-9; undetermined | Cozia-Saharna culture; 10th–9th cent. BC | Beaker | Dark gray, spotted/dark gray, good polished (burnished) | ||||||||
Hlinjeni 3 | Гл II-89, P. I, кв. Л-М 3; 4; 5, пл./шт. 4 | Cultural layer; I; sq. Л,М- 3,4,5; layer 4 (ca. 0.60–0.80 m) | Basarabi-Șoldănești culture; 8th–beginning of 7th cent. BC | Jug (or small pot with high neck) | Black/ black | ||||||||
Hlinjeni 4 | Гл II-89, P. I, кв. В-9, пл./шт. 2 | Cultural layer; I; sq. В-9; layer 2 (ca. 0.20–0.40 m) | Cozia-Saharna culture; 10th–9th cent. BC | Pot with short neck; type III | Light gray-orange/gray-orange, polished (burnished) | ||||||||
Hlinjeni 5 | Гл II-89, P. I, кв. А-10, пл./шт. 2 | Cultural layer; I; sq. А-10; layer 2 (ca. 0.20–0.40 m) | Basarabi-Șoldănești culture; 8th–beginning of 7th cent. BC | Indeterminable type: jug or small pot with high neck (?) | Black/light gray, polished (burnished) | ||||||||
Hlinjeni 6 | Гл II-89, P. I, яма 18 | Pit No. 18; I; sq. З,Ж-7,8; undetermined | Cozia-Saharna culture; 10th–9th cent. BC | Indeterminable type: small pot with high neck (?) | Gray-orange/gray, polished (burnished) | ||||||||
Hlinjeni 7 | Гл II-89, P. I, яма 18 | Pit No. 18; I; sq. З,Ж-7,8; undetermined | Cozia-Saharna culture; 10th–9th cent. BC | Pot with short neck; type III oder type IV | Gray-orange/black gray-orange, spotted | ||||||||
Hlinjeni 8 | Гл II-89, P. I | Cultural layer; I; undetermined | Cozia-Saharna culture; 10th–9th cent. BC | Cup, Type I; H 6,6, Dr 7,5, Db 8,6, Dbt 4,3 | Black gray/black gray, polished (burnished) | ||||||||
Hlinjeni 9 | Гл II-89, P. I, кв. Л-М 4, пл./ шт. 5 | Cultural layer; I; sq. Л,М-4; layer 5 (ca. 0.80–1.00 m) | Cozia-Saharna culture; 10th–9th cent. BC | Pot with short neck; type III | Gray-orange/black gray, polished (burnished) | ||||||||
Hlinjeni 10 | л II-90, P. I, кв. ВГ-I, пл./шт. 3 | Cultural layer; I; sq. В,Г-I; layer 3 (ca. 0.40–0.60 m) | Basarabi-Șoldănești culture; 8th–beginning of 7th cent. BC | Jug | Black/dark gray | ||||||||
Hlinjeni 11 | Гл II-90, P. I, яма 144, днo | Pit No. 144; sq. А,Б-12,13; I; pits bottom (1.65 m) | Cozia-Saharna culture; 10th–9th cent. BC | Pot with high neck; type I | Black/light orange | ||||||||
Hlinjeni 12 | Гл II-90, P. I, кв. Г-5, пл./шт. 2 | Cultural layer; I; sq. Г-5; layer 2 (ca. 0.20-0.40 m) | Cozia-Saharna culture; 10th–9th cent. BC | Indeterminable type: big cup (?); type I | Black/dark gray-orange, polished (burnished) | ||||||||
Hlinjeni 13 | Гл II-90, P. I, кв. Б-4, пл./шт. 4 | Cultural layer; I; sq. Б-4; layer 4 (ca. 0.60-0.80 m) | Basarabi-Șoldănești culture; 8th–beginning of 7th cent. BC | Bowl; Type I | Gray-orange/black | ||||||||
Hlinjeni 14 | Гл II-90, P. I, кв. Д-5, пл./шт. 3 | Cultural layer; I; sq. Д-5; layer 3 (ca. 0.40-0.60 m) | Cozia-Saharna culture; 10th–9th cent. BC | Indeterminable type: pot with high neck (?) | Orange/orange, polished (burnished | ||||||||
Hlinjeni 15 | Гл II-89, P. I, яма 18 | Pit No. 18; sq. З,Ж-7,8; I; undetermined | Cozia-Saharna culture; 10th–9th cent. BC | Jar; type II | Dark gray-orange, spotted/ dark gray-orange, spotted | ||||||||
Hlinjeni 16 | л II-90, P. I, яма 126 | Pit No. 126; I; sq. а,А-5,6; undetermined | Cozia-Saharna culture; 10th–9th cent. BC | Pot with high neck; type II | Black/dark gray, good polished (burnished) | ||||||||
Hlinjeni 17 | Гл II-89, P. I, р.с. 3 | Cultural layer; I; undetermined | Cozia-Saharna culture; 10th–9th cent. BC | Cup; type III | Dark gray-orange, spotted/ black, spotted | ||||||||
Hlinjeni 18 | Гл II-89, P. I, яма 14 | Pit No. 14; sq. А,Б-11; I; undetermined | Cozia-Saharna culture; 10th–9th cent. BC | Pot with high neck; type I | Dark and light gray/dark gray, polished (burnished) | ||||||||
Hlinjeni 19 | Гл II-90, P. I, яма 126 | Pit No. 126; sq. а,А-5,6; I; undetermined | Basarabi-Șoldănești culture; 8th–beginning of 7th cent. BC | Pot with high neck | Dark gray/gray, polished (burnished | ||||||||
Hlinjeni 20 | Гл II-90, P. I | Cultural layer; I; undetermined | Basarabi-Șoldănești culture; 8th–beginning of 7th cent. BC | Indeterminable type: pot with high neck (?) | Gray/light gray | ||||||||
Sample No. | Technique/ Pattern of Ornamentation | Incrustation | Photography/ Drawing | Sampled Part of Vessel | ANALYZES | ||||||||
WD-XRF (SPb) * | m-CT (SPb) | Porosity | Rest/ org. Mass | Thin Section | XRD | DTA | EDX | Comments Chemistry | |||||
Hlinjeni 1 | Fluted/geometric | No | Yes/no | Rim | Done | Done | Done | Rest | Done | Done | |||
Hlinjeni 2 | Incised/geometric | No | Yes/no | Wall | Done | Done | Done | Rest | Done | Done | Done | SEM-EDX | |
Hlinjeni 3 | Incised/geometric | Yes | Yes/Yes | Wall | Done | Done | Done | Rest | Done | Done | Done | Done | SEM-EDX |
Hlinjeni 4 | Relief/vertically rectangular moulded knob | No | Yes/no | Rim and wall | Done | Done | Done | Rest | Done | Done | Done | SEM-EDX | |
Hlinjeni 5 | Fine toothed and S-like stamps/geometric | No | Yes/ Yes | Wall | Done | Done | Done | Rest | Done | Done | Done | Done | |
Hlinjeni 6 | Incised/geometric | No | Yes/no | Wall | Done | Done | Done | Rest | Done | ||||
Hlinjeni 7 | Relief/high roller | No | Yes/no | Wall | Done | Done | Done | Rest | Done | Done | |||
Hlinjeni 8 | Incised/geometric | No | Yes/Yes | Rim and wall | Done | Done | Done | 3.5 | Done | ||||
Hlinjeni 9 | Relief/vertically rectangular moulded knob | No | Yes/no | Rim | Done | Done | Done | Rest | Done | Done | |||
Hlinjeni 10 | Fine toothed stamp, fluted/geometric | Yes | Yes/Yes | Wall | Done | Done | Done | Rest | Done | Done | Done | Done | SEM-EDX; TG-DTA |
Hlinjeni 11 | Incised/geometric | No | Yes/Yes | Wall | Done | Done | Done | Small | Done | Done | |||
Hlinjeni 12 | Fine toothed and S-like stamps/geometric | No | Yes/no | Wall | Done | Done | Done | 4.2 | Done | Done | SEM-EDX | ||
Hlinjeni 13 | Fluted | No | Yes/no | Rim | Done | Done | 5.6 | Done | |||||
Hlinjeni 14 | W-like stamp/geometric | No | Yes/no | Wall | Done | Done | Done | Rest | Done | Done | |||
Hlinjeni 15 | Relief/vertically rectangular moulded knob | No | Yes/no | Rim and wall | Done | Done | Done | Rest | Done | Done | |||
Hlinjeni 16 | Fine toothed stamp/geometric | No | Yes/Yes | Wall | Done | Done | Done | Rest | Done | Done | SEM-EDX | ||
Hlinjeni 17 | Incised/geometric | No | Yes/Yes | Wall | Done | Done | Done | 3.5 | Done | Done | |||
Hlinjeni 18 | Incised/geometric | No | Yes/Yes | Wall | Done | Done | 18.4 | Done | |||||
Hlinjeni 19 | Fluted | No | Yes/Yes | Wall | Done | Done | Done | Rest | Done | ||||
Hlinjeni 20 | Incised/geometric | No | Yes/no | Wall | Done | Done | Done | Rest | Done | Done |
Sample | (%) SiO2 | TiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MnO | MgO | CaO | Na2O | K2O | P2O5 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hligeni | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 62.73 | 0.762 | 14.12 | 5.01 | 0.10 | 2.01 | 8.87 | 0.38 | 2.96 | 0.41 | ||||||||||||
2 | 61.24 | 0.777 | 14.44 | 5.38 | 0.09 | 2.03 | 8.15 | 0.30 | 2.90 | 0.25 | ||||||||||||
3 | 67.55 | 0.832 | 14.10 | 5.85 | 0.08 | 1.75 | 1.94 | 0.38 | 2.87 | 0.17 | ||||||||||||
4 | 71.14 | 0.752 | 13.19 | 5.32 | 0.10 | 1.51 | 3.00 | 0.50 | 2.74 | 0.30 | ||||||||||||
5 | 72.01 | 0.783 | 12.95 | 5.28 | 0.09 | 1.64 | 2.90 | 0.45 | 2.69 | 0.53 | ||||||||||||
6 | 65.36 | 0.795 | 15.27 | 5.64 | 0.09 | 1.96 | 6.76 | 0.32 | 3.08 | 0.50 | ||||||||||||
7 | 64.25 | 0.786 | 13.21 | 5.17 | 0.08 | 1.62 | 2.93 | 0.43 | 3.13 | 0.40 | ||||||||||||
8 | 62.54 | 0.741 | 14.79 | 5.33 | 0.07 | 2.48 | 6.60 | 0.35 | 3.84 | 0.30 | ||||||||||||
9 | 64.52 | 0.848 | 15.33 | 6.13 | 0.06 | 2.22 | 2.64 | 0.35 | 3.14 | 0.26 | ||||||||||||
10 | 62.41 | 0.871 | 17.47 | 6.05 | 0.09 | 2.08 | 4.31 | 0.75 | 2.82 | 0.55 | ||||||||||||
11 | 64.23 | 0.834 | 15.86 | 6.18 | 0.09 | 2.15 | 1.26 | 0.40 | 3.87 | 0.62 | ||||||||||||
12 | 66.90 | 0.811 | 14.31 | 5.83 | 0.09 | 1.84 | 5.80 | 0.40 | 2.98 | 0.38 | ||||||||||||
13 | 62.34 | 0.823 | 14.82 | 5.39 | 0.06 | 1.88 | 3.16 | 0.50 | 3.32 | 0.37 | ||||||||||||
14 | 65.36 | 0.763 | 15.01 | 6.21 | 0.11 | 1.93 | 2.89 | 0.40 | 3.69 | 0.47 | ||||||||||||
15 | 64.47 | 0.820 | 14.73 | 5.79 | 0.08 | 2.12 | 4.86 | 0.30 | 3.34 | 0.34 | ||||||||||||
16 | 65.35 | 0.766 | 15.45 | 5.29 | 0.07 | 2.15 | 4.17 | 0.45 | 3.57 | 0.21 | ||||||||||||
17 | 64.49 | 0.816 | 14.02 | 5.85 | 0.10 | 1.57 | 3.20 | 0.40 | 2.76 | 0.26 | ||||||||||||
18 | 67.28 | 0.875 | 14.84 | 6.47 | 0.10 | 2.27 | 3.05 | 0.36 | 3.45 | 0.50 | ||||||||||||
19 | 63.98 | 0.816 | 14.69 | 5.49 | 0.07 | 1.84 | 3.49 | 0.50 | 3.31 | 0.51 | ||||||||||||
20 | 66.08 | 0.802 | 14.55 | 5.79 | 0.06 | 1.84 | 3.18 | 0.50 | 3.30 | 0.27 | ||||||||||||
Clay_Dniester | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1-Clay | 72.54 | 0.975 | 14.38 | 3.66 | 0.09 | 1.88 | 1.85 | 0.90 | 2.13 | 0.18 | ||||||||||||
2-Clay | 73.80 | 0.931 | 14.27 | 3.42 | 0.10 | 1.87 | 1.05 | 0.84 | 2.11 | 0.17 | ||||||||||||
3-Clay | 61.60 | 0.793 | 10.60 | 2.45 | 0.12 | 2.49 | 15.42 | 2.02 | 2.50 | 1.01 | ||||||||||||
4-Clay | 73.29 | 0.866 | 14.34 | 3.38 | 0.07 | 1.84 | 1.58 | 0.74 | 2.15 | 0.23 | ||||||||||||
5-Clay | 72.88 | 0.928 | 14.82 | 3.48 | 0.09 | 1.80 | 1.72 | 0.48 | 2.13 | 0.19 | ||||||||||||
6-Clay | 64.99 | 1.406 | 13.90 | 5.32 | 0.16 | 3.58 | 6.72 | 0.29 | 2.49 | 0.08 | ||||||||||||
7-Clay | 68.68 | 0.970 | 12.67 | 3.27 | 0.08 | 2.36 | 6.66 | 1.87 | 2.12 | 0.20 | ||||||||||||
8-Clay | 67.97 | 0.941 | 14.70 | 3.72 | 0.10 | 2.31 | 6.17 | 0.57 | 2.21 | 0.18 | ||||||||||||
9-Clay | 64.53 | 1.102 | 16.35 | 5.47 | 0.07 | 2.56 | 5.24 | 0.71 | 3.08 | 0.08 | ||||||||||||
10-Clay | 64.92 | 1.208 | 16.20 | 5.25 | 0.08 | 2.38 | 6.89 | 0.75 | 3.05 | 0.10 | ||||||||||||
Sample | ppm V | Cr | Ni | Cu | Zn | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Ba | La | Pb | |||||||||
Hligeni | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 108 | 106 | 51 | 25 | 99 | 108 | 243 | 36 | 193 | 17 | 649 | 32 | 20 | |||||||||
2 | 125 | 125 | 52 | 24 | 96 | 106 | 177 | 30 | 188 | 17 | 718 | 15 | 25 | |||||||||
3 | 111 | 114 | 48 | 20 | 101 | 106 | 132 | 34 | 230 | 16 | 701 | 20 | 17 | |||||||||
4 | 101 | 116 | 61 | 21 | 88 | 100 | 128 | 32 | 278 | 18 | 697 | 43 | 20 | |||||||||
5 | 115 | 110 | 44 | 24 | 96 | 109 | 181 | 37 | 249 | 16 | 777 | 40 | 20 | |||||||||
6 | 135 | 124 | 57 | 25 | 102 | 123 | 204 | 31 | 219 | 17 | 732 | 43 | 18 | |||||||||
7 | 104 | 125 | 54 | 26 | 96 | 103 | 190 | 32 | 208 | 16 | 959 | 41 | 18 | |||||||||
8 | 95 | 95 | 51 | 25 | 97 | 108 | 198 | 28 | 179 | 15 | 722 | 39 | 21 | |||||||||
9 | 120 | 117 | 61 | 26 | 107 | 129 | 144 | 26 | 192 | 16 | 633 | 27 | 18 | |||||||||
10 | 125 | 168 | 75 | 29 | 122 | 115 | 260 | 33 | 192 | 18 | 823 | 44 | 25 | |||||||||
11 | 155 | 123 | 58 | 37 | 115 | 126 | 165 | 32 | 167 | 17 | 733 | 33 | 21 | |||||||||
12 | 129 | 170 | 60 | 36 | 150 | 105 | 164 | 29 | 233 | 18 | 716 | 46 | 27 | |||||||||
13 | 130 | 131 | 47 | 37 | 115 | 105 | 198 | 25 | 215 | 17 | 696 | 45 | 22 | |||||||||
14 | 128 | 130 | 59 | 28 | 109 | 128 | 173 | 34 | 199 | 16 | 688 | 41 | 22 | |||||||||
15 | 131 | 108 | 53 | 28 | 119 | 118 | 195 | 37 | 200 | 17 | 830 | 32 | 19 | |||||||||
16 | 121 | 123 | 55 | 24 | 94 | 120 | 167 | 31 | 220 | 16 | 460 | 32 | 22 | |||||||||
17 | 132 | 112 | 52 | 26 | 99 | 124 | 166 | 33 | 195 | 12 | 694 | 44 | 24 | |||||||||
18 | 152 | 145 | 64 | 29 | 104 | 115 | 170 | 34 | 254 | 21 | 837 | 47 | 23 | |||||||||
19 | 128 | 124 | 49 | 27 | 100 | 103 | 205 | 34 | 246 | 18 | 500 | 31 | 18 | |||||||||
20 | 127 | 125 | 57 | 23 | 98 | 114 | 141 | 32 | 265 | 17 | 456 | 33 | 18 | |||||||||
Clay_Dniester | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1-Clay | 79 | 111 | 39 | 38 | 70 | 105 | 130 | 30 | 355 | 15 | 515 | 51 | 21 | |||||||||
2-Clay | 95 | 80 | 42 | 28 | 77 | 97 | 123 | 32 | 350 | 16 | 482 | 52 | 19 | |||||||||
3-Clay | 32 | 66 | 33 | 27 | 96 | 69 | 240 | 25 | 264 | 12 | 495 | 16 | 13 | |||||||||
4-Clay | 100 | 80 | 35 | 31 | 69 | 87 | 121 | 28 | 359 | 13 | 448 | 44 | 21 | |||||||||
5-Clay | 71 | 79 | 39 | 28 | 69 | 89 | 111 | 27 | 291 | 14 | 517 | 15 | 20 | |||||||||
6-Clay | 126 | 98 | 53 | 120 | 52 | 117 | 222 | 37 | 348 | 8 | 673 | 96 | 24 | |||||||||
7-Clay | 76 | 88 | 35 | 36 | 65 | 93 | 257 | 30 | 309 | 13 | 593 | 70 | 17 | |||||||||
8-Clay | 92 | 96 | 41 | 28 | 70 | 93 | 127 | 28 | 223 | 12 | 478 | 38 | 13 | |||||||||
9-Clay | 122 | 123 | 66 | 56 | 101 | 146 | 224 | 29 | 150 | 12 | 449 | 44 | 21 | |||||||||
10-Clay | 115 | 119 | 65 | 65 | 112 | 153 | 240 | 22 | 181 | 14 | 420 | 51 | 18 |
Sample | SEM-EDX | XRD |
---|---|---|
#2 | smectite, illite, glauconite, calcite, quartz, microcline, zircon (Hf), titanomagnetite, apatite (Ce,Nb), rutile. | No data |
#3 | smectite, illite, glauconite, calcite, quartz, titanomagnetite, rutile, chromite, celsian barite | No data |
#4 | smectite, glauconite, calcite, quartz, titanomagnetite, rutile + magnetite, chromite, celsian barite, apatite, zircon (Sc, Y, Hf), monazite. | No data |
#10 | smectite, glauconite, chlorite, titanomagnetite, zircon, kaolinite, phlogopite, gadolinite, monazite | quartz (54%), mica/illite (26%), albite (11%),calcite (7%), microcline (1%), amphibole (less than 1%) |
#12 | smectite, glauconite, quartz, calcite, zircon, titanomagnetite, magnetite, rutile | No data |
#16 | smectite, glauconite, calcite, rutile, microcline, zircon (Hf) | No data |
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Kulkova, M.A.; Kashuba, M.T.; Kulkov, A.M.; Vetrova, M.N. Pottery of Early Iron Age from the Glinjeni II-La Șanț (North-Western Pontic Sea Region): Composition, Technology and Raw Material Sources. Heritage 2021, 4, 2853-2875. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040160
Kulkova MA, Kashuba MT, Kulkov AM, Vetrova MN. Pottery of Early Iron Age from the Glinjeni II-La Șanț (North-Western Pontic Sea Region): Composition, Technology and Raw Material Sources. Heritage. 2021; 4(4):2853-2875. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040160
Chicago/Turabian StyleKulkova, Marianna A., Maya T. Kashuba, Aleksandr M. Kulkov, and Maria N. Vetrova. 2021. "Pottery of Early Iron Age from the Glinjeni II-La Șanț (North-Western Pontic Sea Region): Composition, Technology and Raw Material Sources" Heritage 4, no. 4: 2853-2875. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040160