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AgriEngineering
Volume 7
Issue 2
10.3390/agriengineering7020034
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

An Integrated Statistical, Geostatistical and Hydrogeological Approach for Assessing and Modelling Groundwater Salinity and Quality in Nile Delta Aquifer

by
Sameh Shaddad
1,*,
Annamaria Castrignanò
2,
Diego Di Curzio
3,
Sergio Rusi
2,
Hend S. Abu Salem
4 and
Ahmed M. Nosair
5
1
Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
2
Department of Engineering and Geology (InGeo), Gabriele D’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
3
Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
4
Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
5
Environmental Geophysics Lab (ZEGL), Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
AgriEngineering 2025, 7(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7020034
Submission received: 6 December 2024 / Revised: 19 January 2025 / Accepted: 28 January 2025 / Published: 31 January 2025
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

The phenomenon of seawater intrusion is becoming increasingly problematic, particularly in low-lying coastal regions and areas that rely heavily on aquifers for their freshwater supply. It is, therefore, vital to address the causes and consequences of this phenomenon in order to ensure the security of water resources and the sustainable use of water. The objective of this paper was twofold: firstly, to delineate zones with different salinization levels over time; secondly, to investigate the factors controlling seawater intrusion of the Nile Delta aquifer. Aquifer data were collected in Sharkia governorate, Egypt, over three historical periods of years: 1996, 2007, and 2018. The dataset used to create the linear model of coregionalization consisted of hydrogeological (water level), hydrodynamic (pH, EC, Na, Mg, K, Ca, HCO3, SO4), and auxiliary (distances from salt and freshwater sources) variables. Cokriging was applied to produce spatial thematic maps of the studied variables for the three years of the survey. In addition, factorial cokriging was applied to understand the processes beyond the change in the aquifer water quality and map the zones with similar characteristics. Results of mapping the first factor at long range over the three years indicated that there was an increase in seawater intrusion, especially in the northeastern part of the study area. The main cause of aquifer salinization over time was the depletion of the groundwater resource due to overexploitation.
Keywords: seawater intrusion; Nile Delta aquifer; multivariate geostatistics; groundwater salinity modeling seawater intrusion; Nile Delta aquifer; multivariate geostatistics; groundwater salinity modeling

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MDPI and ACS Style

Shaddad, S.; Castrignanò, A.; Di Curzio, D.; Rusi, S.; Abu Salem, H.S.; Nosair, A.M. An Integrated Statistical, Geostatistical and Hydrogeological Approach for Assessing and Modelling Groundwater Salinity and Quality in Nile Delta Aquifer. AgriEngineering 2025, 7, 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7020034

AMA Style

Shaddad S, Castrignanò A, Di Curzio D, Rusi S, Abu Salem HS, Nosair AM. An Integrated Statistical, Geostatistical and Hydrogeological Approach for Assessing and Modelling Groundwater Salinity and Quality in Nile Delta Aquifer. AgriEngineering. 2025; 7(2):34. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7020034

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shaddad, Sameh, Annamaria Castrignanò, Diego Di Curzio, Sergio Rusi, Hend S. Abu Salem, and Ahmed M. Nosair. 2025. "An Integrated Statistical, Geostatistical and Hydrogeological Approach for Assessing and Modelling Groundwater Salinity and Quality in Nile Delta Aquifer" AgriEngineering 7, no. 2: 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7020034

APA Style

Shaddad, S., Castrignanò, A., Di Curzio, D., Rusi, S., Abu Salem, H. S., & Nosair, A. M. (2025). An Integrated Statistical, Geostatistical and Hydrogeological Approach for Assessing and Modelling Groundwater Salinity and Quality in Nile Delta Aquifer. AgriEngineering, 7(2), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7020034

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