Hydrogen Production from Wave Power Farms to Refuel Hydrogen-Powered Ships in the Mediterranean Sea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Motivation
1.2. Literature Review and Contribution
- Identification of Favorable Locations: We highlight optimal sites within the Mediterranean Sea for establishing wave-power-based green hydrogen refueling stations (WHRS).
- Techno-economic Feasibility Study: We evaluate the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) generated using wave power within the Mediterranean Sea, analyzing the economic feasibility and investment prospects of such initiatives. Furthermore, we estimate the feasibility of hydrogen-powered ships, from the ship owner perspective.
- Strategic Perspectives and Sensitivity Analysis: We explore the broader implications of integrating WHRS within the Mediterranean context, including a sensitivity analysis that correlates the LCOH with the capital expenditures (CAPEX), efficiency, and lifespan of wave power farms.
2. Description of the Installations
2.1. Wave Power Farm
2.2. Electrolysis Facility
2.3. Selection of Locations
- Firstly, the site should possess a high wave energy potential to maximize hydrogen production and reduce its levelized cost.
- Secondly, the refueling station should offer easy access for vessels navigating in the Mediterranean Sea. Furthermore, it should be strategically located at a major junction of several long-distance shipping routes.
- Thirdly, the location should be close to the coastline to facilitate the installation of key hydrogen components such as the desalination unit, electrolyzer, compressor, and hydrogen storage tanks. Locating these components onshore rather than on a floating platform significantly reduces installation costs. Additionally, this proximity to the coast helps reduce operational and maintenance expenses, as well as transportation costs for crew and materials, enhancing overall efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, proximity to a power network could reduce the need for large storage capacities, as the electrolyzer could utilize grid electricity to produce hydrogen during extended periods of low wave energy production.
- Finally, the selected region should be uninhabited to minimize disruptions to human activities.
3. Methodology and Data
3.1. Electricity and Hydrogen Production
3.2. Total Facility Cost
3.2.1. Wave Power Farm
3.2.2. Hydrogen Facility
Desalination Unit
Electrolyzer and Balance of Plant
Hydrogen Storage
3.3. Calculation of Levelized Cost of Hydrogen
4. Results
4.1. Levelized Cost of Hydrogen
- Scenario 1: Assumes a hydrodynamic efficiency () of 25% for the WEC, with a facility lifespan of 20 years.
- Scenario 2: Assumes a hydrodynamic efficiency of 30%, with a facility lifespan of 20 years.
- Scenario 3: Hydrodynamic efficiency is maintained at 30%, but the lifespan is extended to 25 years.
- Scenario 4: Efficiency increases to 35%, with a lifespan of 25 years.
4.2. Economic Analysis from the Ship Owner Perspective
- The costs associated with the delivery of engines, fuel cells, inverters, and electric motors are minimal and nearly identical for both options and are therefore excluded from the analysis.
- Similarly, maintenance costs as well as costs associated with the reservoirs of VLSFO and hydrogen tanks are considered comparable and are not included.
- Costs or profits from the decommissioning and recycling stages are not considered.
- The European Union’s expanded Emissions Trading System (ETS), aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 55% by 2030 [68], affects only the diesel engines. Under this system, ships must buy allowances for each ton of CO2 emitted. The ETS, adhering to the “polluter pays” principle, applies only to diesel engines, not to those powered by green hydrogen [3,54].
Specific Fuel Consumption [3,69] | Fuel Price [70] | Emissions [3] | Emission’s Cost [3,37] | Cost of Engine [3] |
---|---|---|---|---|
185 kg fuel/MWh | 0.6 €/kg fuel | 3.15 kg CO2/kg fuel | 0.129 €/kg CO2 | 1 Mil. € |
Specific Fuel Consumption | Fuel Price | Cost of Fuel Cell, Inverter, and Electric Motor [36] |
---|---|---|
60 kg H2/MWh | Investigated (x-axis Figure 26) | 4 Mil. € |
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Variable | Description | Unit |
Wave Power Facility | ||
Peak wave period at time t | s | |
Wave energy period at time t | s | |
(t) | Significant wave height | m |
WL | Length between the edges of the reflectors | m |
Hydrodynamic efficiency | % | |
Turbine efficiency | % | |
Generator efficiency | % | |
Power electronic converter efficiency | % | |
Parameter for the out-of-service period | % | |
Shading efficiency of wave converters | % | |
Cost per wave converter (WEC) | €/WEC | |
Available wave power per unit length | kW/m | |
Electric power of WECs | MW | |
Capital expenditure of wave installation | € | |
Operating expenditure of wave installation | € | |
Electrolysis Facility | ||
Hydrogen production at hour t | kg | |
Electrolyzer efficiency | % | |
Compressor efficiency | % | |
Cost of desalination unit | € | |
Cost of electrolyzer | €/MW | |
Cost of balance of plant | €/MW | |
Cost of hydrogen tank | €/kg | |
Nominal capacity of electrolyzer | MW | |
Nominal capacity of hydrogen tank | kg | |
Levelized cost of hydrogen | €/kg | |
Capital expenditure of hydrogen installation | € | |
Operating expenditure of hydrogen installation | € | |
Economic Index | ||
Capital recovery factor | - | |
WACC | Weighted average cost of capital | % |
lifetime | Project lifetime | years |
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Sardegna | Galite | Western Crete | Eastern Crete |
---|---|---|---|
297 GWh | 267 GWh | 206 GWh | 285 GWh |
Sardegna | Galite | Western Crete | Eastern Crete |
---|---|---|---|
6560 tons H2 | 5498 tons H2 | 4231 tons H2 | 5858 tons H2 |
Equipment/Service | Cost per 1.5 MW WEC [40] | Total Cost 150 MW |
---|---|---|
Development | ||
Engineering and management, planning, and consenting | 2 Mi. € | 200 Mi. € |
Structure | ||
Main material—concrete (6.450 tones) | 1.29 Mi. € | 129 Mi. € |
Other material—steel (50 tones) | 0.17 Mi. € | 17 Mi. € |
Access system and platform | 0.02 Mi. € | 2 Mi. € |
Machine housing | 0.05 Mi. € | 5 Mi. € |
50-ton glass fiber | 0.46 Mi. € | 46 Mi. € |
Power take-off system | ||
Generator and turbines | 1.2 Mi. € | 120 Mi. € |
Power electronics | 0.6 Mi. € | 60 Mi. € |
Control and safety system | 0.2 Mi. € | 20 Mi. € |
Air system and hydraulics | 0.3 Mi. € | 30 Mi. € |
Mooring System | 0.7 Mi. € | 70 Mi. € |
Installation | ||
Pre-assembly and transport | 0.4 Mi. € | 40 Mi. € |
Installation on site | 0.4 Mi. € | 40 Mi. € |
Electrical connection | 0.51 Mi. € | 51 Mi. € |
Contigencies (10%) | 0.83 Mi. € | 83 Mi. € |
9.13 Mi. € | 913 Mi. € |
CAPEX | Wave Power Farm | 255 Mi. €–913 Mi. € (Figure 18) |
Desalination Unit | 485.000 € | |
Electrolyzer and BoP | 65 Mi. €–115 Mi. € (AEL 2030–PEM today) | |
Hydrogen Storage | 7 Mi. € (20 tons) | |
Total CAPEX range | 327.485 Mi. €–1035.485 Mi. € | |
OPEX | 3% ⋅ CAPEX | |
Lifetime | 20–25 years | |
WACC | 3% [37] |
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Pompodakis, E.E.; Orfanoudakis, G.I.; Katsigiannis, Y.A.; Karapidakis, E.S. Hydrogen Production from Wave Power Farms to Refuel Hydrogen-Powered Ships in the Mediterranean Sea. Hydrogen 2024, 5, 494-518. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen5030028
Pompodakis EE, Orfanoudakis GI, Katsigiannis YA, Karapidakis ES. Hydrogen Production from Wave Power Farms to Refuel Hydrogen-Powered Ships in the Mediterranean Sea. Hydrogen. 2024; 5(3):494-518. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen5030028
Chicago/Turabian StylePompodakis, Evangelos E., Georgios I. Orfanoudakis, Yiannis A. Katsigiannis, and Emmanuel S. Karapidakis. 2024. "Hydrogen Production from Wave Power Farms to Refuel Hydrogen-Powered Ships in the Mediterranean Sea" Hydrogen 5, no. 3: 494-518. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen5030028