β-Thujone and Its Derivatives Modify the Probing Behavior of the Peach Potato Aphid
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Synthesis of β-Thujone Derivatives
2.2. Aphid Behavioral Studies
2.2.1. Choice Test (Aphid Settling)
2.2.2. No-Choice Test (Aphid Behavior during Probing in Plant Tissues)
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Synthesis of Compounds Studied
4.1.1. General Methods
4.1.2. Synthesis of β-Thujone Oxime (5)
4.1.3. Synthesis of β-Thujone Lactam (6)
4.2. Aphids
4.2.1. Aphid and Plant Cultures
4.2.2. Choice-Test (Aphid Settling)
4.2.3. No-Choice Test (Electronic Registration of Aphid Probing Behavior)
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds (2–6) are not available from the authors. |
Compounds | Mean Number of Aphids | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 h | 2 h | 24 h | ||
Essential oil (α-thujone + β-thujone) | test | 4.9 (±1,3) | 3.9 (±1.1) | 5.8 (±1.6) |
control | 8.3 (±1.1) | 4.5 (±0.9) | 4.1 (±0.8) | |
p | 0.0690 | 0.6795 | 0.3806 | |
α-thujone (1) | test | 8.3 (±0.6) | 6.0 (±1.0) | 2.8 (±0.6) |
control | 6.1 (±0.9) | 3.8 (±0.8) | 3.0 (±2.8) | |
p | 0.0827 | 0.1036 | 0.7645 | |
β-thujone (2) | test | 3.8 (±0.5) | 3.6 (±0.4) | 3.1 (±0.5) |
control | 10.8 (±0.9) | 7.3 (±1.1) | 3.0 (±0.5) | |
p | 0.0000 | 0.0081 | 0.8643 | |
Bisulfite adduct of β-thujone (3) | test | 2.3 (±0.4) | 1.9 (±0.5) | 1.2 (±0.5) |
control | 5.0 (±0.7) | 4.6 (±0.6) | 1.9 (±0.7) | |
p | 0.0175 | 0.0029 | 0.4628 | |
Lactone of β-thujone (4) | test | 3.5 (±0.8) | 1.5 (±0.6) | 1.2 (±0.5) |
control | 9.1 (±1.1) | 5.1 (±0.7) | 2.3 (±1.1) | |
p | 0.0012 | 0.0017 | 0.3578 | |
Oxime of β-thujone (5) | test | 5.1 (±1.1) | 3.1 (±1.2) | 1.5 (±0.3) |
control | 7.5 (±1.1) | 5.8 (±0.9) | 2.9 (±0.6) | |
p | 0.1619 | 0.1074 | 0.0582 | |
Lactam of β-thujone (6) | test | 2.0 (±0.5) | 1.5 (±0.5) | 1.6 (±0.4) |
control | 10.3 (±1.1) | 8.0 (±0.7) | 3.8 (±0.8) | |
p | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0300 |
EPG Parameter | Compounds | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
General Aspects of Aphid Probing Behavior | ||||||
n = 15 | n = 15 | n = 15 | n = 15 | n = 15 | n = 15 | |
Total duration of non-probing a (h) | 1.0 (±1.3) | 1.5 (±2.0) | 1.4 (±1.3) | 1.5 (±1.1) | 2.6 * (±2.1) | 1.1 (±1.1) |
Total duration of probing in non-phloem tissues b (h) | 4.1 (±2.1) | 2.7 (±1.9) | 3.2 (±1.4) | 3.7 (±2.1) | 3.5 (±1.9) | 3.9 (±2.5) |
Total duration of phloem phase c (h) | 2.9 (±2.3) | 3.8 (±2.6) | 3.4 (±2.0) | 2.8 (±2.6) | 1.9 (±2.4) | 3.0 (±3.0) |
Total number of probes d (#) | 24.7 (±9.8) | 20.7 (±16.8) | 27.1 * (±12.2) | 35.9 (±23.2) | 38.3 (±26.8) | 39.9 + (±35.2) |
Mean duration of a probe d (min) | 21.7 (±17.2) | 37.0 (±43.6) | 30.3 (±58.1) | 39.3 (±67.7) | 40.6 * (±80.9) | 16.9 (±12.1) |
Duration of first probe d (min) | 1.8 (±4.3) | 3.6 (±7.0) | 1.8 (±3.3) | 3.2 (±6.5) | 0.9 (±1.4) | 11.1 (±41.3) |
Number of probes with phloem phase d (#) | 1.9 (±1.0) | 1.9 (±1.4) | 2.2 (±1.5) | 2.5 (±1.5) | 1.7 (±1.6) | 0.7 *,+ (±0.7) |
Proportion of aphids reaching phloem phase (#) | 0.9 (±0.3) | 0.9 (±0.3) | 0.9 (±0.3) | 1.0 (±0.0) | 0.7 (±0.5) | 0.6 (±0.5) |
Time from first probe to first phloem phase (h) | 2.4 (±2.1) | 2.2 (2.0) | 2.0 (±1.9) | 2.1 (±2.0) | 3.4 (±3.1) | 4.7*,+ (±3.0) |
Number of phloem phases (#) | 4.7 (±3.0) | 3.3 (±3.2) | 5.6 (±4.8) | 4.7 (±3.3) | 3.5 *,+ (±3.8) | 1.0 (±1.1) |
Number of sustained sap ingestion phases e (#) | 2.1 (±1.7) | 1.4 (±1.2) | 2.7 (±1.9) | 1.6 * (±1.2) | 0.9 * (±1.1) | 0.9 (±1.1) |
Phloem phase index f (#) | 0.4 (±0.3) | 0.5 (±0.3) | 0.5 (±0.3) | 0.4 (±0.3) | 0.3 (±0.3) | 0.4 (±0.4) |
Phloem salivation index g (#) | 0.1 (±0.1) | 0.1 (±0.1) | 0.04 (±0.1) | 0.1 (±0.1) | 0.1 (±0.2) | 0.01 *,+ (±0.04) |
Activities in Non-Phloem Tissues before the First Phloem Phase | ||||||
n = 14 | n = 15 | n = 14 | n = 15 | n = 11 | n = 9 | |
Total duration of non-probing before first phloem phase B [h] | 0.4 (±0.3) | 0.6 (±1.1) | 0.5 (±0.5) | 0.8 (±1.1) | 0.9 (±1.1) | 0.7 (±0.8) |
Total duration of probing in non-phloem tissues before first phloem phase B (h) | 1.6 (±1.3) | 1.3 (0.9) | 1.2 (±0.7) | 1.4 (±1.2) | 1.1 (±0.8) | 1.9 (±1.2) |
Number of probes before first phloem phase (#) | 13.2 (±9.6) | 10.4 (±7.4) | 9.4 (±5.3) | 13.2 (±15.8) | 11.2 (±10.7) | 33.3 *,+ (±35.4) |
Number of probes < 3 min. before first phloem phase (#) | 8.0 (±6.5) | 6.1 (±5.3) | 5.7 (±4.5) | 8.4 (±10.1) | 9.5 (±10.1) | 27.9 *,+ (±30.4) |
Activities in Sieve Elements | ||||||
n = 14 | n = 15 | n = 14 | n = 15 | n = 11 | n = 9 | |
Duration of first phloem phase B (h) | 0.6 (±1.5) | 2.2 (±3.0) | 1.8 (±2.7) | 1.4 (±2.5) | 1.6 (±2.7) | 3.7 * (±2.5) |
Mean duration of sap ingestion B (h) | 0.9 (±1.4) | 2.8 (±2.8) | 1.4 (±1.9) | 1.3 (±2.0) | 1.8 (±2.7) | 3.7 * (±2.4) |
EPG Parameters | Compounds | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
n = 15 | n = 15 | n = 15 | n = 15 | n = 15 | n = 15 | |
Proportion of probes with potential drops a (%) | 80.1 (±11.5) | 75.2 (±24.3) | 70.5 (±21.7) | 76.0 (±21.2) | 62.2 * (±21.5) | 49.4 *,+ (±19.2) |
Short Potential Drops (pd-S) | ||||||
Total number of pd-S (#) | 126.7 (±64.8) | 115.5 (±88.7) | 123.5 (±72.3) | 130.4 (±62.7) | 108.8 (±58.0) | 75.6 * (±51.5) |
Number of pd-S during a single penetration (#) | 7.0 (±2.8) | 11.0 (±11.1) | 7.6 (±3.5) | 8.8 (±9.5) | 8.1 (±6.4) | 6.5 *,+ (±7.5) |
Mean duration of a single pd-S (s) | 5.1 (±1.6) | 4.2 * (±0.4) | 4.0 * (±0.4) | 4.1 * (±0.4) | 4.9 (±2.3) | 4.9 (±2.0) |
Total duration of subphase II-1 of pd-S (s) | 301.1 (±229.0) | 204.5 (±167.4) | 196.4 (±110.3) | 233.5 (±113.7) | 185.7 (±97.5) | 129.4 * (±82.0) |
Total duration of subphase II-2 of pd-S (s) | 146.4 (±72.1) | 122.8 (±97.9) | 120.9 (±65.6) | 128.6 (±59.1) | 116.3 (±67.6) | 81.9 * (±57.0) |
Total duration of subphase II-3 of pd-S (s) | 209.4 (±128.2) | 160.4 (±131.4) | 160.2 (±82.1) | 171.0 (±88.2) | 187.3 (±109.4) | 136.6 (±96.8) |
Long Potential Drops (pd-L) | ||||||
Total number of pd-L (#) | 6.3 (±4.2) | 7.3 (±6.1) | 4.9 (±2.6) | 8.7 (±5.8) | 5.3 (±4.4) | 4.3 (±3.6) |
Number of pd-L during a single penetration (#) | 0.3 (±0.2) | 0.5 (±0.4) | 0.3 (±0.2) | 0.4 (±0.2) | 0.4 (±0.5) | 0.2 (±0.2) |
Mean duration of a single pd-L (s) | 6.4 (±2.2) | 5.3 (±2.4) | 6.0 (±2.1) | 5.6 (±2.0) | 5.6 (±1.8) | 5.8 (±2.6) |
Total duration of subphase II-1 of pd-L (s) | 10.7 (±7.4) | 12.8 (±11.9) | 7.2 (±4.0) | 14.5 (±9.8) | 8.5 (±7.4) | 7.0 (±6.0) |
Total duration of subphase II-2 of pd-L (s) | 7.1 (±4.9) | 8.3 (±7.7) | 5.3 (±2.6) | 8.3 (±5.8) | 5.8 (±5.2) | 5.0 (±4.5) |
Total duration of subphase II-3 of pd-L (s) | 26.9 (±23.1) | 26.0 (±24.3) | 17.3 (±8.6) | 28.8 (±18.3) | 19.1 (±17.3) | 14.0 * (±12.4) |
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Wróblewska-Kurdyk, A.; Gniłka, R.; Dancewicz, K.; Grudniewska, A.; Wawrzeńczyk, C.; Gabryś, B. β-Thujone and Its Derivatives Modify the Probing Behavior of the Peach Potato Aphid. Molecules 2019, 24, 1847. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24101847
Wróblewska-Kurdyk A, Gniłka R, Dancewicz K, Grudniewska A, Wawrzeńczyk C, Gabryś B. β-Thujone and Its Derivatives Modify the Probing Behavior of the Peach Potato Aphid. Molecules. 2019; 24(10):1847. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24101847
Chicago/Turabian StyleWróblewska-Kurdyk, Anna, Radosław Gniłka, Katarzyna Dancewicz, Aleksandra Grudniewska, Czesław Wawrzeńczyk, and Beata Gabryś. 2019. "β-Thujone and Its Derivatives Modify the Probing Behavior of the Peach Potato Aphid" Molecules 24, no. 10: 1847. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24101847