Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals in Leaf Protein Concentrate of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Installation
2.2. Harvest of Above-Ground Biomass
2.3. Fractionation of Harvested Green Biomass
2.4. Biochemical Composition of JAPC
2.4.1. Crude Protein Content
2.4.2. Quantification of Amino Acid Composition in JAPC Using an Amino Acid Analyzer
2.4.3. Determination of Fatty Acid Composition in JAPC Using Gas Chromatography
2.5. Screening of Phytochemicals in JAPC by UHPLC-ESI-ORBITRAP-MS/MS
2.5.1. Sample Preparation
2.5.2. UHPLC-ESI-ORBITRAP-MS/MS Analysis
2.5.3. Mass Spectrometry Conditions
2.6. Quality Assurance of Results
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Green Biomass of Jerusalem Artichoke Clones
3.2. JAPC Yield
3.3. Total Protein Content of JAPC
3.4. Amino Acid Composition of JAPC
3.5. Qualitative Analysis of JAPC Fatty Acid Composition
3.6. Screening JAPC Phytochemicals Using UHPLC-ESI-ORBITRAP-MS/MS
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Clones | Fresh Biomass Yield (kg m−2) | JAPC (g kg−1 Fresh Biomass) | Total Protein % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st Harvest | 2nd Harvest | 1st Harvest | 2nd Harvest | 1st Harvest | 2nd Harvest | |
Alba | 5.0 ± 0.43 a | 1.8 ± 0.22 b | 31.9 ± 0.63 a | 30.4 ± 0.59 a | 35.3 ± 0.8 a | 31.6 ± 0.8 b |
Fuseau | 5.2 ± 0.28 a | 2.6 ± 0.19 ab | 28.3 ± 0.04 a | 28.8 ± 0.25 a | 33.3 ± 0.9 a | 35.2 ± 0.8 a |
Kalevala | 5.6 ± 0.65 a | 2.8 ± 0.57 a | 32.3 ± 0.53 a | 28.0 ± 0.13 a | 33.8 ± 0.7 a | 33.4 ± 0.7 ab |
Amino Acid | 1st Harvest | 2nd Harvest | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alba | Fuseau | Kalevala | Alba | Fuseau | Kalevala | |
Lysine | 2.32 ± 0.02 ‡ a | 2.19 ± 0.02 c | 2.25 ± 0.02 b | 2.35 ± 0.03 c | 2.54 ± 0.01 a | 2.46 ± 0.02 b |
Histidine | 0.80 ± 0.20 a | 0.71 ± 0.01 b | 0.83 ± 0.03 a | 0.72 ± 0.02 c | 0.76 ± 0.02 b | 0.82 ± 0.02 a |
Isoleucine | 1.72 ± 0.03 a | 1.64 ± 0.02 b | 1.77 ± 0.02 a | 1.72 ± 0.02 bc | 1.86 ± 0.02 a | 1.78 ± 0.02 ab |
Leucine | 3.25 ± 0.05 b | 3.08 ± 0.02 c | 3.31 ± 0.01 a | 3.19 ± 0.02 b | 2.46 ± 0.02 c | 3.30 ± 0.10 a |
Phenylalanine | 2.12 ± 0.02 b | 1.96 ± 0.02 c | 2.19 ± 0.01 a | 2.03 ± 0.03 b | 2.20 ± 0.10 a | 2.18 ± 0.02 a |
Methionine | 0.87 ± 0.03 a | 0.84 ± 0.02 a | 0.79 ± 0.03 b | 0.82 ± 0.02 b | 0.95 ± 0.01 a | 0.77 ± 0.02 c |
Threonine | 1.96 ± 0.01 b | 1.87 ± 0.02 c | 2.33 ± 0.03 a | 1.95 ± 0.02 c | 2.12 ± 0.02 b | 2.33±0.03 a |
Valine | 2.05 ± 0.05 a | 2.02 ± 0.02 a | 2.06 ± 0.02 a | 2.10 ± 0.02 b | 2.34 ± 0.01 a | 2.09 ± 0.01 b |
Alanine | 2.36 ± 0.05 a | 2.20 ± 0.10 b | 2.35 ± 0.02 a | 2.32 ± 0.02 b | 2.47 ± 0.02 a | 2.34 ± 0.02 b |
Arginine | 2.08 ± 0.04 a | 1.88 ± 0.02 b | 1.86 ± 0.01 b | 1.87 ± 0.02 c | 1.97 ± 0.02 b | 2.21 ± 0.01 a |
Aspartic acid | 3.81 ± 0.01 b | 3.63 ± 0.03 c | 4.23 ± 0.03 a | 3.89 ± 0.02 b | 4.23 ± 0.03 a | 4.24 ± 0.04 a |
Cysteine | 0.24 ± 0.02 a | 0.22 ± 0.02 a | 0.22 ± 0.02 a | 0.24 ± 0.02 ab | 0.26 ± 0.02 a | 0.23 ± 0.03 bc |
Glycine | 2.04±0.04 b | 1.93 ± 0.03 c | 2.13 ± 0.01 a | 1.99 ± 0.01 b | 2.14 ± 0.01 a | 2.14 ± 0.02 a |
Glutamic acid | 4.29 ± 0.01 bc | 4.14 ± 0.02 c | 4.82 ± 0.02 a | 4.38 ± 0.02 c | 4.74 ± 0.02 b | 4.79 ± 0.02 a |
Proline | 1.92 ± 0.03 b | 1.82 ± 0.02 c | 2.20 ± 0.10 a | 2.04 ± 0.02 b | 2.18 ± 0.01 a | 2.19 ± 0.01 a |
Serine | 1.74 ± 0.04 b | 1.67 ± 0.02 b | 1.90 ± 0.10 a | 1.77 ± 0.02 c | 1.89 ± 0.01 b | 1.93 ± 0.01 a |
Tyrosine | 1.48 ± 0.02 a | 1.38 ± 0.02 c | 1.46 ± 0.02 ab | 1.42 ± 0.02 c | 1.61 ± 0.01 a | 1.55 ± 0.01 b |
Ammonia | 0.49 ± 0.01 ab | 0.47 ± 0.02 b | 0.52 ± 0.02 a | 0.52 ± 0.02 a | 0.48 ± 0.02 b | 0.54 ± 0.02 a |
No. | Compound | Formula | Retention Time | Measured Mass (m/z) | Fragments 1 | Fragments 2 | Fragments 3 | Fragments 4 | Fragments 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[M + H]+ | [M − H]- | |||||||||
1 | γ-Aminobutyric acid | C4H9NO2 | 1.25 | 104.07116 | 87.0446 | 86.0607 | 69.0342 | 58.0658 | ||
2 | Quinic acid | C7H12O6 | 1.27 | 191.05557 | 173.0447 | 171.0289 | 127.0388 | 93.0331 | 85.0280 | |
3 | Betaine (Trimethylglycine) | C5H11NO2 | 1.28 | 118.08681 | 59.0737 | 58.0659 | ||||
4 | Malic acid | C4H6O5 | 1.33 | 133.01370 | 115.0024 | 89.0230 | 87.0075 | 72.9916 | 71.0123 | |
5 | Nicotinic acid (Niacin) | C6H5NO2 | 1.51 | 124.03986 | 96.0450 | 80.0501 | 78.0347 | |||
6 | Citric acid | C6H8O7 | 1.73 | 191.01918 | 173.0082 | 129.0182 | 111.0075 | 87.0073 | 85.0280 | |
7 | Neochlorogenic acid (5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid) | C16H18O9 | 10.14 | 353.08726 | 191.0557 | 179.0344 | 173.0448 | 135.0441 | ||
8 | Salicylic acid-2-O-glucoside | C13H16O8 | 13.56 | 299.07670 | 137.0234 | 113.0229 | 93.0331 | 85.0280 | 71.0123 | |
9 | Chlorogenic acid (3-O-Caffeoylquinic acid) | C16H18O9 | 14.83 | 353.08726 | 191.0556 | 179.0344 | 173.0443 | 161.0234 | 135.0441 | |
10 | Cryptochlorogenic acid (4-O-Caffeoylquinic acid) | C16H18O9 | 16.11 | 353.08726 | 191.0555 | 179.0344 | 173.0447 | 161.0232 | 135.0441 | |
11 | 4-O-(4-Coumaroyl) quinic acid | C16H18O8 | 16.14 | 337.09235 | 191.0555 | 173.0447 | 163.0390 | 119.0489 | 93.0331 | |
12 | Vanillin (4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) | C8H8O3 | 16.22 | 153.05517 | 125.0600 | 111.0445 | 110.0366 | 93.0341 | 65.0393 | |
13 | 5-O-(4-Coumaroyl)quinic acid | C16H18O8 | 17.38 | 337.09235 | 191.0556 | 173.0447 | 163.0391 | 119.0490 | 93.0332 | |
14 | Indole-3-acetic acid | C10H9NO2 | 17.98 | 174.05551 | 146.0601 | 144.0440 | 130.0651 | 128.0492 | ||
15 | 4-O-(4-Coumaroyl)quinic acid cis isomer | C16H18O8 | 18.04 | 337.09235 | 191.0556 | 173.0447 | 163.0391 | 119.0489 | 93.0331 | |
16 | Isoscopoletin (6-Hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin) | C10H8O4 | 18.33 | 193.05009 | 178.0264 | 165.0550 | 149.0598 | 137.0600 | 133.0287 | |
17 | 5-O-Feruloylquinic acid | C17H20O9 | 18.42 | 367.10291 | 193.0503 | 191.0556 | 173.0447 | 134.0362 | 93.0331 | |
18 | Riboflavin | C17H20N4O6 | 19.03 | 377.14611 | 359.1352 | 243.0879 | 200.0824 | 172.0872 | 69.0342 | |
19 | Scopoletin (7-Hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin) | C10H8O4 | 19.08 | 193.05009 | 178.0263 | 165.0546 | 149.0597 | 137.0601 | 133.0287 | |
20 | Azelaamic acid (9-Amino-9-oxononanoic acid) | C9H17NO3 | 19.21 | 186.11302 | 125.0959 | 97.0647 | ||||
21 | 6-Methylcoumarin | C10H8O2 | 19.44 | 161.06026 | 133.0651 | 115.0547 | 105.0704 | 91.0547 | 79.0549 | |
22 | 5-O-(4-Coumaroyl)quinic acid cis isomer | C16H18O8 | 19.63 | 337.09235 | 191.0555 | 173.0446 | 163.0390 | 119.0491 | 93.0330 | |
23 | Indole-4-carbaldehyde | C9H7NO | 19.67 | 146.06059 | 118.0655 | 117.0574 | 91.0548 | |||
24 | Fraxidin or Isofraxidin | C11H10O5 | 19.72 | 221.04500 | 206.0219 | 190.9983 | 163.0030 | |||
25 | Loliolide | C11H16O3 | 20.05 | 197.11777 | 179.1069 | 161.0962 | 135.1171 | 133.1015 | 107.0860 | |
26 | 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamaldehyde (Coniferyl aldehyde) | C10H10O3 | 20.59 | 179.07082 | 161.0599 | 147.0442 | 133.0652 | 119.0495 | 55.0186 | |
27 | 7-Deoxyloganic acid isomer | C16H24O9 | 22.36 | 359.13421 | 197.0815 | 153.0909 | 135.0805 | 109.0643 | 89.0230 | |
28 | Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid isomer 1 | C25H24O12 | 22.61 | 515.11896 | 353.0884 | 191.0556 | 179.0342 | 173.0447 | 135.0441 | |
29 | Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid isomer 2 | C25H24O12 | 22.77 | 515.11896 | 353.0884 | 191.0556 | 179.0342 | 173.0446 | 135.0440 | |
30 | Salvianolic acid derivative isomer 1 | C27H22O12 | 22.80 | 537.10331 | 375.0705 | 201.0165 | 179.0343 | 161.0234 | 135.0440 | |
31 | Butein (2′,3,4,4′-Tetrahydroxychalcone) | C15H12O5 | 23.00 | 273.07630 | 255.0656 | 227.0699 | 209.0602 | 163.0391 | 137.0235 | |
32 | Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide | C21H18O13 | 23.26 | 477.06692 | 301.0359 | 178.9980 | 163.0028 | 151.0026 | 121.0281 | |
33 | Isoquercitrin (Hirsutrin, Quercetin-3-O-glucoside) | C21H20O12 | 23.47 | 463.08765 | 301.0358 | 300.0283 | 271.0253 | 255.0300 | ||
34 | Chrysoeriol-O-glucoside | C22H22O11 | 23.87 | 461.10839 | 299.0560 | 298.0484 | 270.0537 | 255.0292 | 227.0346 | |
35 | Salvianolic acid derivative isomer 2 | C27H22O12 | 24.60 | 537.10331 | 375.0705 | 201.0166 | 179.0343 | 161.0236 | 135.0440 | |
36 | Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid isomer 3 | C25H24O12 | 24.62 | 515.11896 | 353.0884 | 191.0557 | 179.0342 | 173.0447 | 135.0440 | |
37 | Azelaic acid | C9H16O4 | 25.05 | 187.09704 | 169.0863 | 143.1070 | 125.0959 | 123.0803 | ||
38 | Kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide | C21H18O12 | 25.18 | 461.07200 | 285.0410 | 229.0505 | 113.0231 | |||
39 | Apigenin-O-malonylglucoside | C24H22O13 | 25.21 | 517.09822 | 473.1116 | 269.0461 | 268.0376 | |||
40 | Astragalin (Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside) | C21H20O11 | 25.26 | 447.09274 | 285.0410 | 284.0331 | 255.0302 | 227.0350 | ||
41 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside | C22H22O12 | 25.48 | 477.10330 | 315.0524 | 314.0437 | 285.0406 | 271.0248 | 243.0292 | |
42 | Kukulkanin B (2′,4′,4-Trihydroxy-3′-methoxyxchalcone) | C16H14O5 | 25.50 | 287.09195 | 269.0810 | 241.0864 | 177.0548 | 145.0286 | 137.0235 | |
43 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucuronide | C22H20O13 | 25.70 | 491.08257 | 315.0517 | 300.0275 | 271.0249 | |||
44 | Dihydroactinidiolide | C11H16O2 | 27.16 | 181.12286 | 163.1119 | 145.1014 | 135.1171 | 121.1015 | 107.0860 | |
45 | Dimethoxy-tetrahydroxyflavone | C17H14O8 | 28.38 | 345.06105 | 330.0386 | 315.0153 | 287.0204 | 215.0347 | 178.9978 | |
46 | Dihydroxy-methoxyflavone | C16H12O5 | 29.89 | 283.06065 | 268.0381 | 267.0305 | 240.0427 | 239.0350 | 211.0396 | |
47 | Dimethoxy-trihydroxyflavone isomer 1 | C17H14O7 | 30.09 | 329.06613 | 314.0439 | 299.0197 | 283.0869 | 271.0247 | 255.0913 | |
48 | Trihydroxy-trimethoxyflavone | C18H16O8 | 30.36 | 359.07670 | 344.0541 | 329.0307 | 314.0075 | 301.0358 | 286.0129 | |
49 | Dimethoxy-trihydroxyflavone isomer 2 | C17H14O7 | 30.38 | 329.06613 | 314.0439 | 299.0201 | 283.0871 | 271.0252 | 253.0763 | |
50 | Liquiritigenin (4′,7-Dihydroxyflavanone) | C15H12O4 | 30.56 | 255.06574 | 153.0183 | 135.0077 | 119.0489 | 91.0175 | ||
51 | Hymenoxin (5,7,Dihydroxy-3′,4′,6,8-tetramethoxyflavone) | C19H18O8 | 32.11 | 375.10800 | 360.0840 | 345.0606 | 342.0736 | 330.0367 | 317.0659 | |
52 | Epiafzelechin trimethyl ether | C18H20O5 | 33.32 | 317.13890 | 167.0704 | 163.0755 | 155.0705 | 137.0598 | 121.0651 | |
53 | Nevadensin (5,7-Dihydroxy-4′,6,8-trimethoxyflavone) | C18H16O7 | 33.91 | 345.09743 | 330.0736 | 315.0501 | 312.0631 | 287.0554 |
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Kaszás, L.; Alshaal, T.; El-Ramady, H.; Kovács, Z.; Koroknai, J.; Elhawat, N.; Nagy, É.; Cziáky, Z.; Fári, M.; Domokos-Szabolcsy, É. Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals in Leaf Protein Concentrate of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.). Plants 2020, 9, 889. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9070889
Kaszás L, Alshaal T, El-Ramady H, Kovács Z, Koroknai J, Elhawat N, Nagy É, Cziáky Z, Fári M, Domokos-Szabolcsy É. Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals in Leaf Protein Concentrate of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.). Plants. 2020; 9(7):889. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9070889
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaszás, László, Tarek Alshaal, Hassan El-Ramady, Zoltán Kovács, Judit Koroknai, Nevien Elhawat, Éva Nagy, Zoltán Cziáky, Miklós Fári, and Éva Domokos-Szabolcsy. 2020. "Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals in Leaf Protein Concentrate of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.)" Plants 9, no. 7: 889. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9070889
APA StyleKaszás, L., Alshaal, T., El-Ramady, H., Kovács, Z., Koroknai, J., Elhawat, N., Nagy, É., Cziáky, Z., Fári, M., & Domokos-Szabolcsy, É. (2020). Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals in Leaf Protein Concentrate of Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.). Plants, 9(7), 889. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9070889