Assessment of Hydrology and Sediment Yield in the Mekong River Basin Using SWAT Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Discharge and Sediment Data Used in the Study
2.3. SWAT Conceptual Model
2.4. SWAT Model Setup and Data Inputs for the Mekong River Basin
2.5. SWAT Model Calibration and Validation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Streamflow Calibration and Validation for the SWAT Model
3.2. Sediment Loads Calibration and Validation for the SWAT Model
3.3. Water Balance and Hydrological Component in the Mekong River Basin
3.4. Spatio-Temporal Sediment Load and Yield of Mekong River Basin
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name of Station | Basin Coverage | Streamflow Record Used | Sediment Record Used | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(km2) | (%) of Total Basin | Period | Timestep of Measurement | Period | Timestep of Measurement | |
China/Laos Border | 164,226 | 18% | 1985–2007 | Daily | Monthly | |
Chiang Saen | 199,008 | 21% | 1985–2016 | 1995–2011 | ||
Luang Prabang | 288,380 | 31% | 1985–2016 | 1995–2011 | ||
Vientiane | 323,027 | 34% | 1985–2016 | 1995–2011 | ||
Mukdahan | 429,210 | 46% | 1985–2016 | 2001–2011 | ||
Pakse | 621,404 | 66% | 1985–2016 | 1995–2011 | ||
Stung Treng | 728,828 | 78% | 1985–2016 | |||
Kratie | 747,958 | 80% | 1985–2016 | 1995–2016 |
Data Type | Description | Spatial Resolution | Temporal Resolution | Data Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|
Topography map | DEM | 90 m | MERIT DEM: Multi-Error-Removed Improved-Terrain DEM http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~yamadai/MERIT_DEM/ | |
Land use map | Land use classification | 250 m × 250 m | 2002 | Global Land Cover Characterization (GLCC): https://www.usgs.gov/ |
Soil Map | Soil types | 250 m × 250 m | 2002 | Global Soil data: http://www.fao.org/ |
Meteorological data | Gridded daily rainfall | 1° | Daily, 1982–2016 | Global Precipitation Climatology Centre: https://gcmd.nasa.gov/ |
Meteorological data | Temperature | 0.25° | Daily, 1982–2016 | NASA Earth Exchange (NEX) https://www.nasa.gov/nex |
Hydrological data | Observed streamflow | 8 stations | Daily, 1980–2016 1 | MoWRAM and MRC |
Sediment data | Observed TSS | 6 stations | Monthly, 1980–2016 1 | MoWRAM and MRC |
Parameter | Name | Input File | Literature Range | Calibrated Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hydrology: | ||||
ALPHA_BF | Baseflow alpha factor (days) | .gw | 0–1 | 0.005 |
CANMX | Maximum canopy storage (mm H2O) | .hru | 0–100 | 100 |
CN2 | Curve number | .mgt | 35–98 | 35–70 |
ESCO | Soil evaporation compensation factor | .bsn | 0–1 | 0.35 |
GW_DELAY | Groundwater delay (days) | .gw | 0–500 | 31 |
GW_REVAP | Groundwater “revap” coefficient | .gw | 0.02–0.20 | 0.05 |
REVAPMN | Threshold depth of water in the shallow aquifer for “revap” to occur (mm) | .gw | 0–500 | 150 |
SOL_AWC | Available water capacity of the soil layer (mm H2O/mm soil) | .sol | 0–1 | 0.20–0.40 |
SOL_K | Depth soil surface to bottom of layer (mm/hour) | .sol | 0–2000 | 50; 90; 100 |
SOL_Z | Saturated hydraulic conductivity (mm/hour) | .sol | 0–3500 | 495 |
Sediment: | ||||
PRF_BSN | Peak rate adjustment factor for sediment routing | .bsn | 0–10 | 0.80 |
USLE_K | USLE equation soil erodibility factor | .sol | 0–0.65 | 0.20–0.60 |
SPCON | Linear factor for channel sediment routing | .bsn | 0.0001–0.01 | 0.0025 |
SPX | Exponential factor for channel sediment routing | .bsn | 1–2 | 1.15 |
Name of Station | Calibration | Validation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Period | Performance Indicators | Period | Performance Indicators | |||
NSE | R2 | NSE | R2 | |||
China/Laos Border | 1985–1994 | 0.64 | 0.66 | 1995–2007 | 0.65 | 0.75 |
Chiang Saen | 1985–1999 | 0.63 | 0.65 | 2000–2016 | 0.67 | 0.72 |
Luang Prabang | 1985–1999 | 0.80 | 0.83 | 2000–2016 | 0.80 | 0.85 |
Vientiane | 1985–1999 | 0.79 | 0.84 | 2000–2016 | 0.80 | 0.85 |
Mukdahan | 1985–1999 | 0.89 | 0.91 | 2000–2016 | 0.87 | 0.92 |
Pakse | 1985–1999 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 2000–2016 | 0.90 | 0.92 |
Stung Treng | 1985–1999 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 2000–2016 | 0.90 | 0.92 |
Kratie | 1985–1999 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 2000–2016 | 0.90 | 0.92 |
Name of Station | Calibration | Validation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Period | Performance Indicators | Period | Performance Indicators | |||
NSE | R2 | NSE | R2 | |||
Chiang Saen | 1997–2003 | 0.30 | 0.60 | 2004–2011 | 0.69 | 0.74 |
Luang Prabang | 1998–2003 | 0.46 | 0.74 | 2004–2011 | 0.57 | 0.7 |
Vientiane | 1995–2003 | 0.55 | 0.79 | 2004–2011 | 0.71 | 0.78 |
Mukdahan | 2001–2003 | 0.82 | 0.89 | 2004–2011 | 0.66 | 0.82 |
Pakse | 1995–2004 | 0.72 | 0.80 | 2005–2011 | 0.58 | 0.77 |
Kratie | 1995–2004 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 2005–2016 | 0.30 | 0.86 |
Area | Gauge Name | Precipitation | PET | ET | PERC | Total Water Yield | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range | Average | ||||||
mm Per Year | |||||||
1 | Upstream to China/Laos Border | 462–1805 | 954 | 890 | 604 | 229 | 325 |
2 | China/Laos Border to Chiang Sean | 1256–1632 | 1435 | 1404 | 1073 | 185 | 311 |
3 | Chiang Sean to Luang Prabang | 1380–2082 | 1559 | 1439 | 1121 | 166 | 385 |
4 | Luang Prabang to Vientiane | 1274–2281 | 1517 | 1527 | 1110 | 194 | 348 |
5 | Vientiane to Mukdahan | 1482–3189 | 2265 | 1549 | 1179 | 231 | 1024 |
6 | Mukdahan to Pakse | 1148–1930 | 1523 | 1650 | 1034 | 284 | 424 |
7 | Pakse to Stung Streng | 1676–2420 | 1925 | 1625 | 1116 | 296 | 736 |
8 | Stung Streng to Kratie | 1386–1744 | 1624 | 1751 | 1039 | 322 | 507 |
Area | Gauge Name | Surface Runoff | Lateral Flow | Ground Water Flow | Total Water Yield | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mm/year) | % | (mm/year) | % | (mm/year) | % | (mm/year) | ||
1 | Upstream to China/Laos Border | 16 | 5% | 112 | 34% | 197 | 61% | 325 |
2 | China/Laos Border to Chiang Sean | 45 | 14% | 139 | 45% | 127 | 41% | 311 |
3 | Chiang Sean to Luang Prabang | 99 | 26% | 179 | 46% | 107 | 28% | 385 |
4 | Luang Prabang to Vientiane | 120 | 34% | 100 | 29% | 128 | 37% | 348 |
5 | Vientiane to Mukdahan | 706 | 69% | 156 | 15% | 162 | 16% | 1024 |
6 | Mukdahan to Pakse | 184 | 43% | 33 | 8% | 207 | 49% | 424 |
7 | Pakse to Stung Streng | 216 | 29% | 304 | 41% | 216 | 29% | 736 |
8 | Stung Streng to Kratie | 248 | 49% | 24 | 5% | 235 | 46% | 507 |
Area | Description of Sub-Basin General Characteristic | Average Annual Sediment Yield (t/km2/year) | Average Annual Sediment Load in Main Mekong River (Mt/year) |
---|---|---|---|
China/Laos Border to Chiang Saen | In upper Mekong part in China. Covered by the forest type (evergreen and mixed forest) and range grasses (more than 80% of the total area. High topography and steep slope. | 340 | 20 ± 7 |
Chiang Saen to Luang Prabang | The northern part of Laos. Mixed land use (forest and grasses more than 50% and agriculture type 25%). High topography and steep slope | 1295 | 35 ± 14 |
Luang Prabang to Vientiane | Mixed land use between grasses type (more than 50%) and agriculture (30%). Steep (40%) and medium slope (60%) | 49 | 22 ± 8 |
Vientiane to Mukdahan | In the central of Laos. Dominated by agriculture type (more than 80%) and grasses type (20%). Gentle slope (more than 50%) and medium slope (20%) and some steep hill at the north and far-right bank | 218 | 44 ± 14 |
Mukdahan to Pakse | The area cover is in Thailand. It is dominated by agriculture type (70%) and some grass type. Gentle slope (70%) and some medium slope. | 78 | 54 ± 17 |
Pakse to Kratie | In central highland of Vietnam and some part in Cambodia. Covered by forest type (evergreen forest, 60%) and some agricultural type. The gentle slope in Laos and Cambodia and some high slope in the far-right bank in Central of Vietnam. | 138 | 75 ± 21 |
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Sok, T.; Oeurng, C.; Ich, I.; Sauvage, S.; Miguel Sánchez-Pérez, J. Assessment of Hydrology and Sediment Yield in the Mekong River Basin Using SWAT Model. Water 2020, 12, 3503. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123503
Sok T, Oeurng C, Ich I, Sauvage S, Miguel Sánchez-Pérez J. Assessment of Hydrology and Sediment Yield in the Mekong River Basin Using SWAT Model. Water. 2020; 12(12):3503. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123503
Chicago/Turabian StyleSok, Ty, Chantha Oeurng, Ilan Ich, Sabine Sauvage, and José Miguel Sánchez-Pérez. 2020. "Assessment of Hydrology and Sediment Yield in the Mekong River Basin Using SWAT Model" Water 12, no. 12: 3503. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123503