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Algorithms
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Advances in Blockchain Architecture and Consensus
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Advances in Blockchain Architecture and Consensus

A special issue of Algorithms (ISSN 1999-4893).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 May 2022) | Viewed by 23042

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Shiping Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Research Scientist in CSIRO Data61, Sydney 2015, Australia
Interests: application security; blockchain and service-oriented trusted collaboration
Dr. Kaimeng Ding

E-Mail Website
Assistant Guest Editor
School of Networks and Tele-Communications Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211100, China
Interests: geographic data security; deep-learning application
Prof. Dr. Yanmei Zhang

E-Mail Website
Assistant Guest Editor
School of Information, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing 100081, China
Interests: fintech; service computing and blockchain

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Blockchain technology has emerged to provide solutions to trust and privacy challenges, which allows transactions take place in a decentralized manner. Blockchain has evolved to develop decentralized applications beyond financial transactions in different fields, such as legal, healthcare, supply chain, etc. At the core of blockchain technology, there is a decentralized consensus protocol that enables a group of agents to reach an agreement about a global state by accepting data transmitted across an open byzantine peer-to-peer network. Consequently, various blockchain architectures and consensus protocols proliferated.

However, with the rise of collaborative ecosystems for better customer services and the enormous amount of energy consumed by the underlying blockchain technology, there are still many challenges of blockchain technology such as architecture and consensus, and it becomes more difficult to foresee the uses of blockchain. We believe that the architecture and contracts of the blockchain should be further studied to cope with the more complex application environment of blockchain in the future.

This Special Issue of the Algorithms, entitled “Advances in Blockchain Architecture and Consensus”, aims at exchanging the latest innovations and developments in the architecture and consensus of blockchain. As such, we invite you to participate in this Special Issue with contributions related (but not limited) to the following topics:

  • Blockchain architectures;
  • Blockchain performance and scalability
  • Blockchain consensus mechanisms;
  • Blockchain standardization;
  • Blockchain interoperability
  • Blockchain data migration and management, including integration with other distributed decentralized database systems;
  • Decentralized artificial intelligence;
  • Smart contracts development and verification
  • Trust, reputation, and distributed consensus;
  • Security and privacy mechanisms for blockchain-based DApps

Prof. Dr. Shiping Chen
Guest Editor

Dr. Kaimeng Ding
Prof. Dr. Yanmei Zhang
Assistant Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Algorithms is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 900 KiB  
Article
Time Series Analysis of Cryptocurrency Prices Using Long Short-Term Memory
by Jacques Phillipe Fleischer, Gregor von Laszewski, Carlos Theran and Yohn Jairo Parra Bautista
Algorithms 2022, 15(7), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/a15070230 - 1 Jul 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5325
Abstract
Digitization is changing our world, creating innovative finance channels and emerging technology such as cryptocurrencies, which are applications of blockchain technology. However, cryptocurrency price volatility is one of this technology’s main trade-offs. In this paper, we explore a time series analysis using deep [...] Read more.
Digitization is changing our world, creating innovative finance channels and emerging technology such as cryptocurrencies, which are applications of blockchain technology. However, cryptocurrency price volatility is one of this technology’s main trade-offs. In this paper, we explore a time series analysis using deep learning to study the volatility and to understand this behavior. We apply a long short-term memory model to learn the patterns within cryptocurrency close prices and to predict future prices. The proposed model learns from the close values. The performance of this model is evaluated using the root-mean-squared error and by comparing it to an ARIMA model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Blockchain Architecture and Consensus)
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16 pages, 1801 KiB  
Article
A New Subject-Sensitive Hashing Algorithm Based on MultiRes-RCF for Blockchains of HRRS Images
by Kaimeng Ding, Shiping Chen, Jiming Yu, Yanan Liu and Jie Zhu
Algorithms 2022, 15(6), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/a15060213 - 17 Jun 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2012
Abstract
Aiming at the deficiency that blockchain technology is too sensitive to the binary-level changes of high resolution remote sensing (HRRS) images, we propose a new subject-sensitive hashing algorithm specially for HRRS image blockchains. To implement this subject-sensitive hashing algorithm, we designed and implemented [...] Read more.
Aiming at the deficiency that blockchain technology is too sensitive to the binary-level changes of high resolution remote sensing (HRRS) images, we propose a new subject-sensitive hashing algorithm specially for HRRS image blockchains. To implement this subject-sensitive hashing algorithm, we designed and implemented a deep neural network model MultiRes-RCF (richer convolutional features) for extracting features from HRRS images. A MultiRes-RCF network is an improved RCF network that borrows the MultiRes mechanism of MultiResU-Net. The subject-sensitive hashing algorithm based on MultiRes-RCF can detect the subtle tampering of HRRS images while maintaining robustness to operations that do not change the content of the HRRS images. Experimental results show that our MultiRes-RCF-based subject-sensitive hashing algorithm has better tamper sensitivity than the existing deep learning models such as RCF, AAU-net, and Attention U-net, meeting the needs of HRRS image blockchains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Blockchain Architecture and Consensus)
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22 pages, 4451 KiB  
Article
Reputation-Driven Dynamic Node Consensus and Reliability Sharding Model in IoT Blockchain
by Nianqi Jiang, Fenhua Bai, Lin Huang, Zhengyuan An and Tao Shen
Algorithms 2022, 15(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/a15020028 - 18 Jan 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3376
Abstract
The Internet of Things that links the cyber and physical worlds brings revolutionary changes to society, however, its security and efficiency problems have not been solved. The Consortium Blockchain + IoT is considered to be an effective solution. The IoT blockchain network’s demand [...] Read more.
The Internet of Things that links the cyber and physical worlds brings revolutionary changes to society, however, its security and efficiency problems have not been solved. The Consortium Blockchain + IoT is considered to be an effective solution. The IoT blockchain network’s demand for transaction processing speed is gradually increasing. The throughput problem of the blockchain needs to be solved urgently and the security problem of transaction processing that comes with it. To solve the above problems, this paper proposes a reputation-driven dynamic node security sharding consensus model (RDSCM) in the blockchain, which consists of two parts: a reputation-driven node to eliminate PBFT (RE-PBFT) and a reputation-driven node cross reconfiguration sharding scheme (NCRS). The RE-PBFT eliminates abnormal nodes in the consensus network and reduces the probability of abnormal nodes becoming master nodes. NCRS improves the blockchain throughput while ensuring sharding reliability. Finally, the experiment proves that RE-PBFT can identify abnormal nodes and remove them in a short time. NCRS can effectively guarantee the reliability of sharding, and the transaction processing efficiency has been greatly improved after sharding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Blockchain Architecture and Consensus)
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16 pages, 3090 KiB  
Article
A Blockchain-Based Audit Trail Mechanism: Design and Implementation
by Cristina Regueiro, Iñaki Seco, Iván Gutiérrez-Agüero, Borja Urquizu and Jason Mansell
Algorithms 2021, 14(12), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/a14120341 - 26 Nov 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5418
Abstract
Audit logs are a critical component in today’s enterprise business systems as they provide several benefits such as records transparency and integrity and security of sensitive information by creating a layer of evidential support. However, current implementations are vulnerable to attacks on data [...] Read more.
Audit logs are a critical component in today’s enterprise business systems as they provide several benefits such as records transparency and integrity and security of sensitive information by creating a layer of evidential support. However, current implementations are vulnerable to attacks on data integrity or availability. This paper presents a Blockchain-based audit trail mechanism that leverages the security features of Blockchain to enable secure and reliable audit trails and to address the aforementioned vulnerabilities. The architecture design and specific implementation are described in detail, resulting in a real prototype of a reliable, secure, and user-friendly audit trail mechanism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Blockchain Architecture and Consensus)
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Review

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22 pages, 848 KiB  
Review
A Survey on Network Optimization Techniques for Blockchain Systems
by Robert Antwi, James Dzisi Gadze, Eric Tutu Tchao, Axel Sikora, Henry Nunoo-Mensah, Andrew Selasi Agbemenu, Kwame Opunie-Boachie Obour Agyekum, Justice Owusu Agyemang, Dominik Welte and Eliel Keelson
Algorithms 2022, 15(6), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/a15060193 - 4 Jun 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4905
Abstract
The increase of the Internet of Things (IoT) calls for secure solutions for industrial applications. The security of IoT can be potentially improved by blockchain. However, blockchain technology suffers scalability issues which hinders integration with IoT. Solutions to blockchain’s scalability issues, such as [...] Read more.
The increase of the Internet of Things (IoT) calls for secure solutions for industrial applications. The security of IoT can be potentially improved by blockchain. However, blockchain technology suffers scalability issues which hinders integration with IoT. Solutions to blockchain’s scalability issues, such as minimizing the computational complexity of consensus algorithms or blockchain storage requirements, have received attention. However, to realize the full potential of blockchain in IoT, the inefficiencies of its inter-peer communication must also be addressed. For example, blockchain uses a flooding technique to share blocks, resulting in duplicates and inefficient bandwidth usage. Moreover, blockchain peers use a random neighbor selection (RNS) technique to decide on other peers with whom to exchange blockchain data. As a result, the peer-to-peer (P2P) topology formation limits the effective achievable throughput. This paper provides a survey on the state-of-the-art network structures and communication mechanisms used in blockchain and establishes the need for network-based optimization. Additionally, it discusses the blockchain architecture and its layers categorizes existing literature into the layers and provides a survey on the state-of-the-art optimization frameworks, analyzing their effectiveness and ability to scale. Finally, this paper presents recommendations for future work. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Blockchain Architecture and Consensus)
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